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Tripathi S, Purchase D, Chandra R, Nadda AK, Chaturvedi P. Emerging pollutants characterization, mitigation and toxicity assessment of sewage wastewater treatment plant- India: A case study. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2023; 254:104139. [PMID: 36642008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
India faces major challenges related to fresh water supply and the reuse of treated wastewater is an important strategy to combat water scarcity. Wastewater in Gorakhpur, India, is treated by a decentralised wastewater treatment system (DEWATS) and the treated wastewater is reused in the rural area. This research provides important scientific data that ascertain the safety of wastewater reuse in this region. The physicochemical characteristics, including pigment, ionic strength, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, salinity, total N, ammonium N, phenolics, heavy metals, and sulphate, of the inlet and outlet sewage water samples (SWWs) from a wastewater treatment facility was conducted. These parameters were found to be significantly over the national limit. The inlet and outlet samples were further characterised by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). SEM showed microstructure and the presence of various metals, polymers, and other co-pollutants in the samples and FT-IR confirmed the presence of aldehyde, hard liquor, and nitrogen molecules in the SWW's discharge. Many endocrine disruptors and potentially mutagenic chemical substances (e.g., Dodecane, Hexadecane, Octadecane etc.) were identified in the outlet SWW by the GC-MS analysis. Toxicity of the SWW was assessed via phytotoxicity assessment using Phaseolus mungo L. and histological and biochemical analyses of Heteropneustes fossilis in a 24-h exposure study. Results confirmed the wastewater was harmful and inhibited germination of P. mungo L. by >80% compared to the control, destroyed gill laminae and significantly increased oxidative stress (above 5% increase in catalase production) in H. fossilis. This work clearly demonstrated that the quality of the treated wastewater in Gorakhpur was poor and immediate action is needed before it can be discharged or reused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Tripathi
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
| | - Diane Purchase
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Ram Chandra
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, UP, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Nadda
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan - 173 234, India
| | - Preeti Chaturvedi
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
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Mikucka W, Zielińska M. Distillery Stillage: Characteristics, Treatment, and Valorization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:770-793. [PMID: 32557233 PMCID: PMC7578141 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Distilleries are among the most polluting industries because ethanol fermentation results in the discharge of large quantities of high-strength liquid effluents with high concentrations of organic matter and nitrogen compounds, low pH, high temperature, dark brown color, and high salinity. The most common method of managing this wastewater (distillery stillage) is to use it for soil conditioning, but this requires thickening the wastewater and may cause soil pollution due to its high nitrogen content. Therefore, treatment of distillery stillage is preferable. This review discusses individual biological and physico-chemical treatment methods and combined technologies. In addition, special attention is paid to valorization of distillery stillage, which is a valuable source of polysaccharides and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), as well as natural antioxidants, including polyphenols and other bioactive compounds of interest to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. New directions in improvement of valorization technologies are highlighted, including the search for new eutectic solvents for extracting these compounds. Such technologies are essential for sustainable development, which requires the use of management and valorization strategies for recovery of valuable compounds with minimal disposal of waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Mikucka
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna St. 45G, 10-709, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zielińska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna St. 45G, 10-709, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Mahto A, Gupta R, Ghara KK, Srivastava DN, Maiti P, D K, Rivera PZ, Meena R, Nataraj SK. Development of high-performance supercapacitor electrode derived from sugar industry spent wash waste. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 340:189-201. [PMID: 28715742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at developing supercapacitor materials from sugar and distillery industry wastes, thereby mediating waste disposal problem through reuse. In a two-step process, biomethanated spent wash (BMSW) was acid treated to produce solid waste sludge and waste water with significantly reduced total organic carbon (TOC) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) content. Further, waste sludge was directly calcined in presence of activating agent ZnCl2 in inert atmosphere resulting in high surface area (730-900m2g-1) carbon of unique hexagonal morphology. Present technique resulted in achieving two-faceted target of liquid-solid waste remediation and production of high-performance carbon material. The resulted high surface area carbon was tested in both three and two electrode systems. Electrochemical tests viz. cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and impedance measurement were carried out in aqueous KOH electrolyte yielding specific capacitance as high as 120Fg-1, whereas all solid supercapacitor devised using PVA/H3PO4 polyelectrolyte showed stable capacitance of 105Fg-1 at 0.2Ag-1. The presence of transition metal particles and hetero-atoms on carbon surface were confirmed by XPS, EDX and TEM analysis which enhanced the conductivity and imparted pseudocapacitance to some extent into the working electrode. The present study successfully demonstrated production of high-performance electrode material from dirtiest wastewater making process green, sustainable and economically viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashesh Mahto
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India; AcSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India; AcSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Krishna Kanta Ghara
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India; AcSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Divesh N Srivastava
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India; AcSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Pratyush Maiti
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Kalpana D
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute -Madras Unit, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Paul-Zavala Rivera
- Chemical Engineering & Metallurgy Department, Universidad de Sonora, Mexico
| | - R Meena
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India; AcSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India.
| | - S K Nataraj
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India.
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Ravindran B, Kumari SKS, Stenstrom TA, Bux F. Evaluation of phytotoxicity effect on selected crops using treated and untreated wastewater from different configurative domestic wastewater plants. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:1782-1789. [PMID: 26806819 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1132776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the phytotoxicity effect of untreated and treated wastewater collected from two different configurations of domestic wastewater treatment plants in South Africa. The phytotoxicity effect on vegetable seed growth was studied in terms of germination index (GI), relative seed germination (RSG) and relative root elongation (RRE) using four commercial crop varieties, viz., tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), radish (Raphanus sativus), carrot (Daucus carota) and onion (Allium cepa). According to phyototoxicity limits, 80% germination and above is regarded as non-toxic and less than 50% GI is regarded as highly toxic and not suitable for agricultural purposes. In our study, seeds were irrigated with concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of treated effluent (TE) and untreated effluent (UTE). The TE results were best with the highest GI (%) recorded as tomato, 177; carrot, 158.5; onion, 132; and lettuce, 124. The results of this study indicate that TE showed no phytotoxicty effects and recorded above 80% GI. The UTE irrigated crops reached a GI of only 50% and above which is clear evidence of the beneficial effect of waste water treatment. The overall results confirmed that treated wastewater has a beneficial effect on agricultural crops and can be used as a liquid fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ravindran
- a Department of Biotechnology , Institute for Water & Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology , Durban , South Africa
| | - S K Sheena Kumari
- a Department of Biotechnology , Institute for Water & Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology , Durban , South Africa
| | - T A Stenstrom
- a Department of Biotechnology , Institute for Water & Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology , Durban , South Africa
| | - F Bux
- a Department of Biotechnology , Institute for Water & Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology , Durban , South Africa
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Gassama UM, Puteh AB, Abd-Halim MR, Kargbo B. Influence of municipal wastewater on rice seed germination, seedling performance, nutrient uptake, and chlorophyll content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12892-014-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Asano R, Kobayashi S, Sonobe K, Shime-Hattori A, Okazaki K, Ohtomo R. Plant-available inorganic nutrient levels are increased in rice-derived distillery effluents inoculated with microbes. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:1412-21. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Asano
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center (HARC); National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Sapporo Japan
| | - S. Kobayashi
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center (HARC); National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Sapporo Japan
| | - K. Sonobe
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center (HARC); National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Sapporo Japan
| | - A. Shime-Hattori
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center (HARC); National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Sapporo Japan
| | - K. Okazaki
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center (HARC); National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Sapporo Japan
| | - R. Ohtomo
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center (HARC); National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Sapporo Japan
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Chapla D, Divecha J, Madamwar D, Shah A. Utilization of agro-industrial waste for xylanase production by Aspergillus foetidus MTCC 4898 under solid state fermentation and its application in saccharification. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shah FUR, Ahmad N, Masood KR, Peralta-Videa JR, Zahid DM, Zubair M. Response of Eucalyptus camaldulensis to irrigation with the Hudiara drain effluent. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2010; 12:343-357. [PMID: 20734912 DOI: 10.1080/15226510902968142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the industrial effluent of the Hudiara drain on the growth and element accumulation by Eucalyptus camaldulensis at early growth stage. Plants were irrigated for 18 months with effluent diluted with tap water at 0% (T0), 25% (T1), 50% (T2), 75% (T3), and 100% effluent (T4). Results showed that the maximum growth in terms of stem height (260 cm), number of branches (29), stem fresh weight (436.67 g), stem dry weight (203.33 g), total seedling length (344 cm), number of leaves (825), leaf fresh weight (195 g), and leaf dry weight (100 g) were recorded in plants treated with T2. However, maximum seedling collar diameter (2.25 cm), root fresh weight (230 g), and root dry weight (103.33 g) were observed in T3 treated plants. On the other hand, seedlings attained maximum root length (100.67 cm) at T1 treatment. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll increased up to T2, declining beyond that treatment. The accumulation of Na, Cd, and Cr in tissues increased with increasing concentrations of the effluent. However, the increase in effluent concentration decreased K and P in roots, and increased Fe in roots and stems, while T1 and T2 increased Mg in stems. The results suggest that mixing the wastewater of the Hudiara drain with tap water (50:50v/v) benefits the growth of E. camaldulensis.
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Saunders JA, Rosentrater KA. Survey of US fuel ethanol plants. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:3277-3284. [PMID: 19289276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ethanol industry is growing in response to increased consumer demands for fuel as well as the renewable fuel standard. Corn ethanol processing creates the following products: 1/3 ethanol, 1/3 distillers grains, and 1/3 carbon dioxide. As the production of ethanol increases so does the generation of its coproducts, and viable uses continually need to be developed. A survey was mailed to operational US ethanol plants to determine current practices. It inquired about processes, equipment used, end products, and desired future directions for coproducts. Results indicated that approximately one-third of plant managers surveyed expressed a willingness to alter current drying time and temperature if it could result in a higher quality coproduct. Other managers indicated hesitation, based on lack of economic incentives, potential cost and return, and capital required. Respondents also reported the desire to use their coproducts in some of the following products: fuels, extrusion, pellets, plastics, and human food applications. These results provide a snapshot of the industry, and indicate that operational changes to the current production of DDGS must be based upon the potential for positive economic returns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Saunders
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Hospitality, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Mohana S, Acharya BK, Madamwar D. Distillery spent wash: treatment technologies and potential applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 163:12-25. [PMID: 18675513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Distillery spent wash is the unwanted residual liquid waste generated during alcohol production and pollution caused by it is one of the most critical environmental issue. Despite standards imposed on effluent quality, untreated or partially treated effluent very often finds access to watercourses. The distillery wastewater with its characteristic unpleasant odor poses a serious threat to the water quality in several regions around the globe. The ever-increasing generation of distillery spent wash on the one hand and stringent legislative regulations of its disposal on the other has stimulated the need for developing new technologies to process this effluent efficiently and economically. A number of clean up technologies have been put into practice and novel bioremediation approaches for treatment of distillery spent wash are being worked out. Potential microbial (anaerobic and aerobic) as well as physicochemical processes as feasible remediation technologies to combat environmental pollution are being explored. An emerging field in distillery waste management is exploiting its nutritive potential for production of various high value compounds. This review presents an overview of the pollution problems caused by distillery spent wash, the technologies employed globally for its treatment and its alternative use in various biotechnological sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarayu Mohana
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India.
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Pant D, Adholeya A. Biological approaches for treatment of distillery wastewater: a review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2007; 98:2321-34. [PMID: 17092705 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Effluent originating from distilleries known as spent wash leads to extensive soil and water pollution. Elimination of pollutants and colour from distillery effluent is becoming increasingly important from environmental and aesthetic point of view. Stillage, fermenter and condenser cooling water and fermenter wastewater are the primary polluting streams of a typical distillery. Due to the large volumes of effluent and presence of certain recalcitrant compounds, the treatment of this stream is rather challenging by conventional methods. Therefore, to supplement the existing treatments, a number of studies encompassing physico-chemical and biological treatments have been conducted. This review presents an account of the problem and the description of colour causing components in distillery wastewater and a detailed review of existing biological approaches. Further, the studies dealing with pure cultures such as bacterial, fungal, algal and plant based systems have also been incorporated. Also, the roles of microbial enzymes in the decolourization process have been discussed to develop a better understanding of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pant
- Centre of Bioresources and Biotechnology, TERI University, DS Block, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India
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Kaushik A, Nisha R, Jagjeeta K, Kaushik CP. Impact of long and short term irrigation of a sodic soil with distillery effluent in combination with bioamendments. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2005; 96:1860-6. [PMID: 15939590 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 01/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The study reports the effects of irrigation of a sodic soil with post methanation effluent (PME) of a distillery. Impact of long term effluent irrigation in the field (10 years) and short term effluent irrigation using different doses of PME in the laboratory (30 days) was studied in combination with three bioamendments i.e. farmyard manure, brassica residues and rice husk. Impact on various soil properties like EC, pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), available phosphorus, exchangeable K, Na, Ca, Cl, microbial population and soil enzyme activities were studied. Long term application of PME proved useful in significantly increasing TOC, TKN, K, P and soil enzymatic activities in the soil but tended to build up harmful concentration of Na, that could be chelated by bioamendments. In short terms studies, application of 50% PME along with bioamendments proved to be the most useful in improving the properties of sodic soil and also favoured successful germination and improved seedling growth of pearl millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaushik
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar, Haryana 125 001, India.
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Pant D, Reddy UG, Adholeya A. Cultivation of oyster mushrooms on wheat straw and bagasse substrate amended with distillery effluent. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-9031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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