1
|
Knox AK, Kalchschmid C, Schuster D, Gaggia F, Gust R. Heterodimeric GW7604 Derivatives: Modification of the Pharmacological Profile by Additional Interactions at the Coactivator Binding Site. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5766-5786. [PMID: 33904307 PMCID: PMC8279417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
(E/Z)-3-(4-((E)-1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylbut-1-enyl)phenyl)acrylic
acid (GW7604)
as a derivative of (Z)-4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT)
was linked by diaminoalkane spacers to molecules that are known binders
to the coactivator binding site (benzimidazole or thioxo-quinazolinone
scaffolds). With this modification, an optimization of the pharmacological
profile was achieved. The most active thioxo-quinazolinone derivative 16 showed extraordinarily high affinity to the estrogen receptor
(ER) β (RBA = 110%), inhibited effectively the coactivator recruitment
(IC50 = 20.88 nM (ERα) and 28.34 nM (ERβ)),
acted as a pure estradiol (E2) antagonist in a transactivation assay
(IC50 = 18.5 nM (ERα) and 7.5 nM (ERβ)), and
downregulated the ERα content in MCF-7 cells with an efficacy
of 60% at 1 μM. The cytotoxicity was restricted to hormone-dependent
MCF-7 (IC50 = 4.2 nM) and tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7TamR
cells (IC50 = 476.6 nM). The compounds bearing a thioxo-quinazolinone
moiety can therefore be assigned as pure E2-antagonistic selective
ER degraders/downregulators. By contrast, the benzimidazole derivatives
acted solely as pure antagonists without degradation of the ER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Knox
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina Kalchschmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesca Gaggia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Knox A, Kalchschmid C, Schuster D, Gaggia F, Manzl C, Baecker D, Gust R. Development of bivalent triarylalkene- and cyclofenil-derived dual estrogen receptor antagonists and downregulators. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 192:112191. [PMID: 32169784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Up to 80% of mammary carcinoma initially exhibit estrogen-dependent growth, which can be treated by aromatase inhibitors or SERMs/SERDs. To increase the options after failure of the hormonal therapy with these drugs, the search for alternatives with a different mode of action to prevent estrogen action is of high relevance. Therefore, this study focused on the inhibition of coactivator recruitment at the estrogen receptor (ER) by targeted attachment of bivalent compounds at the coactivator binding site besides the primary binding at the ligand binding domain. Eight homodimeric 4-[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-1-butenyl]cinnamic acid (GW7604)- or cyclofenilacrylic acid-based ER ligands with diaminoalkane linkers (C2-C5) were synthesized and their effects on the ER subtypes were assessed in vitro. All compounds possessed full antagonistic potency at ERα/β as determined in a transactivation assay. Furthermore, they exerted medium downregulatory effects dependent on the spacer length and did not stimulate the ER expression as observed for 4-hydroxytamoxifen. The cyclofenil-derived dimer with C4 spacer (15b) showed the highest binding affinity to ERα (RBA = 79.2%) and downregulated the ER content in MCF-7 cells with an efficiency of 38% at 1 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Knox
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina Kalchschmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesca Gaggia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudia Manzl
- Institute for Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Baecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chanawong A, Hu DG, Meech R, Mackenzie PI, McKinnon RA. Induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 gene expression by the major active metabolites of tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen, in breast cancer cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:889-97. [PMID: 25795461 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported upregulation of UGT2B15 by 17β-estradiol in breast cancer MCF7 cells via binding of the estrogen receptor α (ERα) to an estrogen response unit (ERU) in the proximal UGT2B15 promoter. In the present study, we show that this ERα-mediated upregulation was significantly reduced by two ER antagonists (fulvestrant and raloxifene) but was not affected by a third ER antagonist, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHTAM), a major active tamoxifen (TAM) metabolite. Furthermore, we found that, similar to 17β-estradiol, 4-OHTAM and endoxifen (another major active TAM metabolite) elevated UGT2B15 mRNA levels, and that this stimulation was significantly abrogated by fulvestrant. Further experiments using 4-OHTAM revealed a critical role for ERα in this regulation. Specifically; knockdown of ERα expression by anti-ERα small interfering RNA reduced the 4-OHTAM-mediated induction of UGT2B15 expression; 4-OHTAM activated the wild-type but not the ERU-mutated UGT2B15 promoter; and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed increased ERα occupancy at the UGT2B15 ERU in MCF7 cells upon exposure to 4-OHTAM. Together, these data indicate that both 17β-estradiol and the antiestrogen 4-OHTAM upregulate UGT2B15 in MCF7 cells via the same ERα-signaling pathway. This is consistent with previous observations that both 17β-estradiol and TAM upregulate a common set of genes in MCF7 cells via the ER-signaling pathway. As 4-OHTAM is a UGT2B15 substrate, the upregulation of UGT2B15 by 4-OHTAM in target breast cancer cells is likely to enhance local metabolism and inactivation of 4-OHTAM within the tumor. This represents a potential mechanism that may reduce TAM therapeutic efficacy or even contribute to the development of acquired TAM resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apichaya Chanawong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robyn Meech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter I Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross A McKinnon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramírez J, Ratain MJ, Innocenti F. Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase genetic polymorphisms and response to cancer chemotherapy. Future Oncol 2010; 6:563-85. [PMID: 20373870 PMCID: PMC3102300 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics aims to elucidate how genetic variation affects the efficacy and side effects of drugs, with the ultimate goal of personalizing medicine. Clinical studies of the genetic variation in the uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase gene have demonstrated how reduced-function allele variants can predict the risk of severe toxicity and help identify cancer patients who could benefit from reduced-dose schedules or alternative chemotherapy. Candidate polymorphisms have also been identified in vitro, although the functional consequences of these variants still need to be tested in the clinical setting. Future approaches in uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase pharmacogenetics include genetic testing prior to drug treatment, genotype-directed dose-escalation studies, study of genetic variation at the haplotype level and genome-wide studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramírez
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL, USA 60637, Tel.: +1 773 834 2451, Fax: +1 773 702 9268,
| | - Mark J Ratain
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacogenomics, Cancer Research Center, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL, USA 60637, Tel.: +1 773 702 4400, Fax: +1 773 702 3969,
| | - Federico Innocenti
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacogenomics, Cancer Research Center, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL, USA 60637, Tel.: +1 773 834 2452, Fax: +1 773 702 9268,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blevins-Primeau AS, Sun D, Chen G, Sharma AK, Gallagher CJ, Amin S, Lazarus P. Functional significance of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase variants in the metabolism of active tamoxifen metabolites. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1892-900. [PMID: 19244109 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator widely used in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. A major mode of metabolism of the major active metabolites of TAM, 4-OH-TAM and endoxifen, is by glucuronidation via the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family of enzymes. To examine whether polymorphisms in the UGT enzymes responsible for the glucuronidation of active TAM metabolites play an important role in interindividual differences in TAM metabolism, cell lines overexpressing wild-type or variant UGTs were examined for their activities against TAM metabolites in vitro. For variants of active extrahepatic UGTs, the UGT1A8(173Ala/277Tyr) variant exhibited no detectable glucuronidation activity against the trans isomers of either 4-OH-TAM or endoxifen. Little or no difference in TAM glucuronidating activity was observed for the UGT1A8(173Gly/277Cys) or UGT1A10(139Lys) variants compared with their wild-type counterparts. For active hepatic UGTs, the UGT2B7(268Tyr) variant exhibited significant (P < 0.01) 2- and 5-fold decreases in activity against the trans isomers of 4-OH-TAM and endoxifen, respectively, compared with wild-type UGT2B7(268His). In studies of 111 human liver microsomal specimens, the rate of O-glucuronidation against trans-4-OH-TAM and trans-endoxifen was 28% (P < 0.001) and 27% (P = 0.002) lower, respectively, in individuals homozygous for the UGT2B7 Tyr(268)Tyr genotype compared with subjects with the UGT2B7 His(268)His genotype, with a significant (P < 0.01) trend of decreasing activity against both substrates with increasing numbers of the UGT2B7(268His) allele. These results suggest that functional polymorphisms in TAM-metabolizing UGTs, including UGT2B7 and potentially UGT1A8, may be important in interindividual variability in TAM metabolism and response to TAM therapy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wegman P, Elingarami S, Carstensen J, Stål O, Nordenskjöld B, Wingren S. Genetic variants of CYP3A5, CYP2D6, SULT1A1, UGT2B15 and tamoxifen response in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9:R7. [PMID: 17244352 PMCID: PMC1851378 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tamoxifen therapy reduces the risk of recurrence and prolongs the survival of oestrogen-receptor-positive patients with breast cancer. Even if most patients benefit from tamoxifen, many breast tumours either fail to respond or become resistant. Because tamoxifen is extensively metabolised by polymorphic enzymes, one proposed mechanism underlying the resistance is altered metabolism. In the present study we investigated the prognostic and/or predictive value of functional polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 (*3), CYP2D6 (*4), sulphotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1; *2) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 (UGT2B15; *2) in tamoxifen-treated patients with breast cancer. Methods In all, 677 tamoxifen-treated postmenopausal patients with breast cancer, of whom 238 were randomised to either 2 or 5 years of tamoxifen, were genotyped by using PCR with restriction fragment length polymorphism or PCR with denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Results The prognostic evaluation performed in the total population revealed a significantly better disease-free survival in patients homozygous for CYP2D6*4. For CYP3A5, SULT1A1 and UGT2B15 no prognostic significance was observed. In the randomised group we found that for CYP3A5, homozygous carriers of the *3 allele tended to have an increased risk of recurrence when treated for 2 years with tamoxifen, although this was not statistically significant (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.68 to 11.99, P = 0.15). In the group randomised to 5 years' tamoxifen the survival pattern shifted towards a significantly improved recurrence-free survival (RFS) among CYP3A5*3-homozygous patients (HR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.55, P = 0.002). No reliable differences could be seen between treatment duration and the genotypes of CYP2D6, SULT1A1 or UGT2B15. The significantly improved RFS with prolonged tamoxifen treatment in CYP3A5*3 homozygotes was also seen in a multivariate Cox model (HR = 0.13, CI = 0.02 to 0.86, P = 0.03), whereas no differences could be seen for CYP2D6, SULT1A1 and UGT2B15. Conclusion The metabolism of tamoxifen is complex and the mechanisms responsible for the resistance are unlikely to be explained by a single polymorphism; instead it is a combination of several mechanisms. However, the present data suggest that genetic variation in CYP3A5 may predict response to tamoxifen therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Wegman
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sauli Elingarami
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - John Carstensen
- Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Olle Stål
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bo Nordenskjöld
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sten Wingren
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nowell SA, Ahn J, Rae JM, Scheys JO, Trovato A, Sweeney C, MacLeod SL, Kadlubar FF, Ambrosone CB. Association of genetic variation in tamoxifen-metabolizing enzymes with overall survival and recurrence of disease in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 91:249-58. [PMID: 15952058 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-004-7751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen has been a mainstay of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer for many years. We sought to determine if genetic variability in the tamoxifen metabolic pathway influenced overall survival in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. We examined functional polymorphisms in CYP2D6, the P450 catalyzing the formation of active tamoxifen metabolites, and UGT2B15, a Phase II enzyme facilitating the elimination of active metabolite in a retrospective study of breast cancer patients. We also examined whether the combination of variant alleles in SULT1A1 and UGT2B15 had more of an impact on overall survival in tamoxifen-treated patients than when the genes were examined separately. We conducted a retrospective study using archived paraffin blocks for DNA extraction and data from pathology reports and hospital tumor registry data for information on clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes (162 patients receiving tamoxifen and 175 who did not). Genotypes for CYP2D6 and UGT2B15 were obtained and Cox proportional hazards modeling was performed. After adjusting for age, race, stage of disease at diagnosis, and hormone receptor status, we found no significant association between CYP2D6 genotype and overall survival in either group of breast cancer patients. Tamoxifen-treated patients with UGT2B15 high activity genotypes had increased risk of recurrence and poorer survival. When UGT2B15 and SULT1A1 'at-risk' alleles were combined, women with two variant alleles had significantly greater risk of recurrence and poorer survival than those with common alleles. These studies indicate that genetic variation in Phase II conjugating enzymes can influence the efficacy of tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Nowell
- Department of Epidemiology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Influence of estrogen on acetylcholinesterase activity in primary cultures of cerebral cells from neonatal rats. Anim Sci J 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|