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Farooq A, Khan UA, Ali H, Sathish M, Naqvi SAH, Iqbal S, Ali H, Mubeen I, Amir MB, Mosa WFA, Baazeem A, Moustafa M, Alrumman S, Shati A, Negm S. Green Chemistry Based Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Plant Derivatives of Calotropis gigantea (Giant Milkweed) and Its Biological Applications against Various Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2195. [PMID: 36363787 PMCID: PMC9692802 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a burning field of scientific interest for researchers in current era. Diverse plant materials are considered as potential tool in green chemistry based technologies for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) to cope with the hazardous effects of synthetic chemicals, leading to severe abiotic climate change issues in today's agriculture. This study aimed to determine the synthesis and characterization of metal-based nanoparticles using extracts of the selected plant Calotropis gigantea and to evaluate the enzyme-inhibition activities and antibacterial and antifungal activity of extracts of metal-based zinc nanoparticles using C. gigantea extracts. The crystal structure and surface morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). C. gigantea was examined for antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of bacteria and fungi. The water, ethanolic, and acetone extracts of C. gigantea were studied for their antagonistic action against bacterial strains (E. coli, S. aureus, P. multocida, and B. subtilis) and selected fungal strains (A. paracistic, F. solani, A. niger, S. ferrugenium, and R. nigricans). In vitro antimicrobial activity was determined by the disc diffusion method, where C. gigantea wastested for AChE and BChE inhibitory activity using Ellman's methodology. The kinetic analysis was performed by the proverbial Berthelot reaction for urease inhibition. The results showed that out of all the extracts tested, ethanolic and water extracts possessed zinc nanoparticles. These extracts showed the maximum zone of inhibition against F. solani and P. multocida and the lowest against S. ferrugenium and B. subtilis. A potential source of AChE inhibitors is certainly provided by the abundance of plants in nature. Numerous phyto-constituents, such as AChE and BChE inhibitors, have been reported in this communication. Water extract was active and has the potential for in vitro AChE and BChE inhibitory activity. The urease inhibition with flower extracts of C. gigantea revealed zinc nanoparticles in water extracts that competitively inhibited urease enzymes. In the case of cholinesterase enzymes, it was inferred that the water extract and zinc nanoparticles have more potential for inhibition of BChE than AChE and urease inhibition. Furthermore, zinc nanoparticles with water extract are active inthe inhibition of the bacterial strains E. coli, S. aureus, and P. multocida and the fungal strains A. paracistic, F. solani, and A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Farooq
- The Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Umair A. Khan
- The Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Haider Ali
- School of Bioscience, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Manda Sathish
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Shehzad Iqbal
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haider Ali
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Mubeen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Amir
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Walid F. A. Mosa
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Pomology), Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Alaa Baazeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Moustafa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Sulaiman Alrumman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Shati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sally Negm
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science and Art Mahyel Aseer, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
- Unit of Food Bacteriology, Central Laboratory of Food Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Branch in Zagazig, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Immobilization of Aspergillus niger F7-02 Lipase in Polysaccharide Hydrogel Beads of Irvingia gabonensis Matrix. Enzyme Res 2014; 2014:967056. [PMID: 25614829 PMCID: PMC4295590 DOI: 10.1155/2014/967056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of polysaccharide Irvingia gabonensis matrix as enzyme immobilization support was investigated. Lipase of Aspergillus niger F7-02 was immobilized by entrapment using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent and stabilized in ethanolic-formaldehyde solution. The pH and temperature stability and activity yield of the immobilized enzyme were determined. Such parameters as enzyme load, bead size, number of beads, and bead reusability were also optimized. Adequate gel strength to form stabilized beads was achieved at 15.52% (w/v) Irvingia gabonensis powder, 15% (v/v) partially purified lipase, 2.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde, and 3 : 1 (v/v) ethanolic-formaldehyde solution. There was 3.93-fold purification when the crude enzyme was partially purified in two-step purification using Imarsil and activated charcoal. Optimum lipase activity 75.3 Ug−1 was achieved in 50 mL test solution containing 15 beads of 7 mm bead size. Relative activity 80% was retained at eight repeated cycles. The immobilization process gave activity yield of 59.1% with specific activity of 12.3 Umg−1 and stabilized at optimum pH 4.5 and temperature 55°C. Thus the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of I. gabonensis as a polymer matrix for lipase immobilization have been established.
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Kareem SO, Akpan I, Popoola TOS, Sanni LO. Activated charcoal-a potential material in glucoamylase recovery. Enzyme Res 2012; 2011:483943. [PMID: 22235364 PMCID: PMC3251798 DOI: 10.4061/2011/483943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of activated charcoal in the purification of fungal glucoamylase was investigated. Various concentrations of activated charcoal (1–4% w/v) were used to concentrate crude glucoamylase from Rhizopus oligosporus at different temperature values (30–50°C). Effects of pH (3.0–6.0) and contact time (0–60 min) on enzyme purification were also monitored. Activated charcoal (3% w/v) gave a 16-fold purification in a single-step purification at 50°C for 20 min and pH 5.5. The result of SDS-PAGE analysis of purified glucoamylase showed two major protein bands with corresponding molecular weight of 36 kDa and 50 kDa. The method is inexpensive, rapid, and simple which could facilitate downstream processing of industrial enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Kareem
- Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Abstract
PURPOSE To report 6 eyes of 5 patients with transient corneal edema after exposure to the milky latex of Calotropis procera (ushaar). METHODS Interventional case series. RESULTS Intracorneal penetration of ushaar latex can lead to permanent endothelial cell loss with morphologic alteration. Corneal edema resolved completely in approximately 2 weeks in all cases, despite reduced endothelial cell count and abnormal morphology. CONCLUSIONS Corneal endothelial toxicity of ushaar latex is caused by its ability to penetrate the corneal stroma and induce permanent loss of endothelial cells. Corneal edema resolves if sufficient endothelial cell viability is still present after resolution of ushaar keratitis.
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Ramos MV, Aguiar VC, da Silva Xavier AA, Lima MW, Bandeira GP, Etchells JP, Nogueira NAP, Alencar NMN. Latex proteins from the plant Calotropis procera are partially digested upon in vitro enzymatic action and are not immunologically detected in fecal material. Fitoterapia 2006; 77:251-6. [PMID: 16581200 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Soluble proteins from the latex of Calotropis procera (LP) were investigated in vitro and in vivo for digestibility as the latex has previously been shown to produce considerable toxic effects on animals. The latex is also an important biologically active compound that displays antiinflammatory and antidiarrhea properties. The proteins were digested by the action of trypsin, pepsin or chemotrypsin as revealed by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE analysis. Furthermore, the full LP digestion was easily achieved by protease treatment. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against LP failed to detect cross-reactive molecules in fecal material of experimental rats following 35 consecutive days of LP consumption in water. Similar patterns of electrophoresis were observed for the negligible amounts of protein observed in the fecal extracts of control and test animals. No death or toxic effects were observed among animals. Taken together these results suggest that harmful and toxic effects on animals of the latex from C. procera are present in its rubber and low molecular weight fractions rather than its protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio V Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Cx. Postal 6033, Fortaleza-Ceará, CEP 60451-970, Brazil.
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