1
|
Zorrilla JG, Rial C, Cabrera D, Molinillo JMG, Varela RM, Macías FA. Pharmacological Activities of Aminophenoxazinones. Molecules 2021; 26:3453. [PMID: 34200139 PMCID: PMC8201375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminophenoxazinones are degradation products resulting from the metabolism of different plant species, which comprise a family of natural products well known for their pharmacological activities. This review provides an overview of the pharmacological properties and applications proved by these compounds and their structural derivatives during 2000-2021. The bibliography was selected according to our purpose from the references obtained in a SciFinder database search for the Phx-3 structure (the base molecule of the aminophenoxazinones). Compounds Phx-1 and Phx-3 are among the most studied, especially as anticancer drugs for the treatment of gastric and colon cancer, glioblastoma and melanoma, among others types of relevant cancers. The main information available in the literature about their mechanisms is also described. Similarly, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic activities are presented, including species related directly or indirectly to significant diseases. Therefore, we present diverse compounds based on aminophenoxazinones with high potential as drugs, considering their levels of activity and few adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.G.Z.); (C.R.); (D.C.); (J.M.G.M.); (R.M.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Theriot JC, McCarthy BG, Lim CH, Miyake GM. Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Perspectives on Catalyst Design and Performance. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38:10.1002/marc.201700040. [PMID: 28370656 PMCID: PMC5496779 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) represents a significant advancement in the field of controlled radical polymerizations. A number of classes of photoredox catalysts have been employed thus far in O-ATRP. Analysis of the proposed mechanism gives insight into the relevant photophysical and chemical properties that determine catalyst performance. Discussion of each of the classes of O-ATRP catalysts highlights their previous uses, their roles in the development of O-ATRP, and the distinctive properties that govern their polymerization behavior, leading to a set of design principles for O-ATRP catalysts. Remaining challenges for O-ATRP are presented, as well as prospects for further improvement in the application scope of O-ATRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Theriot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, United States
| | - Blaine G McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, United States
| | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Che XF, Moriya S, Zheng CL, Abe A, Tomoda A, Miyazawa K. 2-Aminophenoxazine-3-one-induced apoptosis via generation of reactive oxygen species followed by c-jun N-terminal kinase activation in the human glioblastoma cell line LN229. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1456-66. [PMID: 24008433 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) induces apoptosis in several types of cancer cell lines. However, the mechanism of apoptosis induction by Phx-3 has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of Phx-3 in the glioblastoma cell line LN229 and analyzed its molecular mechanism. The results indicated that 6- and 20-h treatment with Phx-3 significantly induced apoptosis in LN229 cells, with downregulation of survivin and XIAP. Both ERK and JNK, which are the members of the MAPK family, were activated after treatment with Phx-3. Inhibition of ERK using the specific inhibitor U0126 blocked the Phx-3-induced apoptosis only in part. However, inhibition of JNK using the specific inhibitor SP600125 completely prevented Phx-3-induced apoptosis and restored the phosphorylation states of ERK to the control levels. Enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected after 3-h treatment with Phx-3. In addition, the ROS scavenger melatonin almost completely blocked Phx-3-induced JNK activation and apoptosis. This suggests that JNK activation was mediated by Phx-3-induced ROS generation. Although SP600125 and melatonin completely blocked the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential after a 3-h treatment with Phx-3, extension of Phx-3 exposure time to 20 h resulted in no cancelation of mitochondrial depolarization by these reagents. These reagents also had little effect on the decreased expression of survivin and XIAP during a 3-20-h exposure to Phx-3. These results indicate that the production of ROS following JNK activation is the main axis of Phx-3-induced apoptosis in LN229 cells for short-term exposure to Phx-3, whereas alternative mechanism(s) appear to be involved in apoptosis induction during long-term exposure to Phx-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Che
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oxidative Dimerization of o-Aminophenol by Heterogeneous Mesoporous Material Modified with Biomimetic Salen-Type Copper(II) Complex. Catal Letters 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-012-0959-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
5
|
CHE XF, ZHENG CL, AKIYAMA SI, TOMODA A. 2-Aminophenoxazine-3-one and 2-amino-4,4α-dihydro-4α,7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one cause cellular apoptosis by reducing higher intracellular pH in cancer cells. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2011; 87:199-213. [PMID: 21558757 PMCID: PMC3149379 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We examined intracellular pH (pHi) of ten cancer cell lines derived from different organs and two normal cell lines including human embryonic lung fibroblast cells (HEL) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro, and found that pHi of most of these cancer cells was evidently higher (pH 7.5 to 7.7) than that of normal cells (7.32 and 7.44 for HEL and HUVEC, respectively) and that of primary leukemic cells and erythrocytes hitherto reported (≤7.2). Higher pHi in these cancer cells could be related to the Warburg effect in cancer cells with enhanced glycolytic metabolism. Since reversal of the Warburg effect may perturb intracellular homeostasis in cancer cells, we looked for compounds that cause extensive reduction of pHi, a major regulator of the glycolytic pathway and its associated metabolic pathway. We found that phenoxazine compounds, 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) and 2-amino-4,4α-dihydro-4α,7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-1) caused a rapid and drastic dose-dependent decrease of pHi in ten different cancer cells within 30 min, though the extent of the decrease of pHi was significantly larger for Phx-3 (ΔpHi = 0.6 pH units or more for 100 µM Phx-3) than for Phx-1 (ΔpHi = 0.1 pH units or more for 100 µM Phx-1). This rapid and drastic decrease of pHi in a variety of cancer cells caused by Phx-3 and Phx-1 possibly perturbed their intracellular homeostasis, and extensively affected the subsequent cell death, because these phenoxazines exerted dose-dependent proapoptotic and cytotoxic effects on these cells during 72 h incubation, confirming a causal relationship between ΔpHi and cytotoxic effects due to Phx-3 and Phx-1. Phx-3 and Phx-1 also reduced pHi of normal cells including HEL and HUVEC, although they exerted less proapoptotic and cytotoxic effects on these cells than on cancer cells. Drugs such as Phx-3 and Phx-1 that reduce pHi and thereby induce cellular apoptosis might serve as benevolent anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang CHE
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chun-Lei ZHENG
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shin-Ichi AKIYAMA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akio TOMODA
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Miyazawa K, Tomoda A. Phenoxazine derivatives suppress the infections caused by herpes simplex virus type-1 and herpes simplex virus type-2 intravaginally inoculated into mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 114:85-91. [PMID: 20736512 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10027fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the in vivo antiviral activities of 2-amino-4,4α-dihydro-4α-7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-1), 3-amino-1,4α-dihydro-4α-8-dimethyl-2H-phenoxazine-2-one (Phx-2), and 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) against herpes viruses. The virus yield three days after administration, changes in the 6-degree's lesion scores, and the morbidity were assessed after herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) [acyclovir (ACV)-sensitive KOS strain or ACV-resistant A4-3 strain] or HSV-2 (ACV-sensitive UW 268 strain) was inoculated intravaginally to mice with administration of Phx-1, Phx-2, Phx-3, or ACV (0.2 mg per administration, 3 times daily) for 8 days starting from 1 day before virus inoculation to 7 days after infection. Phx-1, Phx-2, and Phx-3 extensively suppressed the virus yield of HSV-1. Only Phx-2 exerted moderate inhibitory effects against HSV-2 in mice. The lesion scores, as clinical signs manifested by infection of the KOS strain of HSV-1, were extensively suppressed by intravaginal application of Phx-1, Phx-2, or Phx-3. The lesion scores in HSV-2-infected mice indicated moderate suppression, when Phx-1, Phx-2, or Phx-3 was applied. Without treatment by one of the compounds, none of the HSV-1-infected mice died, but all the HSV-2-infected ones did. However, by the administration of Phx-1, Phx-2, or Phx-3 fairly improved the survival rates of the HSV-2-infected mice. Phx-2 showed dose-dependent anti-HSV-2 efficacy when administered at doses of 0.2 and 1 mg per administration. The present in vivo data suggest that the Phx-1, Phx-2, and Phx-3 are attractive candidates for agents to prevent both replication of HSV and aggravation of lesions caused by these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Miyano-Kurosaki N, Ikegami K, Kurosaki K, Endo T, Aoyagi H, Hanami M, Yasumoto J, Tomoda A. Anticancer effects of phenoxazine derivatives revealed by inhibition of cell growth and viability, disregulation of cell cycle, and apoptosis induction in HTLV-1-positive leukemia cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:87-97. [PMID: 19403995 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08347fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a malignant tumor of human CD4(+) T cells infected with a human retrovirus, T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1). The aim of the present study was to investigate the apoptotic effects of phenoxazines, 2-amino-4,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha,7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-1), 3-amino-1,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha,8-dimethyl-2H-phenoxazine-2-one (Phx-2), and 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) on a T cell leukemia cell line from ATL patients, MT-1 cells; HTLV-1 transformed T-cell lines, HUT-102 cells and MT-2 cells; and an HTLV-1-negative rat sarcoma cell line, XC cells. Among these phenoxazines, Phx-3 at concentrations of less than 10 microg/ml extensively inhibited growth and cell viability; arrested cell cycles at sub G(0)/G(1) phase; and augmented apoptosis of MT-1, HUT-102, and MT-2 cells. However, these phenoxazines did not affect the cell viability of an HTLV-1-negative rat sarcoma cell line, XC cells, and phytohemaggutinin-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, although they markedly inhibited the growth of these cells. The transmission of HTLV-1 from HTLV-1-positive cells (MT-2 cells) to HTLV-1-negative cells (XC cells) was considered to be prevented by Phx-1, Phx-2, or Phx-3 because the syncytium formation between these cells was inhibited markedly in the presence of these phenoxazines. The present results suggest that Phx-1, Phx-2, and, in particular, Phx-3 may be useful as therapeutic agents against ATL, which is extremely refractory to current therapies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Tomoda A. Phenoxazine derivatives inactivate human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus-1, and herpes simplex virus-2 in vitro. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 106:369-75. [PMID: 18319567 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether phenoxazine derivatives, 2-amino-4,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha-7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-1), 3-amino-1,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha-8-dimethyl-2H-phenoxazine-2-one (Phx-2), and 2-amino-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) may have antiviral activity against herpes family viruses: human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). The antiviral activity was evaluated by the selectivity index (SI), which is the ratio of 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC(50)) and 50% antiviral concentration (IC(50)). Among these phenoxazines, Phx-2 exerted strong antiviral activity to HCMV with the SI of 200, while Phx-1 and Phx-3 exerted no marked anti-HCMV activity. Phx-2 also showed moderate inhibition of HSV-1 and HSV-2, with the SI of 6.7 and 17, respectively. In the time-of-addition experiments, inhibitory effect of Phx-2 against HCMV was active even when applied to cells at 100 h after HCMV infection, while ganciclovir (GCV) showed potent inhibition when applied to cells before 42-h post-infection, but its inhibitory effects disappeared thereafter. Attachment and penetration of HCMV was not affected by the presence of Phx-2. When HCMV was pretreated with Phx-2, concentration-dependent virucidal action was observed, suggesting that Phx-2 inactivates HCMV directly. From these data, it was found that Phx-2 might have a different anti-HCMV target from GCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shirato K, Imaizumi K, Abe A, Tomoda A. Phenoxazine derivatives 2-amino-4,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha-phenoxazine-3-one and 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one-induced apoptosis through a caspase-independent mechanism in human neuroblastoma cell line NB-1 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:331-6. [PMID: 17268075 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether phenoxazines such as 2-amino-4,4-alpha-dihydro-4alpha-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-1) and 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) may suppress the proliferation of human neuroblastoma cell line, NB-1 that is refractory to chemotherapeutic agents, inducing apoptosis through the activation of caspase pathway or not. Phx-1 and Phx-3 suppressed the proliferation of NB-1 cells extensively dependent on dose and time. The IC50 of Phx-1 and Phx-3 was about 20 microM and 0.5 microM, respectively, when the cells were treated with Phx-1 or Phx-3 for 72 h. Phx-1 and Phx-3 caused the mixed types of cell death-apoptosis and necrosis-in NB-1 cells, which was detected by flow cytometry. The induction of apoptosis/necrosis caused by these phenoxazines seemed to be correlated dominantly with the caspase independent pathway, because the increased activity of effector caspase 3/7 in NB-1 cells caused by 50 microM Phx-1 or 20 microM Phx-3 was completely cancelled by the addition of z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor, but such phenoxazines-suppressed viability of NB-1 cells was not recovered to normal levels by this inhibitor. The results of this study demonstrate that Phx-1 and Phx-3 have antitumor activity against the neuroblastoma cell line, NB-1, though the IC50 was extremely low for Phx-3, inducing the mixed types of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis, caspase-independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Shirato
- Laboratory of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fukuda G, Yoshitake N, Khan ZA, Kanazawa M, Notoya Y, Che XF, Akiyama SI, Tomoda A, Chakrabarti S, Odawara M. 2-amino-phenoxazine-3-one attenuates glucose-induced augmentation of embryonic form of myosin heavy chain, endothelin-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:797-801. [PMID: 15863881 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in mRNA level of embryonic form of myosin heavy chain (SMemb), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which are considered to be involved in the angiogenesis and atherosclerosis in diabetic blood vessels, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) caused by high ambient glucose, and the effects of 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3), which was produced by the reaction of bovine hemoglobin with o-aminophenol, on them. The mRNA level of SMemb, ET-1 and PAI-1 and the level of SMemb protein were extensively upregulated in HUVECs treated with high concentration of glucose (15 mM), compared with those in the cells with normal concentration of glucose (5 mM). The migration activity of HUVECs evaluated by the cell migration assay was accelerated by 15 mM glucose. When 10 microM Phx-3, at the concentration of which the proliferation of HUVECs was not affected, was administered to HUVECs with 15 mM glucose, the mRNA level of SMemb, ET-1 and PAI-1 and the level of SMemb protein were significantly downregulated to the normal levels in the cells. However, when 10 microM Phx-3 was administered to HUVECs with 5 mM of glucose, the mRNA level of SMemb, ET-1 and PAI-1 and the level of SMemb protein were not affected. The migration activity of HUVECs, which was accelerated by high glucose, was reversed by 10 microM Phx-3. The present results suggest that Phx-3 may be a drug to prevent the high glucose-associated endothelial damage, vascular angiogenesis in diabetic patients, by inhibiting the expression of angiogenic factors, such as SMemb, ET-1 and PAI-1, in the endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Fukuda
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hara K, Okamoto M, Aki T, Yagita H, Tanaka H, Mizukami Y, Nakamura H, Tomoda A, Hamasaki N, Kang D. Synergistic enhancement of TRAIL- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced cell death by a phenoxazine derivative. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:1121-7. [PMID: 16020670 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-4,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha,7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-1) has been developed as a novel phenoxazine derivative having an anticancer activity on a variety of cancer cell lines as well as transplanted tumors in mice with minimal toxicity to normal cells. We examined the effects of Phx-1 on Jurkat cells, a human T cell line. Phx-1 inhibited proliferation of the cells in a dose-dependent manner but hardly induced cell death, suggesting that Phx-1 acts primarily as an antiproliferative reagent but not as a cytocidal drug. Phx-1 enhanced tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptotic cell death about 100-fold. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, which alone does not induce cell death of Jurkat cells, caused apoptosis in combination with Phx-1. These enhancements of cell death were not due to up-regulation of the death receptors. Phx-1 decreased serum-induced phosphorylation of Akt, a kinase involved in cell proliferation and survival, and inhibited complex III of mitochondrial respiratory chain. Considering that both TRAIL and Phx-1 have only marginal cytotoxicity to most normal cells, Phx-1 may provide an ideal combination for cancer therapy with TRAIL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hara
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Iwata A, Yamaguchi T, Sato K, Izumi R, Tomoda A. Antiviral activity of 2-amino-4,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha-7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one on poliovirus. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2004; 200:161-5. [PMID: 14521260 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.200.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-4,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha-7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx), which was produced by the reaction of bovine hemoglobin with 2-amino-5-methylphenol, inhibited the proliferation of poliovirus in Vero cells between 0.25 microg/ml and 2 microg/ml with maximal antiviral acitivity at 1 microg/ml. These results suggest that Phx may be useful to prevent the proliferation of poliovirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Iwata
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-0098, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gao S, Takano T, Sada K, He J, Noda C, Hori-Tamura N, Tomoda A, Yamamura H. A novel phenoxazine derivative suppresses surface IgM expression in DT40 B cell line. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:749-55. [PMID: 12411404 PMCID: PMC1573560 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. 2-amino-4, 4alpha-dihydro-4alpha, 7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx) has been demonstrated to be an actinomycin D-like phenoxazine, and to display anti-tumour activity. 2. In this study, we report on the effect of Phx on B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and receptor-mediated signalling in DT40 B cells. 3. Treatment of B cells with Phx for 12 h inhibited BCR-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. 4. B cells exposed to Phx exhibited down-regulation of surface IgM which is part of BCR. In contracts with actinomycin D, Phx rapidly reduced the expression of IgM without decreasing the expression of other signalling molecules. 5. Analysis with confocal microscopy demonstrated that Phx treatment reduced IgM expression both at the cell surface and inside the cell. 6. Treatment of B cells with Phx resulted in the reduction of IgM secretion. Since MG-132, a proteasomal inhibitor, restored IgM contents to the control levels, Phx has the specific effect of accelerating IgM degradation. 7. These results suggest that Phx down-regulates the expression of IgM and inhibits BCR-mediated signalling and IgM secretion. Phx may be useful as an immunosuppressive agent for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanyang Gao
- Department of Genome Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takano
- Department of Genome Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kiyonao Sada
- Department of Genome Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Jinsong He
- Department of Genome Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Chiseko Noda
- Department of Nutrition Management, Hyogo University, Kakogawa, 675-0101, Japan
| | - Naoko Hori-Tamura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Akio Tomoda
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0032, Japan
| | - Hirohei Yamamura
- Department of Genome Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|