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Bendelac A, Benedetti F, Doublet-Decabras V, Lokovi R, Decalogne F, Bigot A. Fit-for-Purpose Synthesis of an Aza-Cryptophycin Analogue as the Payload for an Antibody–Drug Conjugate. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bendelac
- ADC Conjugation Development, Sanofi, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Benedetti
- Early Development Chemistry, Sanofi, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | | | - Rachel Lokovi
- Early Development Chemistry, Sanofi, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - François Decalogne
- Early Development Chemistry, Sanofi, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Antony Bigot
- Early Development Chemistry, Sanofi, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
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2
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Zhang QT, Liu ZD, Wang Z, Wang T, Wang N, Wang N, Zhang B, Zhao YF. Recent Advances in Small Peptides of Marine Origin in Cancer Therapy. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020115. [PMID: 33669851 PMCID: PMC7923226 DOI: 10.3390/md19020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, and antineoplastic drug research continues to be a major field in medicine development. The marine milieu has thousands of biological species that are a valuable source of novel functional proteins and peptides, which have been used in the treatment of many diseases, including cancer. In contrast with proteins and polypeptides, small peptides (with a molecular weight of less than 1000 Da) have overwhelming advantages, such as preferential and fast absorption, which can decrease the burden on human gastrointestinal function. Besides, these peptides are only connected by a few peptide bonds, and their small molecular weight makes it easy to modify and synthesize them. Specifically, small peptides can deliver nutrients and drugs to cells and tissues in the body. These characteristics make them stand out in relation to targeted drug therapy. Nowadays, the anticancer mechanisms of the small marine peptides are still largely not well understood; however, several marine peptides have been applied in preclinical treatment. This paper highlights the anticancer linear and cyclic small peptides in marine resources and presents a review of peptides and the derivatives and their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ting Zhang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Q.-T.Z.); (T.W.); (Y.-F.Z.)
| | - Ze-Dong Liu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Z.-D.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ze Wang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Z.-D.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Q.-T.Z.); (T.W.); (Y.-F.Z.)
| | - Nan Wang
- Quality Assurance Department, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China;
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Q.-T.Z.); (T.W.); (Y.-F.Z.)
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Z.-D.L.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Q.-T.Z.); (T.W.); (Y.-F.Z.)
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3
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Lai Q, Wu M, Wang R, Lai W, Tao Y, Lu Y, Wang Y, Yu L, Zhang R, Peng Y, Jiang X, Fu Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Guo C, Liao W, Zhang Y, Kang T, Chen H, Yao Y, Gou L, Yang J. Cryptophycin-55/52 based antibody-drug conjugates: Synthesis, efficacy, and mode of action studies. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 199:112364. [PMID: 32402935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cryptophycin-52 (CR52), a tubulin inhibitor, exhibits promising antitumor activity in vitro (picomolar level) and in mouse xenograft models. However, the narrow therapeutic window in clinical trials limits its further development. Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), formed by coupling cytotoxic compound (payload) to an antibody via a linker, can deliver drug to tumor locations in a targeted manner by antibody, enhancing the therapeutic effects and reducing toxic and side effects. In this study, we aim to explore the possibility of CR52-based ADC for tumor targeted therapy. Due to the lack of a coupling site in CR52, its prodrug cryptophycin-55 (CR55) containing a free hydroxyl was synthesized and conjugated to the model antibody trastuzumab (anti-HER2 antibody drug approved by FDA for breast cancer therapy) via the linkers based on Mc-NHS and Mc-Val-Cit-PAB-PNP. The average drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs) of trastuzumab-CR55 conjugates (named T-L1-CR55, T-L2-CR55, and T-L3-CR55) were 3.50, 3.29, and 3.35, respectively. These conjugates exhibited potent cytotoxicity in HER2-positive tumor cell lines with IC50 values at low nanomolar levels (0.58-1.19 nM). Further, they displayed significant antitumor activities at the doses of 10 mg/kg in established ovarian cancer (SKOV3) and gastric cancer (NCI-N87) xenograft models without overt toxicities. Finally, the drug releases were analyzed and the results indicated that T-L3-CR55 was able to effectively release CR55 and further epoxidized to CR52, which may be responsible for its best performance in antitumor activities. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that these conjugates have the potential for tumor targeted therapy, which provides insights to further research the CR55/CR52-based ADC for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhuai Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Mengdan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Weirong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yiran Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center/ Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, PR China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yujia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yuyin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Cuiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wei Liao
- The 32265 Army Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Tairan Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yuqin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center/ Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Lantu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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Complete Genome Sequence of the Cryptophycin-Producing Cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. Strain ATCC 53789. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/14/e00040-20. [PMID: 32241855 PMCID: PMC7118181 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00040-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nostoc sp. strain ATCC 53789 is a producer of cryptophycins, which are promising anticancer agents. Here, we report the completely sequenced 8.7-Mb genome of Nostoc sp. strain ATCC 53789. The sequence provides insights into the metabolic network of this cyanobacterial strain and illuminates its potential for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
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Schmidt JJ, Khatri Y, Brody SI, Zhu C, Pietraszkiewicz H, Valeriote FA, Sherman DH. A Versatile Chemoenzymatic Synthesis for the Discovery of Potent Cryptophycin Analogs. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:524-532. [PMID: 31961651 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cryptophycins are a family of macrocyclic depsipeptide natural products that display exceptionally potent antiproliferative activity against drug-resistant cancers. Unique challenges facing the synthesis and derivatization of this complex group of molecules motivated us to investigate a chemoenzymatic synthesis designed to access new analogs for biological evaluation. The cryptophycin thioesterase (CrpTE) and the cryptophycin epoxidase (CrpE) are a versatile set of enzymes that catalyze macrocyclization and epoxidation of over 20 natural cryptophycin metabolites. Thus, we envisioned a drug development strategy involving their use as standalone biocatalysts for production of unnatural derivatives. Herein, we developed a scalable synthesis of 12 new unit A-B-C-D linear chain elongation intermediates containing heterocyclic aromatic groups as alternatives to the native unit A benzyl group. N-Acetyl cysteamine activated forms of each intermediate were assessed for conversion to macrocyclic products using wild type CrpTE, which demonstrated the exceptional flexibility of this enzyme. Semipreparative scale reactions were conducted for isolation and structural characterization of new cryptophycins. Each was then evaluated as a substrate for CrpE P450 and its ability to generate the epoxidized products from these substrates that possess altered electronics at the unit A styrenyl double bond position. Finally, biological evaluation of the new cryptophycins revealed a des-β-epoxy analog with low picomolar potency, previously limited to cryptophycins bearing epoxide functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Halina Pietraszkiewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Frederick A. Valeriote
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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6
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Chu WL, Phang SM. Bioactive Compounds from Microalgae and Their Potential Applications as Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals. GRAND CHALLENGES IN ALGAE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25233-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Figueras E, Borbély A, Ismail M, Frese M, Sewald N. Novel unit B cryptophycin analogues as payloads for targeted therapy. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1281-1286. [PMID: 29977395 PMCID: PMC6009196 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptophycins are naturally occurring cytotoxins with great potential for chemotherapy. Since targeted therapy provides new perspectives for treatment of cancer, new potent analogues of cytotoxic agents containing functional groups for conjugation to homing devices are required. We describe the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of three new unit B cryptophycin analogues. The O-methyl group of the unit B D-tyrosine analogue was replaced by an O-(allyloxyethyl) moiety, an O-(hydroxyethyl) group, or an O-(((azidoethoxy)ethoxy)ethoyxethyl) substituent. While the former two maintain cytotoxicity in the subnanomolar range, the attachment of the triethylene glycol spacer with a terminal azide results in a complete loss of activity. Docking studies of the novel cryptophycin analogues to β-tubulin provided a rationale for the observed cytotoxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Figueras
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Adina Borbély
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mohamed Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marcel Frese
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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8
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Malik P, Phipps C, Edginton A, Blay J. Pharmacokinetic Considerations for Antibody-Drug Conjugates against Cancer. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2579-2595. [PMID: 28924691 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are ushering in the next era of targeted therapy against cancer. An ADC for cancer therapy consists of a potent cytotoxic payload that is attached to a tumour-targeted antibody by a chemical linker, usually with an average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 3.5-4. The theory is to deliver potent cytotoxic payloads directly to tumour cells while sparing healthy cells. However, practical application has proven to be more difficult. At present there are only two ADCs approved for clinical use. Nevertheless, in the last decade there has been an explosion of options for ADC engineering to optimize target selection, Fc receptor interactions, linker, payload and more. Evaluation of these strategies requires an understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of ADC pharmacokinetics. Development of ADCs for use in cancer further requires an understanding of tumour properties and kinetics within the tumour environment, and how the presence of cancer as a disease will impact distribution and elimination. Key pharmacokinetic considerations for the successful design and clinical application of ADCs in oncology are explored in this review, with a focus on the mechanistic determinants of distribution and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Malik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Colin Phipps
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada.,DMPK & Translational Modeling, Abbvie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Andrea Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Blay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada
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9
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Tubulin Inhibitor-Based Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081281. [PMID: 28763044 PMCID: PMC6152078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of highly potent biopharmaceutical drugs generated by conjugating cytotoxic drugs with specific monoclonal antibodies through appropriate linkers. Specific antibodies used to guide potent warheads to tumor tissues can effectively reduce undesired side effects of the cytotoxic drugs. An in-depth understanding of antibodies, linkers, conjugation strategies, cytotoxic drugs, and their molecular targets has led to the successful development of several approved ADCs. These ADCs are powerful therapeutics for cancer treatment, enabling wider therapeutic windows, improved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, and enhanced efficacy. Since tubulin inhibitors are one of the most successful cytotoxic drugs in the ADC armamentarium, this review focuses on the progress in tubulin inhibitor-based ADCs, as well as lessons learned from the unsuccessful ADCs containing tubulin inhibitors. This review should be helpful to facilitate future development of new generations of tubulin inhibitor-based ADCs for cancer therapy.
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10
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Weiss C, Figueras E, Borbely AN, Sewald N. Cryptophycins: cytotoxic cyclodepsipeptides with potential for tumor targeting. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:514-531. [PMID: 28661555 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryptophycins are a class of 16-membered highly cytotoxic macrocyclic depsipeptides isolated from cyanobacteria. The biological activity is based on their ability to interact with tubulin. They interfere with microtubule dynamics and prevent microtubules from forming correct mitotic spindles, which causes cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Their strong antiproliferative activities with 100-fold to 1000-fold potency compared with those of paclitaxel and vinblastine have been observed. Cryptophycins are highly promising drug candidates, as their biological activity is not negatively affected by P-glycoprotein, a drug efflux system commonly found in multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines and solid tumors. Cryptophycin-52 had been investigated in phase II clinical trials but failed because of its high neurotoxicity. Recently, cryptophycin conjugates with peptides and antibodies have been developed for targeted delivery in tumor therapy. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Weiss
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Eduard Figueras
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Adina N Borbely
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
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White KN, Tenney K, Crews P. The Bengamides: A Mini-Review of Natural Sources, Analogues, Biological Properties, Biosynthetic Origins, and Future Prospects. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:740-755. [PMID: 28185457 PMCID: PMC5368688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses entirely on the natural bengamides and selected synthetic analogues that have inspired decades of research. Bengamide A was first reported in 1986 from the sponge Jaspis cf. coriacea, and bengamide-containing sponges have been gathered from many biogeographic sites. In 2005, a terrestrial Gram-negative bacterium, Myxococcus virescens, was added as a source for bengamides. Biological activity data using varying bengamide-based scaffolds has enabled fine-tuning of structure-activity relationships. Molecular target finding contributed to the creation of a synthetic "lead" compound, LAF389, that was the subject of a phase I anticancer clinical trial. Despite clinical trial termination, the bengamide compound class is still attracting worldwide attention. Future breakthroughs based on the bengamide scaffold are possible and could build on their nanomolar in vitro and positive in vivo antiproliferative and antiangiogenic properties. Bengamide molecular targets include methionine aminopeptidases (MetAP1 and MetAP2) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). A mixed PKS/NRPS biosynthetic gene cluster appears to be responsible for creation of the bengamides. This review highlights that the bengamides have driven inspirational studies and that they will remain relevant for future research, even 30 years after the discovery of the first structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly N. White
- Physical
and Environmental Sciences Department, Colorado
Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado 81501, United States
- Tel (K. N. White): (970)
248-1529. Fax: (970) 248-1700. E-mail:
| | - Karen Tenney
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Phillip Crews
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
- Tel (P. Crews): (831) 459-2603. Fax: (831) 459-2935. E-mail:
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Kumar A, White J, James Christie R, Dimasi N, Gao C. Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Cyclic depsipeptides are polypeptides in which one or more amino acid is replaced by a hydroxy acid, resulting in the formation of at least one ester bond in the core ring structure. Many natural cyclic depsipeptides possessing intriguing structural and biological properties, including antitumor, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, anthelmintic, and anti-inflammatory activities, have been identified from fungi, plants, and marine organisms. In particular, the potent effects of cyclic depsipeptides on tumor cells have led to a number of clinical trials evaluating their potential as chemotherapeutic agents. Although many of the trials have not achieved the desired results, romidepsin (FK228), a bicyclic depsipeptide that inhibits histone deacetylase, has been shown to have clinical efficacy in patients with refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and has received Food and Drug Administration approval for use in treatment. In this review, we discuss antitumor cyclic depsipeptides that have undergone clinical trials and focus on their structural features, mechanisms, potential applications in chemotherapy, and pharmacokinetic and toxicity data. The results of this study indicate that cyclic depsipeptides could be a rich source of new cancer therapeutics.
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Stabilizing versus destabilizing the microtubules: a double-edge sword for an effective cancer treatment option? Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2015; 2015:690916. [PMID: 26484003 PMCID: PMC4592889 DOI: 10.1155/2015/690916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic and structural cellular components involved in several cell functions, including cell shape, motility, and intracellular trafficking. In proliferating cells, they are essential components in the division process through the formation of the mitotic spindle. As a result of these functions, tubulin and microtubules are targets for anticancer agents. Microtubule-targeting agents can be divided into two groups: microtubule-stabilizing, and microtubule-destabilizing agents. The former bind to the tubulin polymer and stabilize microtubules, while the latter bind to the tubulin dimers and destabilize microtubules. Alteration of tubulin-microtubule equilibrium determines the disruption of the mitotic spindle, halting the cell cycle at the metaphase-anaphase transition and, eventually, resulting in cell death. Clinical application of earlier microtubule inhibitors, however, unfortunately showed several limits, such as neurological and bone marrow toxicity and the emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells. Here we review several natural and synthetic microtubule-targeting agents, which showed antitumor activity and increased efficacy in comparison to traditional drugs in various preclinical and clinical studies. Cryptophycins, combretastatins, ombrabulin, soblidotin, D-24851, epothilones and discodermolide were used in clinical trials. Some of them showed antiangiogenic and antivascular activity and others showed the ability to overcome multidrug resistance, supporting their possible use in chemotherapy.
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Kumar A, Kumar M, Sharma S, Guru SK, Bhushan S, Shah BA. Design and synthesis of a new class of cryptophycins based tubulin inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Verma VA, Pillow TH, DePalatis L, Li G, Phillips GL, Polson AG, Raab HE, Spencer S, Zheng B. The cryptophycins as potent payloads for antibody drug conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:864-8. [PMID: 25613677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cryptophycins are a potent class of cytotoxic agents that were evaluated as antibody drug conjugate (ADC) payloads. Free cryptophycin analog 1 displayed cell activity an order of magnitude more potent than approved ADC payloads MMAE and DM1. This potency increase was also reflected in the activity of the cryptophycin ADCs, attached via a either cleavable or non-cleavable linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal A Verma
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Laura DePalatis
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | | | - Andrew G Polson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Helga E Raab
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Susan Spencer
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Bing Zheng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
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Khazir J, Riley DL, Pilcher LA, De-Maayer P, Mir BA. Anticancer Agents from Diverse Natural Sources. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400901130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review attempts to portray the discovery and development of anticancer agents/drugs from diverse natural sources. Natural molecules from these natural sources including plants, microbes and marine organisms have been the basis of treatment of human diseases since the ancient times. Compounds derived from nature have been important sources of new drugs and also serve as templates for synthetic modification. Many successful anti-cancer drugs currently in use are naturally derived or their analogues and many more are under clinical trials. This review aims to highlight the invaluable role that natural products have played, and continue to play, in the discovery of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabeena Khazir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Lynne A. Pilcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Pieter De-Maayer
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Bilal Ahmad Mir
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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18
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Nahrwold M, Weiß C, Bogner T, Mertink F, Conradi J, Sammet B, Palmisano R, Royo Gracia S, Preuße T, Sewald N. Conjugates of modified cryptophycins and RGD-peptides enter target cells by endocytosis. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1853-64. [PMID: 23387527 DOI: 10.1021/jm301346z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor targeting anticancer drug conjugates that contain a tumor recognition motif (homing device) are of high current relevance. Cryptophycins, naturally occurring cytotoxic cyclo-depsipeptides, have been modified by total synthesis to provide analogues suitable for conjugation to peptide-based homing devices. An array of functionalized β(2)-amino acids was synthesized and incorporated into cryptophycins. All analogues proved to be highly active in the cytotoxicity assay using the human cervix carcinoma cell line KB-3-1 and its multidrug-resistant subclone KB-V1. Conformational analysis of cryptophycin-52 and two synthetic analogues was performed by NMR and MD methods to obtain information on the influence of the unit C configuration on the overall conformation. An azide-functionalized cryptophycin was connected by CuAAC to an alkyne-containing fluorescently labeled cyclic RGD-peptide as the homing device for internalization studies. Confocal fluorescence microscopy proved integrin-mediated internalization by endocytosis and final lysosomal localization of the cryptophycin prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Nahrwold
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Weiss C, Sammet B, Sewald N. Recent approaches for the synthesis of modified cryptophycins. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:924-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Weiß C, Bogner T, Sammet B, Sewald N. Total synthesis and biological evaluation of fluorinated cryptophycins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:2060-6. [PMID: 23209540 PMCID: PMC3511040 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptophycins are cytotoxic natural products that exhibit considerable activities even against multi-drug-resistant tumor cell lines. As fluorinated pharmaceuticals have become more and more important during the past decades, fluorine-functionalized cryptophycins were synthesized and evaluated in cell-based cytotoxicity assays. The unit A trifluoromethyl-modified cryptophycin proved to be highly active against KB-3-1 cells and exhibited an IC(50) value in the low picomolar range. However, the replacement of the 3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl-substituent in unit B by a pentafluorophenyl moiety resulted in a significant loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Weiß
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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21
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Nobili S, Landini I, Mazzei T, Mini E. Overcoming tumor multidrug resistance using drugs able to evade P-glycoprotein or to exploit its expression. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:1220-62. [PMID: 21374643 DOI: 10.1002/med.20239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle to the effective treatment of cancer. Cellular overproduction of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which acts as an efflux pump for various anticancer drugs (e.g. anthracyclines, Vinca alkaloids, taxanes, epipodophyllotoxins, and some of the newer antitumor drugs) is one of the more relevant mechanisms underlying MDR. P-gp belongs to the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporters and is encoded by the ABCB1 gene. Its overexpression in cancer cells has become a therapeutic target for circumventing MDR. As an alternative to the classical pharmacological strategy of the coadministration of pump inhibitors and cytotoxic substrates of P-gp and to other approaches applied in experimental tumor models (e.g. P-gp-targeting antibodies, ABCB1 gene silencing strategies, and transcriptional modulators) and in the clinical setting (e.g. incapsulation of P-gp substrate anticancer drugs into liposomes or nanoparticles), a more intriguing strategy for circumventing MDR is represented by the development of new anticancer drugs which are not substrates of P-gp (e.g. epothilones, second- and third-generation taxanes and other microtubule modulators, topoisomerase inhibitors). Some of these drugs have already been tested in clinical trials and, in most of cases, show relevant activity in patients previously treated with anticancer agents which are substrates of P-gp. Of these drugs, ixabepilone, an epothilone, was approved in the United States for the treatment of breast cancer patients pretreated with an anthracycline and a taxane. Another innovative approach is the use of molecules whose activity takes advantage of the overexpression of P-gp. The possibility of overcoming MDR using the latter two approaches is reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Nobili
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence Florence, Italy, Viale Pieraccini, 6-50139, Firenze, Italy.
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22
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Eissler S, Bogner T, Nahrwold M, Sewald N. Efficient synthesis of cryptophycin-52 and novel para-alkoxymethyl unit A analogues. Chemistry 2010; 15:11273-87. [PMID: 19760734 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cryptophycins are a family of highly cytotoxic, cyclic depsipeptides. They display antitumour activity that is largely maintained for multi-drug-resistant tumour cells. Cryptophycins are composed of four building blocks (units A-D) that correspond to the respective amino and hydroxy acids. A new synthetic route to unit A allows the selective generation of all four stereogenic centres in a short, efficient and reliable synthesis and contributes to an easier and faster synthesis of cryptophycins. The first two stereogenic centres are introduced by a catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation, whereas the remaining two stereogenic centres are introduced with substrate control of diastereoselectivity. The stereogenic diol function also serves as the epoxide precursor. The approach was used to synthesise the native unit A building block as well as three para-alkoxymethyl analogues from which cryptophycin-52 and three analogous cryptophycins were prepared. Macrocyclisation of the seco-depsipeptides was based on ring-closing metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Eissler
- Bielefeld University, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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23
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Rastogi RP, Sinha RP. Biotechnological and industrial significance of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:521-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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24
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Saito SY. Toxins affecting actin filaments and microtubules. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 46:187-219. [PMID: 19184589 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-87895-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Actin and tubulin are the two major proteins of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells and both display a common property to reversibly assemble into long and flexible polymers, actin filaments and microtubules, respectively. These proteins play important roles in a variety of cellular functions and are also involved in numbers of diseases. An emerging number of marine-derived cytotoxins have been found to bind either actin or tublin, resulting in either inhibition or enhancement of polymerization. Thus, these toxins are valuable molecular probes for solving complex mechanisms of biological processes. This chapter describes actin- and tubulin-targeting marine natural products and their modes of action, with reference to their use as research tools and their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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25
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Abstract
Drug discovery from marine natural products has enjoyed a renaissance in the past few years. Ziconotide (Prialt; Elan Pharmaceuticals), a peptide originally discovered in a tropical cone snail, was the first marine-derived compound to be approved in the United States in December 2004 for the treatment of pain. Then, in October 2007, trabectedin (Yondelis; PharmaMar) became the first marine anticancer drug to be approved in the European Union. Here, we review the history of drug discovery from marine natural products, and by describing selected examples, we examine the factors that contribute to new discoveries and the difficulties associated with translating marine-derived compounds into clinical trials. Providing an outlook into the future, we also examine the advances that may further expand the promise of drugs from the sea.
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26
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Antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activity of terrestrial cyanobacterial strains from Serbia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 51:941-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-008-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Wase NV, Wright PC. Systems biology of cyanobacterial secondary metabolite production and its role in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:903-29. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.8.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant V Wase
- The University of Sheffield, Biological and Environmental Systems Group, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK ;
| | - Phillip C Wright
- The University of Sheffield, Biological and Environmental Systems Group, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK ;
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Harrison M, Swanton C. Epothilones and new analogues of the microtubule modulators in taxane-resistant disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:523-46. [PMID: 18363517 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.4.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtubule-stabilising agents typified by the epothilone class of drug have demonstrated promising activity in Phase II and III clinical trials. OBJECTIVE Data supporting the efficacy of these agents are reviewed and their potential use in taxane-refractory disease assessed. METHODS Preclinical evidence assessing the role of the spindle assembly checkpoint in determining the cellular response to microtubule stabilization are presented together with clinical data documenting the efficacy of non-taxane microtubule modulators. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that microtubule-stabilising agents prolong activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint which may promote cancer cell death in mitosis or following mitotic exit. A weakened spindle assembly checkpoint is associated with altered sensitivity to agents targeting the microtubule and therefore pathways of drug resistance may be shared by these cytotoxic therapies. Preliminary clinical trial data do suggest modest activity of epothilones in truly taxane-resistant patient cohorts, indicating the potential niche for these agents in a molecularly undefined patient group, potentially implicating the role of P-glycoprotein in the acquisition of taxane-resistant disease. Trial data of these antimitotic agents will be presented together with their potential role in taxane-resistant disease and the implications for future clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Harrison
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney 2050, Australia
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29
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Kopp F, Marahiel MA. Where chemistry meets biology: the chemoenzymatic synthesis of nonribosomal peptides and polyketides. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007; 18:513-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Epothilones are cytotoxic macrolides with a similar mechanism of action to paclitaxel but with the potential advantage of activity in taxane-resistant settings in preclinical models. The epothilones ixabepilone, patupilone, BMS-310705, KOS-862 and ZK-EPO are in early clinical trials for cancer treatment. Phase I studies have shown that dose-limiting toxicities of epothilones are generally neurotoxicity and neutropoenia although initial studies with patupilone indicated that diarrhoea was dose limiting. Neuropathy induced by ixabepilone may be schedule dependent. Over 20 Phase II studies of epothilones in cancer treatment have been reported, and significant activity in taxane-sensitive tumour types (such as breast, lung and prostate cancers) has been noted. Response rates in taxane-refractory metastatic breast cancer are relatively modest, but ixabepilone and patupilone have shown promising efficacy in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer and in taxane-refractory ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M G Larkin
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PT, UK
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31
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Dunlap WC, Battershill CN, Liptrot CH, Cobb RE, Bourne DG, Jaspars M, Long PF, Newman DJ. Biomedicinals from the phytosymbionts of marine invertebrates: A molecular approach. Methods 2007; 42:358-76. [PMID: 17560324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrate animals such as sponges, gorgonians, tunicates and bryozoans are sources of biomedicinally relevant natural products, a small but growing number of which are advancing through clinical trials. Most metazoan and anthozoan species harbour commensal microorganisms that include prokaryotic bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), eukaryotic microalgae, and fungi within host tissues where they reside as extra- and intra-cellular symbionts. In some sponges these associated microbes may constitute as much as 40% of the holobiont volume. There is now abundant evidence to suggest that a significant portion of the bioactive metabolites thought originally to be products of the source animal are often synthesized by their symbiotic microbiota. Several anti-cancer metabolites from marine sponges that have progressed to pre-clinical or clinical-trial phases, such as discodermolide, halichondrin B and bryostatin 1, are thought to be products derived from their microbiotic consortia. Freshwater and marine cyanobacteria are well recognised for producing numerous and structurally diverse bioactive and cytotoxic secondary metabolites suited to drug discovery. Sea sponges often contain dominant taxa-specific populations of cyanobacteria, and it is these phytosymbionts (= photosymbionts) that are considered to be the true biogenic source of a number of pharmacologically active polyketides and nonribosomally synthesized peptides produced within the sponge. Accordingly, new collections can be pre-screened in the field for the presence of phytobionts and, together with metagenomic screening using degenerate PCR primers to identify key polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes, afford a biodiscovery rationale based on the therapeutic prospects of phytochemical selection. Additionally, new cloning and biosynthetic expression strategies may provide a sustainable method for the supply of new pharmaceuticals derived from the uncultured phytosymbionts of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter C Dunlap
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
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Wink M. Molecular modes of action of cytotoxic alkaloids: from DNA intercalation, spindle poisoning, topoisomerase inhibition to apoptosis and multiple drug resistance. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2007; 64:1-47. [PMID: 18085328 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(07)64001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
A recent publication reveals the biosynthetic building blocks, genetic code, and broad substrate tolerance of the enzymes of the cryptophycin biosynthetic pathway. This work lays the foundation for the production of poorly accessible yet very promising members of this family of anticancer compounds from lichen cyanobacterial symbionts. Chemoenzymatic production or precursor-directed biosynthesis might bring candidates from this family of natural products back to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rohr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082, USA.
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Kotoku N, Kato T, Narumi F, Ohtani E, Kamada S, Aoki S, Okada N, Nakagawa S, Kobayashi M. Synthesis of 15,20-triamide analogue with polar substituent on the phenyl ring of arenastatin A, an extremely potent cytotoxic spongean depsipeptide. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7446-57. [PMID: 16877000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase metabolic stability and water solubility of arenastatin A, an extremely potent cytotoxic depsipeptide from the Okinawan marine sponge of Dysidea arenaria, several 15,20-triamide analogues with a polar substituent on the phenyl ring were synthesized. The 15,20-triamide analogues with a polar substituent (24, 30, and 31) showed increased solubility to MeOH and stronger cytotoxicity against KB cells in comparison with the parental 15,20-triamide analogue (2). Furthermore, the diethylamine analogue (30) exhibited in vivo anti-tumor activity against subcutaneously implanted murine sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kotoku
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
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Bombuwala K, Kinstle T, Popik V, Uppal SO, Olesen JB, Viña J, Heckman CA. Colchitaxel, a coupled compound made from microtubule inhibitors colchicine and paclitaxel. Beilstein J Org Chem 2006; 2:13. [PMID: 16813651 PMCID: PMC1557522 DOI: 10.1186/1860-5397-2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor promoters enhance tumor yield in experimental animals without directly affecting the DNA of the cell. Promoters may play a role in the development of cancer, as humans are exposed to them in the environment. In work based on computer-assisted microscopy and sophisticated classification methods, we showed that cells could be classified by reference to a database of known normal and cancerous cell phenotypes. Promoters caused loss of properties specific to normal cells and gain of properties of cancer cells. Other compounds, including colchicine, had a similar effect. Colchicine given together with paclitaxel, however, caused cells to adopt properties of normal cells. This provided a rationale for tests of microtubule inhibitor combinations in cancer patients. The combination of a depolymerizing and a stabilizing agent is a superior anti-tumor treatment. The biological basis of the effect is not understood. RESULTS A single compound containing both colchicine and paclitaxel structures was synthesized. Colchicine is an alkaloid with a trimethoxyphenyl ring (ring A), a ring with an acetamide linkage (ring B), and a tropolone ring (ring C). Although rings A and C are important for tubulin-binding activity, the acetamide linkage on ring B could be replaced by an amide containing a glutamate linker. Alteration of the C-7 site on paclitaxel similarly had little or no inhibitory effect on its biological activity. The linker was attached to this position. The coupled compound, colchitaxel (1), had some of the same effects on microtubules as the combination of starting compounds. It also caused shortening and fragmentation of the + end protein cap. CONCLUSION Since microtubule inhibitor combinations give results unlike those obtained with either inhibitor alone, it is important to determine how such combinations affect cell shape and growth. Colchitaxel shows a subset of the effects of the inhibitor combination. Thus, it may be able to bind the relevant cellular target of the combination. It will be useful to determine the basis of the shape reversal effect and possibly, the reasons for therapeutic efficacy of microtubule inhibitor combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunananda Bombuwala
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
- Center for Microscopy & Microanalysis, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
- IFF Research & Development, Union Beach NJ 07735, USA
| | - Thomas Kinstle
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Vladimir Popik
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2556, USA
| | - Sonal O Uppal
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - James B Olesen
- Biology Department, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Jose Viña
- Scientific Volume Imaging BV, Alexanderlaan 14, 1213 XS Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Carol A Heckman
- Center for Microscopy & Microanalysis, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
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D'Agostino G, del Campo J, Mellado B, Izquierdo MA, Minarik T, Cirri L, Marini L, Perez-Gracia JL, Scambia G. A multicenter phase II study of the cryptophycin analog LY355703 in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:71-6. [PMID: 16445613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
LY355703 is a synthetic product structurally related to the cryptophycin family isolated from the blue-green algae, which exerts a potent destabilization of microtubules during mitosis. This study was performed to determine the activity of LY355703 in patients with platinum-resistant advanced ovarian cancer and to characterize its toxicity profile. Twenty-six patients were enrolled in this study. Resistant disease was defined as a platinum-free interval of <6 months from primary treatment or rechallenge. LY355703 (1.5 mg/m(2)) was administered intravenously on days 1 and 8, every 3 weeks, infused over 2 h. From 24 patients evaluable for response, three partial responses (12.5%) and seven disease stabilizations were registered (29.2%), for an overall clinical benefit of 41.7%. Fourteen patients (58.3%) experienced a progression of the disease during treatment. Among the 25 patients evaluable for toxicity, two episodes of grade 3 anemia (8%); one, grade 3 thrombocytopenia (4%); one, grade 4 elevation of creatinine (4%); and one, grade 3 hyperbilirubinemia (4%) were reported. LY355703 has a modest activity in patients with platinum-resistant advanced ovarian cancer. Nevertheless, the considerable rate of disease stabilization in the absence of serious adverse events in this poor-prognosis study population suggests that this novel cryptophycin may deserve further investigation in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D'Agostino
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
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Attard G, Greystoke A, Kaye S, De Bono J. Update on tubulin-binding agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:72-84. [PMID: 16545633 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and commercial success of the taxanes and vinca alkaloids resulted in a drive to improve on current formulations and discover new compounds that target the microtubule. These strategies are all aimed at improving on (1) anti-tumour activity, (2) toxicity profile and (3) pharmacology. Drugs undergoing clinical development include the novel semi-synthetic taxane derivatives (DJ-927, XRP6258 and XRP9881), the epothilones, the dolastations, vinflunine and the combretastatin analogues. In several cases, some improvements in tumour response rates have been seen but randomised trials need to be completed before the role of specific novel tubulin-binding agents can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhardt Attard
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
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Mahboobi S, Sellmer A, Beckers T. Development of Tubulin Inhibitors as Antimitotic Agents for Cancer Therapy. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(06)80038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Liang J, Moore RE, Moher ED, Munroe JE, Al-awar RS, Hay DA, Varie DL, Zhang TY, Aikins JA, Martinelli MJ, Shih C, Ray JE, Gibson LL, Vasudevan V, Polin L, White K, Kushner J, Simpson C, Pugh S, Corbett TH. Cryptophycins-309, 249 and other cryptophycin analogs: preclinical efficacy studies with mouse and human tumors. Invest New Drugs 2005; 23:213-24. [PMID: 15868377 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-005-6729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryptophycins-1 and 52 (epoxides) were discovered to have in-vitro and in-vivo antitumor activity in the early 1990s. The chlorohydrins of these, Cryptophycins-8 and 55 (also discovered in the early 1990s) were markedly more active, but could not be formulated as stable solutions. With no method to adequately stabilize the chlorohydrins at the time, Cryptophycin-52 (LY 355073) entered clinical trials, producing only marginal antitumor activity. Since that time, glycinate esters of the hydroxyl group of the chlorohydrins have been synthesized and found to provide stability. Three of the most active were compared herein. Cryptophycin-309 (C-309) is a glycinate ester of the chlorohydrin Cryptophycin-296. The glycinate derivative provided both chemical stability and improved aqueous solubility. After the examination of 81 different Cryptophycin analogs in tumor bearing animals, C-309 has emerged as superior to all others. The following %T/C and Log Kill (LK) values were obtained from a single course of IV treatment (Q2d x 5) against early staged SC transplantable tumors of mouse and human origin: Mam 17/Adr [a pgp (+) MDR tumor]: 0%T/C, 3.2 LK; Mam 16/C/Adr [a pgp (-) MDR tumor]: 0%T/C, 3.3 LK; Mam 16/C: 0%T/C, 3.8 LK; Colon 26: 0%T/C, 2.2 LK; Colon 51: 0%T/C, 2.4 LK; Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma 02 (Panc 02): 0%T/C, 2.4 LK; Human Colon HCT15 [a pgp (+) MDR tumor]: 0%T/C, 3.3 LK; Human Colon HCT116: 0%T/C, 4.1 LK. One additional analog, Cryptophycin-249 (C-249, the glycinate of Cryptophycin-8), also emerged with efficacy rivaling or superior to C-309. However, there was sufficient material for only a single C-249 trial in which a 4.0 LK was obtained against the multidrug resistant breast adenocarcinoma Mam-16/C/Adr. C-309 and C-249 are being considered as second-generation clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Mayer AMS, Gustafson KR. Marine pharmacology in 2001-2: antitumour and cytotoxic compounds. Eur J Cancer 2005; 40:2676-704. [PMID: 15571951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Revised: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During 2001 and 2002, marine antitumour pharmacology research aimed at the discovery of novel antitumour agents was published in 175 peer-reviewed articles. The purpose of this paper is to present a structured Review of the antitumour and cytotoxic properties of 97 marine natural products, many of them novel compounds that belong to diverse structural classes, including polyketides, terpenes, steroids, and peptides. The organisms yielding these bioactive compounds comprise a taxonomically diverse group of marine invertebrate animals, algae, fungi and bacteria. Antitumour pharmacological studies were conducted with 30 structurally characterised natural marine products in a number of experimental and clinical models which further defined their mechanisms of action. Particularly potent in vitro cytotoxicity data generated with murine and human tumour cell lines was reported for 67 novel marine chemicals with as yet undetermined mechanisms of action. Noteworthy, is the fact that marine anticancer research was sustained by a collaborative effort, involving researchers from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Taiwan, Turkey, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, and the United States. Finally, this 2001-2 overview of the marine pharmacology literature highlights the fact that the discovery of novel marine antitumour agents has continued at the same pace as during 1998, 1999 and 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M S Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
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Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Marine natural products and related compounds in clinical and advanced preclinical trials. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:1216-1238. [PMID: 15332835 DOI: 10.1021/np040031y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The marine environment has proven to be a very rich source of extremely potent compounds that have demonstrated significant activities in antitumor, antiinflammatory, analgesia, immunomodulation, allergy, and anti-viral assays. Although the case can and has been made that the nucleosides such as Ara-A and Ara-C are derived from knowledge gained from investigations of bioactive marine nucleosides, no drug directly from marine sources (whether isolated or by total synthesis) has yet made it to the commercial sector in any disease. However, as shown in this review, there are now significant numbers of very interesting molecules that have come from marine sources, or have been synthesized as a result of knowledge gained from a prototypical compound, that are either in or approaching Phase II/III clinical trials in cancer, analgesia, allergy, and cognitive diseases. A substantial number of other potential agents are following in their wake in preclinical trials in these and in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Newman
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, NCI-Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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Vidya R, Eggen M, Nair SK, Georg GI, Himes RH. Synthesis of Cryptophycins via an N-Acyl-β-lactam Macrolactonization. J Org Chem 2003; 68:9687-93. [PMID: 14656095 DOI: 10.1021/jo0302197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and concise approach to the synthesis of the macrolide core of the cryptophycins has been developed. A novel macrolactonization utilizing a reactive acyl-beta-lactam intermediate incorporates the beta-amino acid moiety within the 16-membered macrolide core. This modular approach, involving a cyanide-initiated acyl-beta-lactam ring opening followed by cyclization, was successfully applied to the total synthesis of cryptophycin-24. The strategy was also used in an efficient synthesis of the 6,6-dimethyl-substituted dechlorocryptophycin-52. In this case, the cyanide-initiated ring opening of the bis-substituted 2-azetidinone followed by macrolactonization was achieved through a catalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramdas Vidya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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