1
|
Jakhar VK, Shen YH, Yadav R, Nadif SS, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Lester DW, Veige AS. Tethered Alkylidenes for REMP from Carbon Disulfide Cleavage. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 38888279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Reactions between tungsten alkylidyne [tBuOCO]W≡CtBu(THF)2 1 and sulfur containing small molecules are reported. Complex 1 reacts with CS2 to produce intermediate η2 bound CS2 complex [O2C(tBuC═)W(η2-(S,C)-CS2)(THF)] 8. Heating complex 8 provides a mixture of a monomeric tungsten sulfido complex 9 and a dimeric complex 10 in a 4:1 ratio, respectively. Heating the mixture does not perturb the ratio. Addition of excess THF in a solution of 9 and 10 (4:1) converts 10 to 9 (>96%) with concomitant loss of (CS)x. Both 9 and 10 can be selectively crystallized from the mixture. An alternative synthesis of exclusively monomeric 9 involves the reaction between 1 and PhNCS. Demonstrating ring expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP), tethered tungsten alkylidene 8 polymerizes norbornene to produce cis-selective syndiotactic cyclic polynorbornene (c-poly(NBE)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vineet K Jakhar
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yu-Hsuan Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Rinku Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Soufiane S Nadif
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel W Lester
- Polymer Characterization Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Neo AG, Ramiro JL, García-Valverde M, Díaz J, Marcos CF. Stefano Marcaccini: a pioneer in isocyanide chemistry. Mol Divers 2024; 28:335-418. [PMID: 37043161 PMCID: PMC10876884 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Stefano Marcaccini was one of the pioneers in the use of isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions in organic synthesis. Throughout his career at the University of Florence he explored many different faces of isocyanide chemistry, especially those geared towards the synthesis of biologically relevant heterocycles. His work inspired many researchers who contributed to other important developments in the field of multicomponent reactions and created a school of synthetic chemists that continues today. In this manuscript we intend to review the articles on isocyanide multicomponent reactions published by Dr. Marcaccini and analyse their influence on the following works by other researchers. With this, we hope to highlight the immense contribution of Stefano Marcaccini to the development of isocyanide chemistry and modern organic synthesis as well as the influence of his research on future generations. We believe that this review will not only be a well-deserved tribute to the figure of Stefano Marcaccini, but will also serve as a useful inspiration for chemists working in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Neo
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry & Membrane Biophysics (L.O.B.O.), Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José Luis Ramiro
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry & Membrane Biophysics (L.O.B.O.), Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - María García-Valverde
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Jesús Díaz
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry & Membrane Biophysics (L.O.B.O.), Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carlos F Marcos
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry & Membrane Biophysics (L.O.B.O.), Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Horsley Downie TM, Charman RSC, Hall JW, Mahon MF, Lowe JP, Liptrot DJ. A stable ring-expanded NHC-supported copper boryl and its reactivity towards heterocumulenes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16336-16342. [PMID: 34734620 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of bis(pinacolato)diboron with (6-Dipp)CuOtBu generates a ring-expanded N-heterocyclic carbene supported copper(I) boryl, (6-Dipp)CuBpin. This compound showed remarkable stability and was characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. (6-Dipp)CuBpin readily dechalcogenated a range of heterocumulenes such as CO2, isocyanates and isothiocyanates to yield (6-Dipp)CuXBpin (X = O, S). In the case of CO2 catalytic reduction to CO is viable in the presence of excess bis(pinacolato)diboron. In contrast, in the case of iso(thio)cyanates, the isocyanide byproduct of dechalcogenation reacted with (6-Dipp)CuBpin to generate a copper(I) borylimidinate, (6-Dipp)CuC(NR)Bpin, which went on to react with heterocumulenes. This off-cycle reactivity gives selective access to a range of novel boron-containing heterocycles bonded to copper, but precludes catalytic reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rex S C Charman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath. Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Jonathan W Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath. Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath. Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - John P Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath. Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - David J Liptrot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath. Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Marigorta EM, Santos JMDL, Ochoa de Retana AM, Vicario J, Palacios F. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs): a useful access to the synthesis of benzo-fused γ-lactams. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1065-1085. [PMID: 31164944 PMCID: PMC6541321 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo-fused γ-lactam rings such as isoindolin-2-ones and 2-oxindoles are part of the structure of many pharmaceutically active molecules. They can be often synthesized by means of multicomponent approaches and recent contributions in this field are summarized in this review. Clear advantages of these methods include the efficiency in saving raw materials and working time. However, there is still a need of new catalytic systems to allow the enantioselective preparation of these heterocycles by multicomponent reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edorta Martínez de Marigorta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jesús M de Los Santos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ana M Ochoa de Retana
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Javier Vicario
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Palacios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P®) mediated synthesis of 3-oxoisoindoline-1-carboxamides from 2-formylbenzoic acid, amines, and isocyanides. Preparation of isoindolinone alkaloids. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
6
|
Esmaeili-Marandi F, Yavari I, Saeedi M, Mahdavi M, Shafiee A. Synthesis of Novel Pyrazino[2,1-a]isoindoledionesviaIntramolecular Hydroamination of 2,3-Dihydro-3-oxo-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-isoindole-1-carboxamides. Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201500168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Esmaeili-Marandi
- Department of Chemistry; Tehran Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Hesarak Tehran Iran
| | - Issa Yavari
- Department of Chemistry; Tehran Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Hesarak Tehran Iran
| | - Mina Saeedi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 14176 Iran
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 14176 Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 14176 Iran
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 14176 Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Synthesis and evaluation of novel oxoisoindoline derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-014-1334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
8
|
Jida M, Betti C, Urbanczyk-Lipkowska Z, Tourwé D, Ballet S. Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of 1-Carbamoyl-4-aminoindoloazepinone Derivatives via the Ugi Reaction. Org Lett 2013; 15:5866-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402940x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamad Jida
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka Str. 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cecilia Betti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka Str. 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Urbanczyk-Lipkowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka Str. 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka Str. 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Steven Ballet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka Str. 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baumann M, Baxendale IR. The rapid generation of isothiocyanates in flow. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1613-9. [PMID: 24062820 PMCID: PMC3778409 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates are versatile starting materials for a wide range of chemical reactions. However, their high nucleophilic susceptibility means they are best prepared and used immediately. We report here on a flow platform for the fast and efficient formation of isothiocyanates by the direct conversion of easily prepared chloroximes. To expedite this chemistry a flow insert cartridge containing two immobilised reagents is used to affect the chemical transformation which typically eliminates the requirements for any conventional work-up or purification of the reaction stream.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bachman M, Mann SE, Sheppard TD. Rapid synthesis of highly functionalised α-amino amides and medium ring lactones using multicomponent reactions of amino alcohols and isocyanides. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:162-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06534c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Shaabani A, Hajishaabanha F, Mahyari M, Mofakham H, Ng SW. A novel one-pot pseudo-four-component isocyanide-based reaction: an unexpected approach for the synthesis of tetrahydrodiisoindoloquinoxalines and tetrahydrobenzodiisoindoloquinoxalines. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Waller RW, Diorazio LJ, Taylor BA, Motherwell WB, Sheppard TD. Isocyanide based multicomponent reactions of oxazolidines and related systems. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
13
|
Hattab Z, Barbey C, Monteil M, Retailleau P, Aouf NE, Lecouvey M, Dupont N. Variation in conformation and weak intermolecular interaction networks of substituted 3-benzyl-2-phenyl-1,3,2-oxazaphospholidin-2-ones. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Potapov VV, Fetisova NA, Nikitina AV, Ivachtchenko AV. A convenient synthesis of heterocyclic compounds containing 11-oxo-6,11,12,13-tetrahydrodibenzo[b,g][1,5]oxazonine fragment. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
15
|
One-step assembly of novel carbamoyl substituted 6-oxo-4,5,6,11-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-b][2,5]benzodiazocine. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.03.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
Marcos CF, Marcaccini S, Menchi G, Pepino R, Torroba T. Studies on isocyanides: synthesis of tetrazolyl-isoindolinones via tandem Ugi four-component condensation/intramolecular amidation. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Nishio R, Wessely S, Sugiura M, Kobayashi S. Synthesis of acridone derivatives using polymer-supported palladium and scandium catalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:459-61. [PMID: 16827555 DOI: 10.1021/cc060011+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nishio
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, The HFRE Division, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Unexpected multicomponent reaction of 2/4-methoxyarylaldehydes with arylhydroxylamines and maleic anhydride: a novel synthesis of unsymmetrical diarylamines. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
21
|
Baxendale IR, Griffiths-Jones CM, Ley SV, Tranmer GK. Microwave-Assisted Suzuki Coupling Reactions with an Encapsulated Palladium Catalyst for Batch and Continuous-Flow Transformations. Chemistry 2006; 12:4407-16. [PMID: 16586523 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the design, optimisation and development of a Suzuki cross-coupling protocol mediated by an efficient palladium-encapsulated catalyst (Pd EnCat) under microwave irradiation. The methodology has been used in both batch mode for classical library preparation and in continuous-flow applications furnishing multigram quantities of material. Described is a method that uses direct focused microwave heating whilst applying an external cooling source. This enables a lower than normal bulk temperature to be maintained throughout the reaction period leading to significant improvements in the overall yield and purity of the reaction products. Additional aspects of this novel heating protocol are discussed in relation to the prolonged lifetime and enhanced reactivity of the immobilised catalyst system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Baxendale
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ilyin AP, Parchinski VZ, Peregudova JN, Trifilenkov AS, Poutsykina EB, Tkachenko SE, Kravchenko DV, Ivachtchenko AV. One-step assembly of carbamoyl substituted annulated 1,4-oxazepines. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.01.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
23
|
Dömling A. Recent developments in isocyanide based multicomponent reactions in applied chemistry. Chem Rev 2006; 106:17-89. [PMID: 16402771 DOI: 10.1021/cr0505728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3387] [Impact Index Per Article: 188.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Opatz T, Ferenc D. Ring Contracting Rearrangements of 3-Amino-4-(arylamino)-1H-isochromen-1-ones. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
26
|
Bhattacharyya S. Advances in organic synthesis using polymer-supported reagents and scavengers under microwave irradiation. Mol Divers 2005; 9:253-7. [PMID: 16425438 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-005-3302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted and polymer-supported organic syntheses have emerged independently as versatile tools for rapid generation of organic molecules. Chemists are increasingly looking for a combination of both techniques for efficient organic synthesis. This review covers the recent literature on organic synthesis using microwave heating in conjunction with polymer-supported reagents and scavengers.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ilyin AP, Kobak VV, Dmitrieva IG, Peregudova YN, Kustova VA, Mishunina YS, Tkachenko SE, Ivachtchenko AV. Synthesis of Annelated Azaheterocycles Containing a 5-Carbamoylpyrazin-3-one Fragment by a Modification of the Four-Component Ugi Reaction. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
28
|
Baxendale IR, Ley SV, Martinelli M. The rapid preparation of 2-aminosulfonamide-1,3,4-oxadiazoles using polymer-supported reagents and microwave heating. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
29
|
Baxendale IR, Ley SV. Formation of 4-Aminopyrimidines via the Trimerization of Nitriles Using Focused Microwave Heating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:483-9. [PMID: 15877477 DOI: 10.1021/cc049826d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted aliphatic nitriles have been trimerized to their corresponding pyrimidine structures under solvent-free conditions in the presence of catalytic quantities of potassium tert-butoxide using a focused microwave reactor. Multigram quantities of the corresponding 4-aminopyrimidines have been prepared in high yields and purity following a simple and scaleable protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Although fire is now rarely used in synthetic chemistry, it was not until Robert Bunsen invented the burner in 1855 that the energy from this heat source could be applied to a reaction vessel in a focused manner. The Bunsen burner was later superseded by the isomantle, oil bath, or hot plate as a source for applying heat to a chemical reaction. In the past few years, heating and driving chemical reactions by microwave energy has been an increasingly popular theme in the scientific community. This nonclassical heating technique is slowly moving from a laboratory curiosity to an established technique that is heavily used in both academia and industry. The efficiency of "microwave flash heating" in dramatically reducing reaction times (from days and hours to minutes and seconds) is just one of the many advantages. This Review highlights recent applications of controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis, and discusses some of the underlying phenomena and issues involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kappe CO. Kontrolliertes Erhitzen mit Mikrowellen in der modernen organischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200400655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
32
|
Knepper K, Ziegert RE, Bräse S. Solid-phase synthesis of isoindolinones and naturally-occurring benzobutyrolactones (phthalides) using a cyclative-cleavage approach. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
Siu J, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. Microwave assisted Leimgruber-Batcho reaction for the preparation of indoles, azaindoles and pyrroylquinolines. Org Biomol Chem 2003; 2:160-7. [PMID: 14737637 DOI: 10.1039/b313012f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of enhanced conditions for Lewis acid catalysed Leimgruber-Batcho indole synthesis using microwave acceleration is described. This approach has permitted the preparation of a variety of heteroaromatic enamine intermediates in good yield and high purities. Subsequent catalytic hydrogenation reactions, under various conditions including the use of a solid-phase encapsulated catalyst, furnish the corresponding indole derivatives in good yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Siu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bartolozzi A, Grogan MJ, Kates SA. Advances in the Applications of Polymer-Supported Reagents for Organic Synthesis. Methods Enzymol 2003; 369:347-66. [PMID: 14722963 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)69019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
|