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Al-U'datt D, Allen BG, Nattel S. Role of the lysyl oxidase enzyme family in cardiac function and disease. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1820-1837. [PMID: 31504232 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and related LOX-like (LOXL) isoforms play a vital role in remodelling the extracellular matrix (ECM). The LOX family controls ECM formation by cross-linking collagen and elastin chains. LOX/LOXL proteins are copper-dependent amine oxidases that catalyse the oxidation of lysine, causing cross-linking between the lysine moieties of lysine-rich proteins. Dynamic changes in LOX and LOXL protein-expression occur in a variety of cardiac pathologies; these changes are believed to be central to the associated tissue-fibrosis. An awareness of the potential pathophysiological importance of LOX has led to the evaluation of interventions that target LOX/LOXL proteins for heart-disease therapy. The purposes of this review article are: (i) to summarize the basic biochemistry and enzyme function of LOX and LOXL proteins; (ii) to consider their tissue and species distribution; and (iii) to review the results of experimental studies of the roles of LOX and LOXL proteins in heart disease, addressing involvement in the mechanisms, pathophysiology and therapeutic responses based on observations in patient samples and relevant animal models. Therapeutic targeting of LOX family enzymes has shown promising results in animal models, but small-molecule approaches have been limited by non-specificity and off-target effects. Biological approaches show potential promise but are in their infancy. While there is strong evidence for LOX-family protein participation in heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation and hypertension, as well as potential interest as therapeutic targets, the precise involvement of LOX-family proteins in heart disease requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doa'a Al-U'datt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Khazaei A, Sarmasti N, Seyf JY, Rostami Z, Zolfigol MA. QSAR study of the non-peptidic inhibitors of procollagen C-proteinase based on Multiple linear regression, principle component regression, and partial least squares. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Turtle E, Chow N, Yang C, Sosa S, Bauer U, Brenner M, Solow-Cordero D, Ho WB. Design and synthesis of procollagen C-proteinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7397-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Mitra R, Ganesh KN. Aminomethylene peptide nucleic acid (am-PNA): synthesis, regio-/stereospecific DNA binding, and differential cell uptake of (α/γ,R/S)am-PNA analogues. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5696-704. [PMID: 22676429 DOI: 10.1021/jo300860f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inherently chiral, cationic am-PNAs having pendant aminomethylene groups at α(R/S) or γ(S) sites on PNA backbone have been synthesized. The modified PNAs are shown to stabilize duplexes with complementary cDNA in a regio- and stereo-preferred manner with γ(S)-am PNA superior to α(R/S)-am PNAs and α(R)-am PNA better than the α(S) isomer. The enhanced stabilization of am-PNA:DNA duplexes is accompanied by a greater discrimination of mismatched bases. This seems to be a combined result of both electrostatic interactions and conformational preorganization of backbone favoring the cDNA binding. The am-PNAs are demonstrated to effectively traverse the cell membrane, localize in the nucleus of HeLa cells, and exhibit low toxicity to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Mitra
- Organic Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
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Sinha S, Osman H, Wahab HA, Hemamalini M, Fun HK. 3-Hy-droxy-2-(4-meth-oxy-benzene-sulfonamido)-butanoic acid. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o3275. [PMID: 22199781 PMCID: PMC3238932 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811046502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C11H15NO6S, features a distorted tetrahedral geometry for the S atom. One of the sulfonamide O atoms is approximately coplanar with the benzene ring [C—C—S—O torsion angle = −160.81 (7)°], whereas the other lies well below the plane [C—C—S—O = −29.66 (8)°]. In the crystal, O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains parallel to the b axis.
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Viso A, Fernández de la Pradilla R, Tortosa M, García A, Flores A. Update 1 of: α,β-Diamino Acids: Biological Significance and Synthetic Approaches. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR1-42. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100127y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Viso
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mariola Tortosa
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana García
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Flores
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Metalloproteases and Proteolytic Processing. POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7120770 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6382-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes constitute around 2% of the human genome and are involved in all stages of cell and organism development from fertilization through to cell death. In the human genome the major classes of peptidases are represented by cysteine-, serine- and metalloenzymes, which possess a wide spectrum of substrate specificity and physiological functions. The identification of many novel peptidases from genome sequencing programmes has suggested potential new therapeutic targets. In addition, several well characterised peptidases were recently shown to possess new and unexpected biological roles in neuroinflammation, cancer and angiogenesis, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegeneration. This chapter will briefly characterize the main classes of metallopeptidases and their roles in health and disease. Particular attention will be paid to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), neprilysin (NEP) and adamalysin (ADAM) families of proteases and their pathophysiological roles with a particular emphasis on cancer and neurodegeneration. The roles and mechanisms of protein shedding which primarily involve the ADAMs family of metallopeptidases will be explained using amyloid protein precursor (APP) processing cascades as a well characterized example. The therapeutic significance of modulating (activating or inhibiting) metallopeptidase activity will be a particular focus of this chapter.
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López B, González A, Hermida N, Valencia F, de Teresa E, Díez J. Role of lysyl oxidase in myocardial fibrosis: from basic science to clinical aspects. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H1-9. [PMID: 20472764 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00335.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Because of its dynamic nature, the composition and structure of the myocardial collagen network can be reversibly modified to adapt to transient cardiac injuries. In response to persistent injury, however, irreversible, maladaptive changes of the network occur leading to fibrosis, mostly characterized by the excessive interstitial and perivascular deposition of collagen types I and III fibers. It is now becoming apparent that myocardial fibrosis directly contributes to adverse myocardial remodeling and the resulting alterations of left ventricular (LV) anatomy and function present in the major types of cardiac diseases. The enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a copper-dependent extracellular enzyme that catalyzes lysine-derived cross-links in collagen and elastin. LOX-mediated cross-linking of collagen types I and III fibrils leads to the formation of stiff collagen types I and III fibers and their subsequent tissue deposition. Evidence from experimental and clinical studies shows that the excess of LOX is associated with an increased collagen cross-linking and stiffness. It is thus conceivable that LOX upregulation and/or overactivity could underlie myocardial fibrosis and altered LV mechanics and contribute to the compromise of LV function in cardiac diseases. This review will consider the molecular aspects related to the regulation and actions of LOX, namely, in the context of collagen synthesis. In addition, it will address the information related to the role of myocardial LOX in heart failure and the potential benefits of controlling its expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña López
- Area de Ciencias Cardiovasculares, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 55, Pamplona, Spain
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Jung N, Wiehn M, Bräse S. Multifunctional Linkers for Combinatorial Solid Phase Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2007_118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Ahmed S, Beleid R, Sprules T, Kaur K. Solid-Phase Synthesis and CD Spectroscopic Investigations of Novel β-Peptides from l-Aspartic Acid and β-Amino-l-alanine. Org Lett 2006; 9:25-8. [PMID: 17192076 DOI: 10.1021/ol062465l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] A solid-phase synthesis method for the preparation of novel beta3- and beta2-peptides derived from l-aspartic acid and beta-amino-l-alanine, respectively, is described. The methodology allows independent buildup of the beta-peptide backbone and the introduction of sequential side chain substitutions. Representative peptides from the two classes, an amino-substituted beta3-hexapeptide and an acyl-substituted beta2-hexapeptide, have been prepared, and their solution conformation is studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
The astacin family (M12A) of the metzincin subclan MA(M) of metalloproteinases has been detected in developing and mature individuals of species that range from hydra to humans. Functions of this family of metalloproteinase vary from digestive degradation of polypeptides, to biosynthetic processing of extracellular proteins, to activation of growth factors. This review will focus on a small subgroup of the astacin family; the bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1)/Tolloid (TLD)-like metalloproteinases. In vertebrates, the BMP1/TLD-like metalloproteinases play key roles in regulating formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) via biosynthetic processing of various precursor proteins into mature functional enzymes, structural proteins, and proteins involved in initiating mineralization of the ECM of hard tissues. Roles in ECM formation include: processing of the C-propeptides of procollagens types I-III, to yield the major fibrous components of vertebrate ECM; proteolytic activation of the enzyme lysyl oxidase, necessary to formation of covalent cross-links in collagen and elastic fibers; processing of NH2-terminal globular domains and C-propeptides of types V and XI procollagen chains to yield monomers that are incorporated into and control the diameters of collagen type I and II fibrils, respectively; processing of precursors for laminin 5 and collagen type VII, both of which are involved in securing epidermis to underlying dermis; and maturation of small leucine-rich proteoglycans. The BMP1/TLD-related metalloproteinases are also capable of activating the vertebrate transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-like "chalones" growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8, also known as myostatin), and GDF11 (also known as BMP11), involved in negative feedback inhibition of muscle and neural tissue growth, respectively; by freeing them from noncovalent latent complexes with their cleaved prodomains. BMP1/TLD-like proteinases also liberate the vertebrate TGF-beta-like morphogens BMP2 and 4 and their invertebrate ortholog decapentaplegic, from latent complexes with the vertebrate extracellular antagonist chordin and its invertebrate ortholog short gastrulation (SOG), respectively. The result is formation of the BMP signaling gradients that form the dorsal-ventral axis in embryogenesis. Thus, BMP1/TLD-like proteinases appear to be key to regulating and orchestrating formation of the ECM and signaling by various TGF-beta-like proteins in morphogenetic and homeostatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxiang Ge
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Viso A, Fernández de la Pradilla R, García A, Flores A. α,β-Diamino Acids: Biological Significance and Synthetic Approaches. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3167-96. [PMID: 16092828 DOI: 10.1021/cr0406561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Viso
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Pischon N, Babakhanlou-Chase H, Darbois L, Ho WB, Brenner MC, Kessler E, Palamakumbura AH, Trackman PC. A procollagen C-proteinase inhibitor diminishes collagen and lysyl oxidase processing but not collagen cross-linking in osteoblastic cultures. J Cell Physiol 2005; 203:111-7. [PMID: 15368541 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of insoluble functional collagen occurs following extracellular proteolytic processing of procollagens by procollagen N- and C-proteinases, fibril formation, and lysyl oxidase dependent cross-linking. Procollagen C-proteinases in addition process and activate lysyl oxidase. The present study evaluates a possible role for procollagen C-proteinases in controlling different aspects of collagen deposition in vitro. Studies determine whether inhibition of procollagen C-proteinase activity with a specific BMP-1 inhibitor results in perturbations in lysyl oxidase activation, and in collagen processing, deposition, and cross-linking in phenotypically normal cultured murine MC3T3-E1 cells. Data show that BMP-1 Inhibitor dose dependently inhibits lysyl oxidase activation by up to 50% in undifferentiated proliferating cells. In differentiating cultures, BMP-1 inhibitor decreased collagen processing but did not inhibit the accumulation of mature collagen cross-links. Finally, electron microscopy studies show that collagen fibril diameter increased. Thus, inhibition of procollagen C-proteinases results in perturbed collagen deposition primarily via decreased collagen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pischon
- Division of Oral Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Robinson LA, Wilson DM, Delaet NGJ, Bradley EK, Dankwardt SM, Campbell JA, Martin RL, Van Wart HE, Walker KAM, Sullivan RW. Novel inhibitors of procollagen C-proteinase. Part 2: glutamic acid hydroxamates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2381-4. [PMID: 12824039 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutamic acid derived hydroxamates were identified as potent and selective inhibitors of procollagen C-proteinase, an essential enzyme for the processing of procollagens to fibrillar collagens. Such compounds have potential therapeutic application in the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Robinson
- CombiChem Inc., 4570 Executive Drive, 92121, San Diego, CA, USA
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