1
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Srinivasulu A, Vani D, Kumar GS, Shantharjun B, Chahal K, Sridhar B, Reddy KR. Copper‐Catalyzed
N
‐Alkyl Formamide Activation: Tandem Oxidative Coupling Approach for the Construction of C−N and C−O Bonds to Synthesize 3‐Alkyl‐1,3‐Benzoxazine‐2,4‐Dione and 4‐Methylene‐3‐Alkyl‐1,3‐Benzoxazine‐2‐One Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Srinivasulu
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002, U.P. India
| | - D. Vani
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002, U.P. India
| | - G. Sathish Kumar
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
| | - B. Shantharjun
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002, U.P. India
| | - Kapil Chahal
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002, U.P. India
| | - Balasubramanian Sridhar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002, U.P. India
- Center for X-ray Crystallography Department of Analytical & Structural chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
| | - K. Rajender Reddy
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002, U.P. India
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2
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Farghaly TA, Dawood KM. Inhibitory Activities of Pyrazolo-Oxazine Heterocyclic Derivatives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1256-1267. [PMID: 34967287 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666211229114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite several reports and reviews addressing the biological significance of pyrazoles and oxazines, no comprehensive work on the pyrazolo oxazine fused ring system has been published so far.We report all biological evaluations on pyrazolo-oxazine derivatives in this mini-review to provide an avenue for medicinal and pharmacological researchers to conduct further in-depth exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoraya A Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukkarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal M Dawood
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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3
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Wan S, Wang J, Huo C. Copper catalyzed aerobic oxidative amination of 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Abstract
Pyrazolo-oxazine fused systems are interesting classes of heterocyclic compounds
exhibiting pronounced biological applications such as anticancer, antitubercular,
anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activities as well as inhibiting COX-1 and
COX-2 enzymes. Depending on the distribution position of the heteroatoms (N and O), there
are fourteen different systems of pyrazolo-oxazine. Nine of them were biologically abundant
in literature, for example, pyrazolo[3,4-e][1,3]oxazines are used as analogs of antibiotics
Formycin, Formycin B, Oxoformycin B. This review article summarizes the concerted efforts
expended on most of the synthetic routes to the various types of pyrazolo-oxazines in
the literature until the first quarter of 2020. The reactions of pyrazolo-oxazines with various
reagents are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M. Dawood
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Thoraya A. Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Raslan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, 81528 Aswan, Egypt
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5
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Wang J, Bao X, Wang J, Huo C. Peroxidation of 3,4-dihydro-1,4-benzoxazin-2-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3895-3898. [PMID: 32134057 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09778c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The sp3-C-H peroxidation of 3,4-dihydro-1,4-benzoxazin-2-ones was achieved under mild and simple catalyst-free reaction conditions. A range of biologically important alkylated benzoxazinone peroxides are synthesized in high yield with a good functional group tolerance. The C(sp3)-OO bond was constructed efficiently and could be further converted into C(sp3)-C(sp3), C(sp3)-C(sp2), C(sp3)-C(sp), C-P and C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds by late-stage functional group transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
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6
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Kasagani VP, Kurma SH, Bhimapaka CR. Stereospecific Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydro-2 H-naphtho-1,4-oxazin-2-ones by Unification of Benzoxepine-4-carboxylates with Chiral Amino Acid Ethyl Esters. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2976-2983. [PMID: 31995711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient stereocontrolled method has been developed for the preparation of chiral 3,4-dihydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazin-2-ones by the reaction of benzoxepine-4-carboxylates with chiral amino acid ethyl esters for the first time. The chiral 3,4-dihydro-2H-naphtho-1,4-oxazinones have been achieved in one step by the formation of C-N, C-C, and C-O bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Prasad Kasagani
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Siva Hariprasad Kurma
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - China Raju Bhimapaka
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
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7
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Gholami HR, Asghari S, Mohseni M. Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Novel Benzoxazinones and Benzoxathiinones. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Gholami
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416‐95447 Iran
| | - Sakineh Asghari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416‐95447 Iran
- Nano and Biotechnology Research GroupUniversity of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416‐95447 Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mohseni
- Nano and Biotechnology Research GroupUniversity of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416‐95447 Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416‐95447 Iran
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8
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Wang J, Li J, Wei Y, Yang J, Huo C. Copper-catalyzed oxidative phosphonation of 3,4-dihydro-1,4-benzoxazin-2-ones. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo01049h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A straight-forward and atom-economical Cu(ii)/PBQ-catalyzed oxidative Pudovik reaction of 3,4-dihydro-1,4-benzoxazin-2-ones has been developed to construct new Csp3–P bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Jingya Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Congde Huo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
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9
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Dong J, Min W, Li H, Quan Z, Yang C, Huo C. Iron-Catalyzed C(sp
3
)−C(sp
3
) Bond Formation in 3,4-Dihydro-1,4-benzoxazin-2-ones. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Northwest Normal University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Min
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Northwest Normal University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Northwest Normal University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjun Quan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Northwest Normal University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Northwest Normal University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 People's Republic of China
| | - Congde Huo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Northwest Normal University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 People's Republic of China
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10
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Huo C, Dong J, Su Y, Tang J, Chen F. Iron-catalyzed oxidative sp3 carbon–hydrogen bond functionalization of 3,4-dihydro-1,4-benzoxazin-2-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13341-13344. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05885j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed sp3 C–H bond functionalization of benzoxazinones has been developed and applied for the synthesis of natural product cephalandole A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congde Huo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Jie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Yingpeng Su
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Jing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Fengjuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- China
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11
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El Azab IH, Khaled KM. Synthesis and reactivity of enaminone of naphtho[b]1,4-oxazine: One pot synthesis of novel isolated and heterocycle-fused derivatives with antimicrobial and antifungal activities. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201504007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Gable J, Acker TM, Craik CS. Current and potential treatments for ubiquitous but neglected herpesvirus infections. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11382-412. [PMID: 25275644 PMCID: PMC4254030 DOI: 10.1021/cr500255e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
E. Gable
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
- Graduate
Group in Biophysics, University of California,
San Francisco, 600 16th
Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
| | - Timothy M. Acker
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
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13
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H3PW12O40 catalyzed synthesis of benzoxazine and quinazoline in aqueous media. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(12)60706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Fondjo ES, Tsemeugne J, De Dieu Tamokou J, Djintchui AN, Kuiate JR, Sondengam BL. Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of some novel thiophene containing azo compounds. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2013-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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15
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Husein Mekni N, Baklouti A. Double Intramolecular 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Diazo-terminal Dialkyne: Synthesis of a New Bis(1,2,3-triazolo-1,4-oxazine). HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-12-12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Hassanabadi A, Mosslemin MH, Tadayonfar SE. Three-component reaction between 4-hydroxycoumarin, ammonium thiocyanate and acid chlorides in the presence of N-methylimidazole under solvent-free conditions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.3184/174751911x1296493007681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for oxazine ring formation is established using the reaction of ammonium thiocyanate and acid chlorides with 4-hydroxy coumarin in the presence of N-methylimidazole to afford oxazine derivatives in excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hassanabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch, PO Box 98135-978, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad H. Mosslemin
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, PO Box 89195-155, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyd Ehsan Tadayonfar
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, PO Box 89195-155, Yazd, Iran
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17
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Vaillard VA, Rossi RA, Martín SE. Synthesis of pyrrole and indole quinoxalinone and oxazinone derivatives by intramolecular copper-catalyzed reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4927-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05269a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Tavakol H. Computational study of simple and water-assisted tautomerism of 1,3-oxazine-4,6-diones and 1,3-thiazine-4,6-diones. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020903530963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Paull DH, Weatherwax A, Lectka T. Catalytic, asymmetric reactions of ketenes and ketene enolates. Tetrahedron 2009; 65:3771-6803. [PMID: 21494417 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Paull
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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20
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Khalilzadeh MA, Yavari I, Hossaini Z, Sadeghifar H. N-Methylimidazole-promoted efficient synthesis of 1,3-oxazine-4-thiones under solvent-free conditions. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-008-0042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Wolfer J, Bekele T, Abraham CJ, Dogo-Isonagie C, Lectka T. Catalytic, asymmetric synthesis of 1,4-benzoxazinones: a remarkably enantioselective route to alpha-amino acid derivatives from o-benzoquinone imides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:7398-400. [PMID: 17036371 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamison Wolfer
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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22
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Wolfer J, Bekele T, Abraham CJ, Dogo-Isonagie C, Lectka T. Catalytic, Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,4-Benzoxazinones: A Remarkably Enantioselective Route to α-Amino Acid Derivatives fromo-Benzoquinone Imides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Metz WA, Peet NP. Inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase as a potential treatment for inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.9.7.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Price MLP, Guida WC, Jackson TE, Nydick JA, Gladstone PL, Juarez JC, Doñate F, Ternansky RJ. Design of novel N-(2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-guanidines as thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors, and flexible docking to a homology model. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:107-10. [PMID: 12467627 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) inhibitors has been designed based on analogy to the enzyme substrate as well as known inhibitors. Flexible docking studies, using a homology model of human TP, of the designed N-(2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-guanidines as well as their synthetic precursors provide insight into the observed experimental trends in binding affinity.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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26
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Abstract
While the treatment of herpes simplex virus with acyclovir and similar nucleoside analogues was one of the first success stories in antiviral chemotherapy, substantial unmet medical needs remain for herpesvirus diseases. In particular, the increasing numbers of immunosuppressed people due to AIDS, transplantation, cancer and aging has driven the need for improved antivirals to treat diseases caused by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Currently available drugs for the treatment of HCMV diseases are less than ideal agents due to issues of toxicity, modest efficacy and poor oral bioavailability. High throughput screening of large compound collections for inhibitors of specific viral enzymes or inhibition of viral growth in cell culture have identified a number of new HCMV inhibitors at several pharmaceutical companies. These compounds act by inhibition of novel molecular targets such as the viral protein kinase, viral protease and viral proteins involved in DNA cleavage/packaging. In addition, novel non-nucleoside inhibitors of the herpesvirus DNA polymerase have recently been described. This review will summarise some of these research efforts and will focus on non-nucleoside compounds that directly inhibit a viral process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Wathen
- Infectious Diseases Research, Pharmacia Corp, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA.
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27
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Martinez A, Castro A, Gil C, Perez C. Recent strategies in the development of new human cytomegalovirus inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2001; 21:227-44. [PMID: 11301412 DOI: 10.1002/med.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in immunucompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients and organ transplant recipients, and is the most frequent congenital viral infection in humans. Despite a reduction of the incidence of AIDS-related opportunistic infections in patients under highly active antiretroviral treatment, attention should be paid to the HCMV risk factor in these individuals. Furthermore, HCMV may have an important role in atherosclerosis. Existing antiviral treatments for the HCMV infection suffer from poor bioavailability, toxicity, and limited effectiveness, mainly due to the development of drug resistance. Fortunately there are novel and potentially very effective new compounds undergoing pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. This review provides an overview in the last five years of new HCMV inhibitors (chemical structures, SAR, and new mechanisms of action) with the aim to provide new clues for the development of future drugs against this opportunistic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martinez
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Jakobsen P, Horneman AM, Persson E. Inhibitors of the tissue factor/factor VIIa-induced coagulation: synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel 2-aryl substituted pyrid. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:2803-12. [PMID: 11131171 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of 2-aryl substituted hetero annulated 1,3-oxazin-4-ones and their evaluation as specific inhibitors of the tissue factor (TF)/factor VIIa (FVIIa)-induced pathway of coagulation is reported. Inhibitory activities (IC50 values) in the range 0.64 to > 40 microM on the activation of factor X (FX) by the TF/FVIIa complex were found for compounds having one or two electronegative substituents such as F and NO2 in the 2-aryl substituent. Some of the compounds showed a selectivity ratio towards FX and thrombin of > 50, thus being similar in specificity to 2-aryl substituted 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones described as potential drugs for oral antithrombotic treatment without side effects, such as bleeding, which is observed especially with thrombin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jakobsen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark.
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29
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Dhanak D, Burton G, Christmann LT, Darcy MG, Elrod KC, Kaura A, Keenan RM, Link JO, Peishoff CE, Shah DH. Metal mediated protease inhibition: design and synthesis of inhibitors of the human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2279-82. [PMID: 11055338 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A versatile synthetic route to a novel series of bis-imidazolemethanes designed to inhibit the hCMV protease has been developed and a series of potential metal binding inhibitors has been identified. In selectivity assays, the compounds were highly specific for CMV protease and showed no inhibition (IC50 > 100 microM) of other prototypical serine proteases such as trypsin, elastase, and chymotrypsin. Although the presence of free zinc ions was found to be an absolute requirement for the in vitro biological activity of this class of inhibitor, the potency of the inhibitors could not be improved beyond the micromolar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dhanak
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426-0989, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Viruses of the family Herpesviridae are responsible for a diverse set of human diseases. The available treatments are largely ineffective, with the exception of a few drugs for treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. For several members of this DNA virus family, advances have been made recently in the biochemistry and structural biology of the essential viral protease, revealing common features that may be possible to exploit in the development of a new class of anti-herpesvirus agents. The herpesvirus proteases have been identified as belonging to a unique class of serine protease, with a Ser-His-His catalytic triad. A new, single domain protein fold has been determined by X-ray crystallography for the proteases of at least three different herpesviruses. Also unique for serine proteases, dimerization has been shown to be required for activity of the cytomegalovirus and HSV proteases. The dimerization requirement seriously impacts methods needed for productive, functional analysis and inhibitor discovery. The conserved functional and catalytic properties of the herpesvirus proteases lead to common considerations for this group of proteases in the early phases of inhibitor discovery. In general, classical serine protease inhibitors that react with active site residues do not readily inactivate the herpesvirus proteases. There has been progress however, with activated carbonyls that exploit the selective nucleophilicity of the active site serine. In addition, screening of chemical libraries has yielded novel structures as starting points for drug development. Recent crystal structures of the herpesvirus proteases now allow more direct interpretation of ligand structure-activity relationships. This review first describes basic functional aspects of herpesvirus protease biology and enzymology. Then we discuss inhibitors identified to date and the prospects for their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Waxman
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Gütschow M, Kuerschner L, Neumann U, Pietsch M, Löser R, Koglin N, Eger K. 2-(diethylamino)thieno1,3ŏxazin-4-ones as stable inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. J Med Chem 1999; 42:5437-47. [PMID: 10639285 DOI: 10.1021/jm991108w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-(diethylamino)thieno1,3ŏxazin-4-ones was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for inhibitory activity toward human leukocyte elastase (HLE). The Gewald thiophene synthesis was utilized to obtain several ethyl 2-aminothiophene-3-carboxylates. These precursors were subjected to a five-step route to obtain thieno2,3-d1,3ŏxazin-4-ones bearing various substituents at positions 5 and 6. Both thieno2,3-d and thieno3,2-d fused oxazin-4-ones possess extraordinary chemical stability, which was expressed as rate constants of the alkaline hydrolysis. The kinetic parameters of the HLE inhibition were determined. The most potent compound, 2-(diethylamino)-4H-1benzothieno2,3-d1,3ŏxazin-4-one, exhibited a K(i) value of 5.8 nM. 2-(Diethylamino)thieno1, 3ŏxazin-4-ones act as acyl-enzyme inhibitors of HLE, similar to the inhibition of serine proteases by 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones. The isosteric benzene-thiophene replacement accounts for an enhanced stability of the acyl-enzyme intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gütschow
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Smith DG, Gribble AD, Haigh D, Ife RJ, Lavery P, Skett P, Slingsby BP, Stacey R, Ward RW, West A. The inhibition of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) protease by hydroxylamine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:3137-42. [PMID: 10560740 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aryl hydroxylamine derivatives have been synthesised that are some of the most potent inhibitors of hCMV protease prepared to date (IC50 14-60 nM). Mass spectrometry studies indicate that oxazinone derived hydroxylamines inhibit the enzyme by acylation of Ser132 whereas non-oxazinone derived hydroxylamines appear to inhibit via formation of a sulfinanilide at Cys138.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Smith
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, UK.
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33
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Abstract
An efficient solid-phase synthesis of 3,1-benzoxazine-4-ones is described. Immobilized amino acid based functionalized urea derivatives 2 undergo a high yielding heterocyclization under mild conditions in presence of coupling reagents (DIC, TsCl/Py, or Ac2O) to afford 3,1-benzoxazine-4-ones 6. The method offers broad scope for structural and chemical diversity, and is amenable for combinatorial synthesis of 3,1-benzoxazine-4-ones libraries with potential for discovery of novel serine protease inhibitors. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- MF Gordeev
- Versicor, Inc., Ardenwood Business Park, 34790 Ardentech Court, Fremont, California 94555, USA
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Pinto IL, Jarvest RL, Clarke B, Dabrowski CE, Fenwick A, Gorczyca MM, Jennings LJ, Lavery P, Sternberg EJ, Tew DG, West A. Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus protease by enedione derivatives of thieno[2,3-d]oxazinones through a novel dual acylation/alkylation mechanism. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:449-52. [PMID: 10091700 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enedione derivatives of thieno[2,3-d]oxazinones are nanomolar inhibitors of CMV protease which act through a novel dual acylation of the catalytic serine and alkylation of the protease cysteine 161 via a Michael addition to the enedione moiety of the inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Pinto
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, UK.
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Jarvest RL, Pinto IL, Ashman SM, Dabrowski CE, Fernandez AV, Jennings LJ, Lavery P, Tew DG. Inhibition of herpes proteases and antiviral activity of 2-substituted thieno[2,3-d]oxazinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:443-8. [PMID: 10091699 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamyl derivatives of thieno[2,3-d]oxazinones are mechanism-based inhibitors of the HSV-2, VZV and CMV herpes proteases which demonstrate nanomolar potency. Compounds 5 and 28 inhibit protease processing in HSV-2 infected cells with a selectivity index of at least 30.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Jarvest
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, UK.
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36
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Dhanak D, Keenan RM, Burton G, Kaura A, Darcy MG, Shah DH, Ridgers LH, Breen A, Lavery P, Tew DG, West A. Benzothiopyran-4-one based reversible inhibitors of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3677-82. [PMID: 9934494 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of CMV protease inhibitors based on a benzothiopyran-S,S-dioxide nucleus has been discovered. Enzyme kinetic data supports a reversible mode of inhibition for a representative member of this class, 2-(3-pyridyl-N-oxide)benzothiopyran-4-one-S,S-dioxide, 1. Experiments in the presence and absence of the disulfide reducing agent DTT suggest that the inhibition by 1 is not due to oxidative inactivation of the enzyme. Also presented are results of some SAR studies of the benzothiopyranone ring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dhanak
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426-0989, USA
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37
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Déziel R, Malenfant E. Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus protease N(o) with monocyclic beta-lactams. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1437-42. [PMID: 9871780 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monocyclic beta-lactams have been identified as potent and selective inhibitors of the human cytomegalovirus protease (HCMV) N(o). Two series of these inhibitors are described, a peptidyl series of compounds and non-peptidic molecules featuring lower molecular weights. The SAR work that lead to the discovery of these inhibitors, together with their synthesis is also disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Déziel
- Bio-Méga Research Division, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd, Laval, Québec, Canada
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38
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Gütschow M, Neumann U. Novel thieno[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin-4-ones as inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. J Med Chem 1998; 41:1729-40. [PMID: 9572899 DOI: 10.1021/jm9708341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of thieno[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin-4-ones was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for inhibitory activity toward human leukocyte elastase. New synthetic routes to 2-alkoxy-, 2-alkylthio-, and 2-sec-amino-substituted derivatives are reported. This study demonstrates the versatility of 2-aminothiophenes prepared by Gewald reaction as a synthetic entry to serine protease-inhibiting, fused 1,3-oxazin-4-ones. Introduction of ethoxy, n-propoxy, and ethylthio groups at C-2 delivered the most potent inhibitors of this series with Ki values lower than 11 nM. Kinetic studies and product analyses revealed the formation of acyl-enzymes as a result of the attack of the active site serine at the carbon C-4 and subsequent deacylation. This mode of action is similar to the inhibition of serine proteases by 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones. Replacement of the benzene ring in benzoxazinones by a (substituted) thiophene led to improved hydrolytic stability and retained inhibitory potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gütschow
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, and Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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