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Myslivecek J. Multitargeting nature of muscarinic orthosteric agonists and antagonists. Front Physiol 2022; 13:974160. [PMID: 36148314 PMCID: PMC9486310 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.974160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) are typical members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and exist in five subtypes from M1 to M5. Muscarinic receptor subtypes do not sufficiently differ in affinity to orthosteric antagonists or agonists; therefore, the analysis of receptor subtypes is complicated, and misinterpretations can occur. Usually, when researchers mainly specialized in CNS and peripheral functions aim to study mAChR involvement in behavior, learning, spinal locomotor networks, biological rhythms, cardiovascular physiology, bronchoconstriction, gastrointestinal tract functions, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease, they use orthosteric ligands and they do not use allosteric ligands. Moreover, they usually rely on manufacturers’ claims that could be misleading. This review aimed to call the attention of researchers not deeply focused on mAChR pharmacology to this fact. Importantly, limited selective binding is not only a property of mAChRs but is a general attribute of most neurotransmitter receptors. In this review, we want to give an overview of the most common off-targets for established mAChR ligands. In this context, an important point is a mention the tremendous knowledge gap on off-targets for novel compounds compared to very well-established ligands. Therefore, we will summarize reported affinities and give an outline of strategies to investigate the subtype’s function, thereby avoiding ambiguous results. Despite that, the multitargeting nature of drugs acting also on mAChR could be an advantage when treating such diseases as schizophrenia. Antipsychotics are a perfect example of a multitargeting advantage in treatment. A promising strategy is the use of allosteric ligands, although some of these ligands have also been shown to exhibit limited selectivity. Another new direction in the development of muscarinic selective ligands is functionally selective and biased agonists. The possible selective ligands, usually allosteric, will also be listed. To overcome the limited selectivity of orthosteric ligands, the recommended process is to carefully examine the presence of respective subtypes in specific tissues via knockout studies, carefully apply “specific” agonists/antagonists at appropriate concentrations and then calculate the probability of a specific subtype involvement in specific functions. This could help interested researchers aiming to study the central nervous system functions mediated by the muscarinic receptor.
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Niu YY, Yang LM, Deng KM, Yao JH, Zhu L, Chen CY, Zhang M, Zhou JE, Shen TX, Chen HZ, Lu Y. Quantitative structure–selectivity relationship for M2 selectivity between M1 and M2 of piperidinyl piperidine derivatives as muscarinic antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2260-6. [PMID: 17289384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Revised: 01/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic M2 receptor antagonists with high subtype selectivity (M2/M1) will decrease the toxicity in central nervous system in treatment of AD. The exploration of quantitative structure-selectivity relationship (QSSR) to muscarinic M2 receptor antagonists will provide design information for drug with fewer side effects. In this paper, CoMFA models of pK(i)(M1), pK(i)(M2) and p[K(i)(M2)/K(i)(M1)] (pK(i)(M2)-pK(i)(M1)) were used to study the subtype selectivity (M2/M1) of piperidinyl piperidine derivatives as muscarinic M2 subtype receptor antagonists. The parameters of the three models are: 0.633, 0.636 and 0.726 for cross-validated r(2) (r(cv)(2)), 0.109, 0.204 and 0.09 for the Standard error of estimate (SD), respectively. The results show the model of p[K(i)(M2)/K(i)(M1)] is the best one for design of piperidinyl piperidine derivatives as muscarinic antagonists with high subtype selectivity (M2/M1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Yao Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Clader JW, Billard W, Binch H, Chen LY, Crosby G, Duffy RA, Ford J, Kozlowski JA, Lachowicz JE, Li S, Liu C, McCombie SW, Vice S, Zhou G, Greenlee WJ. Muscarinic M2 antagonists: anthranilamide derivatives with exceptional selectivity and in vivo activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:319-26. [PMID: 14723952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthranilamide analogues such as 23 are potent and highly selective muscarinic M2 antagonists that also show good oral bioavailability and in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Clader
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Boyle CD, Lachowicz JE. Orally active and selective benzylidene ketal M2 muscarinic receptor antagonists for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Drug Dev Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kozlowski JA, Zhou G, Tagat JR, Lin SI, McCombie SW, Ruperto VB, Duffy RA, McQuade RA, Crosby G, Taylor LA, Billard W, Binch H, Lachowicz JE. Substituted 2-(R)-methyl piperazines as muscarinic M(2) selective ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:791-4. [PMID: 11859004 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 2-(R)-methyl-substituted piperazines (e.g., 2) is described. They are potent M(2) selective ligands that have >100-fold selectivity versus the M(1) receptor. In the rat microdialysis assay, compound 14 showed significantly enchanced levels of acetylcholine after oral administration.
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McCombie SW, Lin SI, Tagat JR, Nazareno D, Vice S, Ford J, Asberom T, Leone D, Kozlowski JA, Zhou G, Ruperto VB, Duffy RA, Lachowicz JE. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of M(2)-selective muscarinic receptor ligands in the 1-[4-(4-arylsulfonyl)-phenylmethyl]-4-(4-piperidinyl)-piperazine family. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:795-8. [PMID: 11859005 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and muscarinic binding properties of compounds based on the 1-[4-(4-arylsulfonyl)phenylmethyl]-4-(1-aroyl-4-piperidinyl)-piperazine skeleton are described. For compounds, substituted with appropriately configured methyl groups at the benzylic center and at the piperazine 2-position, high levels of selective, M(2) subtype affinity could be obtained, particularly when the terminal N-aroyl residue was ortho-substituted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W McCombie
- Department of Chemistry, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Carey GJ, Billard W, Binch H, Cohen-Williams M, Crosby G, Grzelak M, Guzik H, Kozlowski JA, Lowe DB, Pond AJ, Tedesco RP, Watkins RW, Coffin VL. SCH 57790, a selective muscarinic M(2) receptor antagonist, releases acetylcholine and produces cognitive enhancement in laboratory animals. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 431:189-200. [PMID: 11728425 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present studies were designed to assess whether the novel muscarinic M(2) receptor antagonist 4-cyclohexyl-alpha-[4[[4-methoxyphenyl]sulphinyl]-phenyl]-1-piperazineacetonitrile (SCH 57790) could increase acetylcholine release in the central nervous system (CNS) and enhance cognitive performance in rodents and nonhuman primates. In vivo microdialysis studies show that SCH 57790 (0.1-10 mg/kg, p.o.) produced dose-related increases in acetylcholine release from rat hippocampus, cortex, and striatum. SCH 57790 (0.003-1.0 mg/kg) increased retention times in young rat passive avoidance responding when given either before or after training. Also, SCH 57790 reversed scopolamine-induced deficits in mice in a passive avoidance task. In a working memory operant task in squirrel monkeys, administration of SCH 57790 (0.01-0.03 mg/kg) improved performance under a schedule of fixed-ratio discrimination with titrating delay. The effects observed with SCH 57790 in behavioral studies were qualitatively similar to the effects produced by the clinically used cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil, suggesting that blockade of muscarinic M(2) receptors is a viable approach to enhancing cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Carey
- Pharmacia Corp., 301 Henrietta St., Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA.
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Boyle CD, Chackalamannil S, Clader JW, Greenlee WJ, Josien HB, Kaminski JJ, Kozlowski JA, McCombie SW, Nazareno DV, Tagat JR, Wang Y, Zhou G, Billard W, Binch H, Crosby G, Cohen-Williams M, Coffin VL, Cox KA, Grotz DE, Duffy RA, Ruperto V, Lachowicz JE. Metabolic stabilization of benzylidene ketal M(2) muscarinic receptor antagonists via halonaphthoic acid substitution. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2311-4. [PMID: 11527721 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential toxicological liabilities of the M(2) muscarinic antagonist 1 were addressed by replacing the methylenedioxyphenyl moiety with a p-methoxyphenyl group, resulting in M(2) selective compounds such as 3. Several halogenated naphthamide derivatives of 3 were studied in order to improve the pharmacokinetic profile via blockage of oxidative metabolism. Compound 4 demonstrated excellent M(2) affinity and selectivity, human microsomal stability, and oral bioavailability in rodents and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Boyle
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Tagat JR, McCombie SW, Steensma RW, Lin S, Nazareno DV, Baroudy B, Vantuno N, Xu S, Liu J. Piperazine-based CCR5 antagonists as HIV-1 inhibitors. I: 2(S)-methyl piperazine as a key pharmacophore element. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2143-6. [PMID: 11514156 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of the piperidino-piperazines 1 and 2 provided early leads 3 and 4, which showed good activity in the CCR5-RANTES binding assay and in antiviral assays. A systematic study around these structures showed that the 2(S)-methyl piperazine is essential for CCR5 affinity, which is further enhanced by forming the 2,6-dimethyl benzamide of the piperidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Tagat
- Department of Chemical Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, K-15-2B-2800, Kenilworth, NJ 07033-1300, USA. jayaram@
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Greenlee W, Clader J, Asberom T, McCombie S, Ford J, Guzik H, Kozlowski J, Li S, Liu C, Lowe D, Vice S, Zhao H, Zhou G, Billard W, Binch H, Crosby R, Duffy R, Lachowicz J, Coffin V, Watkins R, Ruperto V, Strader C, Taylor L, Cox K. Muscarinic agonists and antagonists in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2001; 56:247-50. [PMID: 11421251 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment and personality changes. The development of drugs for the treatment of the cognitive deficits of AD has focused on agents which counteract loss in cholinergic activity. Although symptoms of AD have been successfully treated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (tacrine, donepezil. rivastigmine, galanthamine), limited success has been achieved with direct M1 agonists, probably due to their lack of selectivity versus other muscarinic receptor subtypes. Muscarinic M2 antagonists have been reported to increase synaptic levels of acetylcholine after oral administration to rats (e.g. BIBN-99, SCH-57790), but their selectivity versus other muscarinic receptor subtypes is modest. Exploration of a series of piperidinylpiperidines has yielded the potent and selective M2 antagonist SCH-217443. This antagonist has excellent bioavailability in rats and dogs and shows activity in a rat model of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Greenlee
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033-0539, USA.
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Barrett D, Barlocco D, Tranter D. Monitor: molecules and profiles. Drug Discov Today 2001; 6:268-271. [PMID: 11182600 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(00)01674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monitor provides an insight into the latest developments in drug discovery through brief synopses of recent presentations and publications together with expert commentaries on the latest technologies. There are two sections: Molecules summarizes the chemistry and the pharmacological significance and biological relevance of new molecules reported in the literature and on the conference scene; Profiles offers commentary on promising lines of research, emerging molecular targets, novel technology, advances in synthetic and separation techniques and legislative issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Barrett
- Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Company, 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, 532-8514, tel.: +81-6-639012856; fax: +81-6-63045435., Osaka, Japan
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