Beta 3 agonists. Part 1: evolution from inception to BMS-194449

Copper-catalyzed reductive coupling of tosylhydrazones with amines: a convenient route to α-branched amines

A general procedure for the reductive coupling of N-tosylhydrazones with amines in the presence of Cu(acac)(2) and Cs(2)CO(3) has been developed. The protocol is very effective and chemoselective with various primary and secondary aliphatic amines, aminoalcohols as well as azole derivatives to give α-branched amines in good yields.

Comparative 3D QSAR study on β(1)-, β(2)-, and β(3)-adrenoceptor agonists

A quantitative structure–activity relationship study of tryptamine-based derivatives of β₁-, β₂-, and β₃-adrenoceptor agonists was conducted using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). Correlation coefficients (cross-validated r²) of 0.578, 0.595, and 0.558 were obtained for the three subtypes, respectively, in three different CoMFA models. All three CoMFA models have different steric and electrostatic contributions, implying different requirements inside the binding cavity. The CoMFA coefficient contour plots of the three models and comparisons among these plots provide clues regarding the main chemical features responsible for the biological activity variations and also result in predictions which correlate very well with the observed biological activity. Based on the analysis, a summary regeospecific description of the requirements for improving β-adrenoceptor subtype selectivity is given.

Discovery of highly potent and selective biphenylacylsulfonamide-based beta3-adrenergic receptor agonists and molecular modeling based on the solved X-ray structure of the beta2-adrenergic receptor: part 6

As an extension of research, we have investigated modification of left-hand side (LHS) of biphenyl analogues containing an acylsulfonamide moiety in the development of potent and selective human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists. Result of structure-activity relationships (SAR) and cassette-dosing evaluation in dogs showed that the hydroxynorephedrine analogue 16 had an excellent balance of in vitro and in vivo potency with pharmacokinetic profiles. In addition, to facilitate structure-based drug design (SBDD), we also have performed a docking study of biphenyl analogues based on the X-ray structure of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor.

Substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yloxypropanes as beta3-adrenergic receptor agonists: design, synthesis, biological evaluation and pharmacophore modeling

In search of potent beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonists, a series of novel substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yloxypropanes has been synthesized and evaluated for their beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonistic activity (ranging from -17.73% to 90.64% inhibition at 10 microM) using well established Human SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells model. Four molecules viz. 11, 15, 22 and 23 showed beta(3)-AR agonistic IC(50) value of 0.55, 0.59, 1.18 and 1.76 microM, respectively. These four candidates have been identified as possible leads for further development of beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonists for obesity and Type-II diabetes pharmacotherapy. The free OH and NH functions are found to be essential for beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonistic activity. Among the synthesized beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonists having 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline scaffold, the N-benzyl group is found to be superior over N-arylsulfonyl group. A putative pharmacophore model has been modeled considering the above four active molecules which distinguishes well between the active and inactive molecules.

Arylpropanolamines: Selective β3 agonists arising from strategies to mitigate phase I metabolic transformations

Utilization of N-substituted-4-hydroxy-3-methylsulfonanilidoethanolamines 1 as selective beta(3) agonists is complicated by their propensity to undergo metabolic oxidative N-dealkylation, generating 0.01-2% of a very potent alpha(1) adrenergic agonist 2. A summary of the SAR for this hepatic microsomal conversion precedes presentation of strategies to maintain the advantages of chemotype 1 while mitigating the consequences of N-dealkylation. This effort led to the identification of 4-hydroxy-3-methylsulfonanilidopropanolamines 15 for which the SAR for the unique stereochemical requirements for binding to the beta adrenergic receptors culminated in the identification of the potent, selective beta(3) agonist 15f.

Synthesis and evaluation of potent and selective β3 adrenergic receptor agonists containing heterobiaryl carboxylic acids

The design, synthesis, and SAR of a novel series of heterobiaryl phenethanolamine beta3 adrenergic receptor agonists are described. The furan analogue 49 was shown to elicit a significant dose-dependent lowering of plasma glucose in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes.

Antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic agent from Aegle marmelos

The plant Aegle marmelos belongs to the family of Rutaceae. From the leaves of A. marmelos an alkaloidal-amide, Aegeline 2, was isolated and found to have antihyperglycemic activity as evidenced by lowering the blood glucose levels by 12.9% and 16.9% at 5 and 24h, respectively, in sucrose challenged streptozotocin induced diabetic rats (STZ-S) model at the dose of 100mg/kg body weight. Aegeline 2 has also significantly decreased the plasma triglyceride (Tg) levels by 55% (P<0.001), total cholesterol (TC) by 24% (P<0.05), and free fatty acids (FFA) by 24%, accompanied with increase in HDL-C by 28% and HDL-C/TC ratio by 66% in dyslipidemic hamster model at the dose of 50mg/kg body weight. The reasonable mapping of compound 2 to validated pharmacophoric hypothesis and 3D QSAR model with an estimated activity (283nM) suggest that the compound 2 might be a beta(3)-AR agonist.

Addition of Benzylic and Allylic Organozinc and Grignard Reagents to Resin-Bound Imines To Provide α-Branched Secondary Amines Bearing a Wide Variety of Functional Groups. Utility in the Synthesis of β-3 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists

Benzylic and allylic organozinc and Grignard reagents have been added to resin-bound imines to provide alpha-branched secondary amines. Many functional groups, including electrophilic groups, were compatible with this methodology. Three modules--a resin-bound primary amine, an aromatic aldehyde, and the organometallic--were independently varied to produce a combinatorial library of alpha-branched secondary amines designed as beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonists.

BMS-201620: a selective beta 3 agonist

A series of N-(4-hydroxy-3-methylsulfonanilidoethanol)arylglycinamides were prepared and evaluated for their human beta3 adrenergic receptor agonist activity. SAR studies led to the identification of BMS-201620 (39), a potent beta3 full agonist (Ki = 93 nM, 93% activation). Based on its favorable safety profile, BMS-201620 was chosen for clinical evaluation.

Lead compounds discovered from libraries: part 2

Many lead compounds with the potential to progress to viable drug candidates have been identified from libraries during the past two years. There are two key strategies most often employed to find leads from libraries: first, high-throughput biological screening of corporate compound collections; and second, synthesis and screening of project-directed libraries (i.e. target-based libraries). Numerous success stories, including the discovery of several clinical candidates, testify to the utility of chemical library collections as proven sources of new leads for drug development.

Relationship between stereochemistry and the beta3-adrenoceptor agonistic activity of 4'-hydroxynorephedrine derivative as an agent for treatment of frequent urination and urinary incontinence

This report proposes a beta(3)-adrenoceptor (AR) selective agonist, 2-[2-chloro-4-(2-([(1S,2R)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]amino)ethyl)phenoxy]acetic acid (1a), as a novel agent for treating urinary bladder dysfunction. This compound and its relatives have a unique feature among beta(3)-AR agonists: two chiral carbons are adjacently structured on the left side of the molecule. To study the relationship between the stereoconfiguration of the vicinal chiral carbons in 1a and beta-AR agonistic activity, the four stereoisomers were synthesized via oxazolidinone prepared by intracyclization involving inversion of the beta-hydroxy group. The in vitro assays using rat atria for beta(1)-AR, rat uteri for beta(2)-AR, and ferret detrusor for beta(3)-AR showed that 1a possessed potent beta(3)-AR agonistic activity (EC(50) = 3.85 nM) and 3700- and 1700-fold selectivity for beta(3)-AR relative to beta(1)- and beta(2)-AR, respectively. Comparison of the four isomers revealed that the (alphaS,betaR)-compound (1a) was not only the most potent agonist but was also the most selective for beta(3)-AR. In the anesthetized rat, intravenous administration of 1a brought about a sufficient decrement of the intrabladder pressure (ED(50) = 12 microg/kg), and intraduodenal administration of 2a, which is the ethyl ester of 1a, led to same result (ED(50) = 0.65 mg/kg). Moreover, no effects on the cardiovascular system were observed in either test.

BMS-196085: a potent and selective full agonist of the human beta(3) adrenergic receptor

A series of 4-hydroxy-3-methylsulfonanilido-1,2-diarylethylamines were prepared and evaluated for their human beta(3) adrenergic receptor agonist activity. SAR studies led to the identification of BMS-196085 (25), a potent beta(3) full agonist (K(i)=21 nM, 95% activation) with partial agonist (45%) activity at the beta(1) receptor. Based on its desirable in vitro and in vivo properties, BMS-196085 was chosen for clinical evaluation.