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Hobson AD. Antibody drug conjugates beyond cytotoxic payloads. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2023; 62:1-59. [PMID: 37981349 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
For many years, antibody drug conjugates (ADC) have teased with the promise of targeted payload delivery to diseased cells, embracing the targeting of the antibody to which a cytotoxic payload is conjugated. During the past decade this promise has started to be realised with the approval of more than a dozen ADCs for the treatment of various cancers. Of these ADCs, brentuximab vedotin really laid the foundations of a template for a successful ADC with lysosomal payload release from a cleavable dipeptide linker, measured DAR by conjugation to the Cys-Cys interchain bonds of the antibody and a cytotoxic payload. Using this ADC design model oncology has now expanded their repertoire of payloads to include non-cytotoxic compounds. These new payload classes have their origins in prior medicinal chemistry programmes aiming to design selective oral small molecule drugs. While this may not have been achieved, the resulting compounds provide excellent starting points for ADC programmes with some compounds amenable to immediate linker attachment while for others extensive SAR and structural information offer invaluable design insights. Many of these new oncology payload classes are of interest to other therapeutic areas facilitating rapid access to drug-linkers for exploration as non-oncology ADCs. Other therapeutic areas have also pursued unique payload classes with glucocorticoid receptor modulators (GRM) being the most clinically advanced in immunology. Here, ADC payloads come full circle, as oncology is now investigating GRM payloads for the treatment of cancer. This chapter aims to cover all these new ADC approaches while describing the medicinal chemistry origins of the new non-cytotoxic payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian D Hobson
- Small Molecule Therapeutics & Platform Technologies, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States.
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2
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Walles M, Berna MJ, Jian W, Hauri S, Hengel S, King L, Tran JC, Wei C, Xu K, Zhu X. A Cross Company Perspective on the Assessment of Therapeutic Protein Biotransformation. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:846-857. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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3
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Chowdari NS, Zhang Y, McDonald I, Johnson W, Langley DR, Sivaprakasam P, Mate R, Huynh T, Kotapati S, Deshpande M, Pan C, Menezes D, Wang Y, Rao C, Sarma G, Warrack BM, Rangan VS, Mei-Chen S, Cardarelli P, Deshpande S, Passmore D, Rampulla R, Mathur A, Borzilleri R, Rajpal A, Vite G, Gangwar S. Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationships of Novel Tetrahydroisoquinolino Benzodiazepine Dimer Antitumor Agents and Their Application in Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13913-13950. [PMID: 33155811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of tetrahydroisoquinoline-based benzodiazepine dimers were synthesized and tested for in vitro cytotoxicity against a panel of cancer cell lines. Structure-activity relationship investigation of various spacers guided by molecular modeling studies helped to identify compounds with picomolar activity. Payload 17 was conjugated to anti-mesothelin and anti-fucosylated monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (FucGM1) antibodies using lysosome-cleavable valine-citrulline dipeptide linkers via heterogeneous lysine conjugation and bacterial transglutaminase-mediated site-specific conjugation. In vitro, these antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) exhibited significant cytotoxic and target-mediated selectivity on human cancer cell lines. The pharmacokinetics and efficacy of these ADCs were further evaluated in gastric and lung cancer xenograft models in mice. Consistent pharmacokinetic profiles, high target specificity, and robust antitumor activity were observed in these models after a single dose of the ADC-46 (0.02 μmol/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naidu S Chowdari
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ivar McDonald
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Walter Johnson
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - David R Langley
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Prasanna Sivaprakasam
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Robert Mate
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Tram Huynh
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Srikanth Kotapati
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Madhura Deshpande
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Chin Pan
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Daniel Menezes
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Yichong Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Chetana Rao
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Ganapathy Sarma
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Bethanne M Warrack
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Vangipuram S Rangan
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Sung Mei-Chen
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Pina Cardarelli
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Shrikant Deshpande
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - David Passmore
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Robert Borzilleri
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Arvind Rajpal
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Gregory Vite
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Sanjeev Gangwar
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
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Anami Y, Tsuchikama K. Next-generation Antibody-drug Conjugates (ADCs): Exploring New Frontiers with Chemical Approaches. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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Tsuchikama K. [Novel Chemical Linkers for Next-generation Antibody-drug Conjugates(ADCs)]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:209-219. [PMID: 30713230 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), monoclonal antibodies conjugated with highly potent drugs (payloads) through chemical linkers, are an emerging class of therapeutic agents for cancer chemotherapy. Their clinical success has been demonstrated by the 4 ADCs already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and more than 60 promising ADCs now in clinical trials. Further advancement of this novel molecular platform could potentially revolutionize current strategies and regimens for treating cancers. The linker structure and antibody-linker conjugation modality critically contribute to ADC homogeneity, circulation stability, pharmacokinetic profiles, tolerability, and overall treatment efficacy. Despite extensive efforts to improve these parameters, most ADC linkers used to date possess linear structures, and therefore accommodate only single payloads. The clinical potential of branched ADC linkers, enabling the installation of two payload molecules, remains unexplored because of the lack of efficient conjugation methods. In addition, according to a recent report, the stability of enzymatically cleavable linkers in mouse circulation is another crucial factor for the successful evaluation of ADCs in preclinical studies. In this review, I present my research group's effort to develop both branched linkers and efficient conjugation methods for constructing dual-loading ADCs with high homogeneity and enhanced potency. I also present a novel tripeptide ADC linker with enhanced stability in mouse circulation. Multidisciplinary experience, approaches, and collaboration are key to successfully advancing our ADC research programs. I herein describe how my experience in the U.S. has helped to develop and manage complex biomedical research projects in a small academic laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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Chowdari NS, Pan C, Rao C, Langley DR, Sivaprakasam P, Sufi B, Derwin D, Wang Y, Kwok E, Passmore D, Rangan VS, Deshpande S, Cardarelli P, Vite G, Gangwar S. Uncialamycin as a novel payload for antibody drug conjugate (ADC) based targeted cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:466-470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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He X, Wang SM, Fang Yin Z, Zhao MM, Li N, Yu F, Wang LS, Hu Y, Du YK, Du SS, Li Y, Wei YR, Chen SS, He JH, Weng D, Li HP. Identification of a nanobody specific to human pulmonary surfactant protein A. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1412. [PMID: 28469136 PMCID: PMC5431231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobody (Nb) is a promising vector for targeted drug delivery. This study aims to identify an Nb that can specifically target the lung by binding human pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A). Human lung frozen tissue sections were used for 3 rounds of biospanning of our previously constructed Nb library for rat SP-A to establish a sub-library of Nb, which specifically bound human lung tissues. Phage-ELISA was performed to screen the sub-library to identify Nb4, which specifically bound human SP-A. The binding affinity Kd of Nb4 to recombinant human SP-A was 7.48 × 10−7 M. Nb4 (19 kDa) was stable at 30 °C–37 °C and pH 7.0–7.6 and specifically bound the SP-A in human lung tissue homogenates, human lung A549 cells, and human lung tissues, whereas didn’t react with human liver L-02 cells, kidney 293T cells, and human tissues from organs other than the lung. Nb4 accumulated in the lung of nude mice 5 minutes after a tail vein injection of Nb4 and was excreted 3 hours. Short-term exposure (one month) to Nb4 didn’t cause apparent liver and kidney toxicity in rats, whereas 3-month exposure resulted in mild liver and kidney injuries. Nb4 may be a promising vector to specifically deliver drugs to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Suzhou University, School of Medicine, SuZhou, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Suzhou University, School of Medicine, SuZhou, China
| | - Shan-Mei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Fang Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Suzhou University, School of Medicine, SuZhou, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Kui Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Shan Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Ru Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Shan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Suzhou University, School of Medicine, SuZhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua He
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Weng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui-Ping Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Anami Y, Xiong W, Gui X, Deng M, Zhang CC, Zhang N, An Z, Tsuchikama K. Enzymatic conjugation using branched linkers for constructing homogeneous antibody–drug conjugates with high potency. Org Biomol Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01027c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An efficient enzymatic method using branched linkers was developed for the construction of potent homogeneous antibody–drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- 1881 East Road
- Houston
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- 1881 East Road
- Houston
| | - Xun Gui
- Texas Therapeutics Institute
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- 1881 East Road
- Houston
| | - Mi Deng
- Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
- 6001 Forest Park Road
- Dallas
- USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
- 6001 Forest Park Road
- Dallas
- USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- 1881 East Road
- Houston
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- 1881 East Road
- Houston
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- 1881 East Road
- Houston
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9
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Kumar A, White J, James Christie R, Dimasi N, Gao C. Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Challenges in antibody-drug conjugate discovery: a bioconjugation and analytical perspective. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1561-4. [PMID: 26226306 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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11
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Gikanga B, Adeniji NS, Patapoff TW, Chih HW, Yi L. Cathepsin B Cleavage of vcMMAE-Based Antibody-Drug Conjugate Is Not Drug Location or Monoclonal Antibody Carrier Specific. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1040-9. [PMID: 26914498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) require thorough characterization and understanding of product quality attributes. The framework of many ADCs comprises one molecule of antibody that is usually conjugated with multiple drug molecules at various locations. It is unknown whether the drug release rate from the ADC is dependent on drug location, and/or local environment, dictated by the sequence and structure of the antibody carrier. This study addresses these issues with valine-citrulline-monomethylauristatin E (vc-MMAE)-based ADC molecules conjugated at reduced disulfide bonds, by evaluating the cathepsin B catalyzed drug release rate of ADC molecules with different drug distributions or antibody carriers. MMAE drug release rates at different locations on ADC I were compared to evaluate the impact of drug location. No difference in rates was observed for drug released from the V(H), V(L), or C(H)2 domains of ADC I. Furthermore, four vc-MMAE ADC molecules were chosen as substrates for cathepsin B for evaluation of Michaelis-Menten parameters. There was no significant difference in K(M) or k(cat) values, suggesting that different sequences of the antibody carrier do not result in different drug release rates. Comparison between ADCs and small molecules containing vc-MMAE moieties as substrates for cathepsin B suggests that the presence of IgG1 antibody carrier, regardless of its bulkiness, does not impact drug release rate. Finally, a molecular dynamics simulation on ADC II revealed that the val-cit moiety at each of the eight possible conjugation sites was, on average, solvent accessible over 50% of its maximum solvent accessible surface area (SASA) during a 500 ns trajectory. Combined, these results suggest that the cathepsin cleavage sites for conjugated drugs are exposed enough for the enzyme to access and that the drug release rate is rather independent of drug location or monoclonal antibody carrier. Therefore, the distribution of drug conjugation at different sites is not a critical parameter to control in manufacturing of the vc-MMAE-based ADC conjugated at reduced disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Gikanga
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nia S Adeniji
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas W Patapoff
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hung-Wei Chih
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Li Yi
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Dosio F, Arpicco S, Stella B, Fattal E. Hyaluronic acid for anticancer drug and nucleic acid delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:204-36. [PMID: 26592477 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is widely used in anticancer drug delivery, since it is biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, and non-immunogenic; moreover, HA receptors are overexpressed on many tumor cells. Exploiting this ligand-receptor interaction, the use of HA is now a rapidly-growing platform for targeting CD44-overexpressing cells, to improve anticancer therapies. The rationale underlying approaches, chemical strategies, and recent advances in the use of HA to design drug carriers for delivering anticancer agents, are reviewed. Comprehensive descriptions are given of HA-based drug conjugates, particulate carriers (micelles, liposomes, nanoparticles, microparticles), inorganic nanostructures, and hydrogels, with particular emphasis on reports of preclinical/clinical results.
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Bornstein GG. Antibody Drug Conjugates: Preclinical Considerations. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:525-34. [PMID: 25724883 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The development path for antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) is more complex and challenging than for unmodified antibodies. While many of the preclinical considerations for both unmodified and antibody drug conjugates are shared, special considerations must be taken into account when developing an ADC. Unlike unmodified antibodies, an ADC must preferentially bind to tumor cells, internalize, and traffic to the appropriate intracellular compartment to release the payload. Parameters that can impact the pharmacological properties of this class of therapeutics include the selection of the payload, the type of linker, and the methodology for payload drug conjugation. Despite a plethora of in vitro assays and in vivo models to screen and evaluate ADCs, the challenge remains to develop improved preclinical tools that will be more predictive of clinical outcome. This review will focus on preclinical considerations for clinically validated small molecule ADCs. In addition, the lessons learned from Mylotarg®, the first in class FDA-approved ADC, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi G Bornstein
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer Inc., 450 East 29th Street, New York, New York, 10016, USA,
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McCombs JR, Owen SC. Antibody drug conjugates: design and selection of linker, payload and conjugation chemistry. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:339-51. [PMID: 25604608 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as an important pharmaceutical class of drugs designed to harness the specificity of antibodies with the potency of small molecule therapeutics. The three main components of ADCs are the antibody, the linker, and the payload; the majority of early work focused intensely on improving the functionality of these pieces. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on developing methods to control the site and number of linker/drug conjugated to the antibody, with the aim of producing more homogenous ADCs. In this article, we review popular conjugation methods and highlight recent approaches including "click" conjugation and enzymatic ligation. We discuss current linker technology, contrasting the characteristics of cleavable and non-cleavable linkers, and summarize the essential properties of ADC payload, centering on chemotherapeutics. In addition, we report on the progress in characterizing to determine physicochemical properties and on advances in purifying to obtain homogenous products. Establishing a set of selection and analytical criteria will facilitate the translation of novel ADCs and ensure the production of effective biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R McCombs
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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Razinkov VI, Treuheit MJ, Becker GW. Accelerated formulation development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and mAb-based modalities: review of methods and tools. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:468-83. [PMID: 25576149 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114565593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
More therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody-based modalities are in development today than ever before, and a faster and more accurate drug discovery process will ensure that the number of candidates coming to the biopharmaceutical pipeline will increase in the future. The process of drug product development and, specifically, formulation development is a critical bottleneck on the way from candidate selection to fully commercialized medicines. This article reviews the latest advances in methods of formulation screening, which allow not only the high-throughput selection of the most suitable formulation but also the prediction of stability properties under manufacturing and long-term storage conditions. We describe how the combination of automation technologies and high-throughput assays creates the opportunity to streamline the formulation development process starting from early preformulation screening through to commercial formulation development. The application of quality by design (QbD) concepts and modern statistical tools are also shown here to be very effective in accelerated formulation development of both typical antibodies and complex modalities derived from them.
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Goodarzi N, Varshochian R, Kamalinia G, Atyabi F, Dinarvand R. A review of polysaccharide cytotoxic drug conjugates for cancer therapy. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:1280-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Litvak-Greenfeld D, Benhar I. Risks and untoward toxicities of antibody-based immunoconjugates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1782-99. [PMID: 22659123 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based immunoconjugates are specifically targeted monoclonal antibodies that deliver a cytotoxic payload to their target. The cytotoxic agents can be highly potent drugs, radionuclides or toxins. Such molecules, referred to as antibody-drug conjugates, radioimmunoconjugates and immunotoxins, respectively, represent a promising approach for enhancing the efficacy of unconjugated (naked) antibodies for improved therapeutic results. Though tremendous progress has been achieved over the last few decades, the safety of these molecules still remains a matter of concern and a careful design is required for achieving a relatively safe toxicity profile along with therapeutic effectiveness. This review focuses on the toxicities arising from the use of these potent agents.
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Lyon RP, Meyer DL, Setter JR, Senter PD. Conjugation of anticancer drugs through endogenous monoclonal antibody cysteine residues. Methods Enzymol 2012; 502:123-38. [PMID: 22208984 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416039-2.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many methods have been described for the conjugation of drugs to monoclonal antibodies. The presence of a discrete number of readily reducible disulfides in the common IgG subtypes presents a convenient opportunity for conjugation to cysteine residues with thiol-reactive drug-linkers. Such conjugates can be prepared by a straightforward two-step reaction scheme involving the reduction of the antibody disulfides to the desired number of average thiols per antibody, followed by addition of the drug-linker, ideally with a maleimido functionality for rapid, selective reaction. In a discovery setting, this basic method can be scaled down to produce microgram quantities of conjugate for early screening, and in a manufacturing setting can be scaled up to produce grams or kilograms of conjugate for clinical trials and commercialization. The resulting conjugates are readily characterized using common HPLC methods.
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Coyne CP, Jones T, Sygula A, Bailey J, Pinchuk L. Epirubicin-[Anti-HER2/ neu] Synthesized with an Epirubicin-(C 13- imino)-EMCS Analog: Anti-Neoplastic Activity against Chemotherapeutic-Resistant SKBr-3 Mammary Carcinoma in Combination with Organic Selenium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2:22-39. [PMID: 26229727 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2011.21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Discover the anti-neoplastic efficacy of epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] against chemotherapeutic-resistant SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma and delineate the capacity of selenium to enhance it's cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency. METHODS In molar excess, EMCH was combined with epirubicin to create a covalent epirubicin-(C13-imino)-EMCH-maleimide intermediate with sulfhydryl-reactive properties. Monoclonal immunoglobulin selective for HER2/neu was then thiolated with 2-iminothiolane at the terminal ε-amine group of lysine residues. The sulfhydryl-reactive epirubicin-(C13-imino)-EMCH intermediate was then combined with thiolated anti-HER2/neu monoclonal immunoglobulin. Western-blot analysis was utilized to characterize the molecular weight profiles while binding of epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] to membrane receptors was determined by cell-ELISA utilizing populations of SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma that highly over-expresses HER2/neu complexes. Anti-neoplastic potency of epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] between the epirubicin-equivalent concentrations of 10-12 M and 10-7 M was determined by vitality staining analysis with and without the presence of selenium (5 μM). RESULTS Epiribucin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] between epirubicin-equivalent concentrations of 10-8 M to 10-7 M consistently evoked higher anti-neoplastic potency than "free" non-conjugated epirubicin which corresponded with previous investigations utilizing epirubicin-(C3-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] and epirubicin-(C3-amide)-[anti-EGFR]. Selenium at 5 mM consistently enhanced the cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency of epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] at epirubicin equivalent concentrations (10-12 to 10-7 M). CONCLUSIONS Epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] is more potent than epirubicin against chemotherapeutic-resistant SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma and selenium enhances epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] potency. The methodology applied for synthesizing epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] is relatively time convenient and has low instrumentation requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody P Coyne
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Toni Jones
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Andrzej Sygula
- Department Organic Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - John Bailey
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, William Cary University, Hattiesburg, USA
| | - Lesya Pinchuk
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
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Lattuada L, Barge A, Cravotto G, Giovenzana GB, Tei L. The synthesis and application of polyamino polycarboxylic bifunctional chelating agents. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3019-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00199f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Bildstein L, Dubernet C, Couvreur P. Prodrug-based intracellular delivery of anticancer agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:3-23. [PMID: 21237228 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There are numerous anticancer agents based on a prodrug approach. However, no attempt has been made to review the ample available literature with a specific focus on the altered cell uptake pathways enabled by the conjugation and on the intracellular drug-release mechanisms. This article focuses on the cellular interactions of a broad selection of parenterally administered anticancer prodrugs based on synthetic polymers, proteins or lipids. The report also aims to highlight the prodrug design issues, which are key points to obtain an efficient intracellular drug delivery. The chemical basis of these molecular concepts is put into perspective with the uptake and intracellular activation mechanisms, the in vitro and in vivo proofs of concepts and the clinical results. Several active targeting strategies and stimuli-responsive architectures are discussed throughout the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bildstein
- UMR CNRS 8612, IFR 141-ITFM, Faculté de Pharmacie, University Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry 92296, France
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Florent JC, Monneret C. Doxorubicin Conjugates for Selective Delivery to Tumors. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2007; 283:99-140. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2007_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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25
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Wojtyk JT, Goyan R, Gudgin-Dickson E, Pottier R. Exploiting tumour biology to develop novel drug delivery strategies for PDT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mla.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Flenniken ML, Willits DA, Harmsen AL, Liepold LO, Harmsen AG, Young MJ, Douglas T. Melanoma and lymphocyte cell-specific targeting incorporated into a heat shock protein cage architecture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:161-70. [PMID: 16492564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein cages, including viral capsids, ferritins, and heat shock proteins (Hsps), can serve as nanocontainers for biomedical applications. They are genetically and chemically malleable platforms, with potential as therapeutic and imaging agent delivery systems. Here, both genetic and chemical strategies were used to impart cell-specific targeting to the Hsp cage from Methanococcus jannaschii. A tumor vasculature targeting peptide was incorporated onto the exterior surface of the Hsp cage. This protein cage bound to alpha(v)beta(3) integrin-expressing cells. Cellular tropism was also imparted by conjugating anti-CD4 antibodies to the exterior of Hsp cages. These Ab-Hsp cage conjugates specifically bound to CD4(+) cells. Protein cages have the potential to simultaneously incorporate multiple functionalities, including cell-specific targeting, imaging, and therapeutic agent delivery. We demonstrate the simultaneous incorporation of two functionalities, imaging and cell-specific targeting, onto the Hsp protein cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Flenniken
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Gaines Hall, Bozeman, 59717, USA
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Chen J, Jaracz S, Zhao X, Chen S, Ojima I. Antibody–cytotoxic agent conjugates for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005; 2:873-90. [PMID: 16296784 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2.5.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based delivery of cytotoxic agents, including toxins, to tumours can dramatically reduce systemic toxicity and increase therapeutic efficacy. The advantage of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) is superior selectivity towards antigens expressed on the surface of cancer cells. Recent advances in biotechnology accelerated progress in the pharmaceutical applications of mAbs. A cytotoxic warhead is attached to a mAb in an immunoconjugate via a linker, which is stable in circulation but efficiently cleaved in the tumour tissue. The warhead, mAb and linker play important roles in the successful design of potent and efficient immunoconjugates. To date, one mAb-cytotoxic agent conjugate has been approved by the FDA and several other candidates are in various stages of clinical trials. This review describes the recent progress in the design and development of mAb-based immunoconjugates of cytotoxic agents, and summarises the criteria for the critical choices of a suitable mAb, linker and cytotoxic agent to design an efficacious immunoconjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, 11794-3400, USA
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Klussman K, Mixan BJ, Cerveny CG, Meyer DL, Senter PD, Wahl AF. Secondary mAb−vcMMAE Conjugates Are Highly Sensitive Reporters of Antibody Internalization via the Lysosome Pathway. Bioconjug Chem 2004; 15:765-73. [PMID: 15264863 DOI: 10.1021/bc049969t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) selectively recognizing tumor surface antigens are an important and evolving approach to targeted cancer therapy. One application of therapeutic mAbs is drug targeting via mAb-drug conjugate (ADC) technology. Identification of mAbs capable of internalizing following antigen binding has been accomplished by tracking decline of surface-bound mAb or by internalization of a secondary mAb linked to a toxin. These methods may not be sufficiently sensitive for screening nor wholly predictive of the mAbs' capacity for a specific drug delivery. We have developed a highly selective and sensitive method to detect mAbs for cell internalization and drug delivery. This system uses secondary anti-human or anti-murine mAbs conjugated to the high-potency drug monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) via a highly stable, enzymatically cleavable linker. Prior studies of this drug linker technology demonstrated internalization of a primary ADC leads to trafficking to lysosomes, drug release by lysosomal cathepsin B, and ensuing cell death. A secondary antibody--drug conjugate (2 degrees ADC) capable of binding primary mAbs bound to the surface of antigen-positive cells has comparable drug delivery capability. The system is sufficiently sensitive to detect internalizing mAbs in nonclonal hybridoma supernatants and is predictive of the activity of subsequently produced primary ADC. Because of their high extracellular stability, the noninternalized 2 degrees ADC are 100--1000-fold less toxic to cells over extended periods of time, permitting an assay in which components can be added without need for separate wash steps. This homogeneous screening system is amenable to medium-throughput screening applications and enables the early identification of mAbs capable of intracellular trafficking for drug delivery and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Klussman
- Department of Biochemistry, Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 - 30th Drive Southeast, Bothell, Washington 98021, USA
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Meyer DL, Senter PD. Chapter 23. Recent advances in antibody drug conjugates for cancer therapy. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(03)38024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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King HD, Dubowchik GM, Mastalerz H, Willner D, Hofstead SJ, Firestone RA, Lasch SJ, Trail PA. Monoclonal antibody conjugates of doxorubicin prepared with branched peptide linkers: inhibition of aggregation by methoxytriethyleneglycol chains. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4336-43. [PMID: 12213074 DOI: 10.1021/jm020149g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High mole ratio BR96 immunoconjugates were synthesized using branched peptide-doxorubicin linkers designed to liberate doxorubicin following antigen-specific internalization into lysosomes. However, these immunoconjugates are highly prone to noncovalent, dimeric aggregation. We hypothesize that this is due to (1) the hydrophobic nature of the peptides, (2) the loss of positive charge upon amide formation at the 3'-amino group of doxorubicin, and (3) the proximity of the peptide hydrophobic residues to form efficient intermolecular stacking interactions. By introducing a hydrophilic methoxytriethylene glycol chain onto the doxorubicin portion of the branched peptide linkers, aggregation has been eliminated or greatly reduced in the immunoconjugate products. The methoxytriethylene glycol chain was linked to the doxorubicin moiety of the linker via a hydrazone bond that is stable at pH 7 but hydrolyzes rapidly at pH 5 to release free drug. BR96 immunoconjugates synthesized from methoxytriethylene glycol-modified branched peptide-doxorubicin linkers are highly potent and immunospecific in vitro. The data suggest that the methoxytriethylene glycol chain hydrolyzes as designed upon antigen-specific internalization into tumor lysosomes in vitro, where enzymatic degradation of the peptide linker releases free doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dalton King
- Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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