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Laches RE, Tillotson S, Kaufman E, As Sayaideh M. Extremely Elevated Creatine Kinase in COVID-19-Associated Rhabdomyolysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e45448. [PMID: 37727837 PMCID: PMC10506368 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is a condition characterized by the destruction of skeletal muscle cells with the release of myoglobin and creatine kinase into the blood. Viral infections such as influenza and Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) have been associated with rhabdomyolysis with varying degrees of morbidity and mortality. We present the case of a male in his early thirties who was diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection who developed excessively high creatine kinase levels, peaking at 1,650,000 U/L. He was treated with IV fluids and made a complete recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erin Kaufman
- Internal Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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2
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Mikawa T, Shibata E, Shimada M, Ito K, Ito T, Kanda H, Takubo K, Shimada A, Lleonart ME, Inagaki N, Yokode M, Kondoh H. Characterization of genetically modified mice for phosphoglycerate mutase, a vitally-essential enzyme in glycolysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250856. [PMID: 33914812 PMCID: PMC8084212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolytic metabolism is closely involved in physiological homeostasis and pathophysiological states. Among glycolytic enzymes, phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) has been reported to exert certain physiological role in vitro, whereas its impact on glucose metabolism in vivo remains unclear. Here, we report the characterization of Pgam1 knockout mice. We observed that homozygous knockout mice of Pgam1 were embryonic lethal. Although we previously reported that both PGAM-1 and -2 affect global glycolytic profile of cancers in vitro, in vivo glucose parameters were less affected both in the heterozygous knockout of Pgam1 and in Pgam2 transgenic mice. Thus, the impact of PGAM on in vivo glucose metabolism is rather complex than expected before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Mikawa
- Geriatric Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eri Shibata
- Geriatric Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Midori Shimada
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ken Ito
- Geriatric Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomiko Ito
- Geriatric Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanda
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yokode
- Geriatric Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kondoh
- Geriatric Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Exome sequencing in Jewish and Arab patients with rhabdomyolysis reveals single-gene etiology in 43% of cases. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:2273-2282. [PMID: 28779239 PMCID: PMC5903869 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical emergency that may cause acute kidney injury (AKI). It can be acquired or due to monogenic mutations. Around 60 different rare monogenic forms of rhabdomyolysis have been reported to date. In the clinical setting, identifying the underlying molecular diagnosis is challenging due to nonspecific presentation, the high number of causative genes, and current lack of data on the prevalence of monogenic forms. METHODS We employed whole exome sequencing (WES) to reveal the percentage of rhabdomyolysis cases explained by single-gene (monogenic) mutations in one of 58 candidate genes. We investigated a cohort of 21 unrelated families with rhabdomyolysis, in whom no underlying etiology had been previously established. RESULTS Using WES, we identified causative mutations in candidate genes in nine of the 21 families (43%). We detected disease-causing mutations in eight of 58 candidate genes, grouped into the following categories: (1) disorders of fatty acid metabolism (CPT2), (2) disorders of glycogen metabolism (PFKM and PGAM2), (3) disorders of abnormal skeletal muscle relaxation and contraction (CACNA1S, MYH3, RYR1 and SCN4A), and (4) disorders of purine metabolism (AHCY). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a very high detection rate for monogenic etiologies using WES and reveal broad genetic heterogeneity for rhabdomyolysis. These results highlight the importance of molecular genetic diagnostics for establishing an etiologic diagnosis. Because these patients are at risk for recurrent episodes of rhabdomyolysis and subsequent risk for AKI, WES allows adequate prophylaxis and treatment for these patients and their family members and enables a personalized medicine approach.
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Koo B, Oskarsson B. Phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency (glycogen storage disease X) caused by a novel variant in PGAM-M. Neuromuscul Disord 2016; 26:688-690. [PMID: 27612597 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglycerate mutase enzyme deficiency in muscle causes a metabolic myopathy (glycogen storage disease X) characterized by exertional muscle contractures, weakness, hyperCKemia, and myoglobinuria. Six different autosomal recessive variants in PGAM-M have been described thus far (Salameh et al., 2013). In this case report, we report a novel disease-causing variant. A 52-year-old African-American woman presented with exertional muscle contractures, myalgias, and weakness since childhood including an episode of rhabdomyolysis. Neurologic examination and EMG were normal. CK was mildly elevated at rest and over 20,000 U/L during her episode of rhabdomyolysis. Muscle biopsy revealed subsarcolemmal collections suggestive of tubular aggregates. Phosphoglycerate mutase activity was 8% of the reference value. PGAM-M sequencing showed compound heterozygous variants: c.233G>A, which has been found only in African-Americans with this disease, and a novel variant, c.278G>A. This case expands the genetic spectrum of phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Koo
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street Box 356465, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Bjorn Oskarsson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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5
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Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is characterized by severe acute muscle injury resulting in muscle pain, weakness, and/or swelling with release of myofiber contents into the bloodstream. Symptoms develop over hours to days after an inciting factor and may be associated with dark pigmentation of the urine. Serum creatine kinase and urine myoglobin levels are markedly elevated. Clinical examination, history, laboratory studies, muscle biopsy, and genetic testing are useful tools for diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis, and they can help differentiate acquired from inherited causes of rhabdomyolysis. Acquired causes include substance abuse, medication or toxic exposures, electrolyte abnormalities, endocrine disturbances, and autoimmune myopathies. Inherited predisposition to rhabdomyolysis can occur with disorders of glycogen metabolism, fatty acid β-oxidation, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Less common inherited causes of rhabdomyolysis include structural myopathies, channelopathies, and sickle-cell disease. This review focuses on the differentiation of acquired and inherited causes of rhabdomyolysis and proposes a practical diagnostic algorithm. Muscle Nerve 51: 793-810, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Nance
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew L Mammen
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Muscle Disease Unit, Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 1146, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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6
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Bouchard C, Rankinen T, Timmons JA. Genomics and genetics in the biology of adaptation to exercise. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:1603-48. [PMID: 23733655 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This article is devoted to the role of genetic variation and gene-exercise interactions in the biology of adaptation to exercise. There is evidence from genetic epidemiology research that DNA sequence differences contribute to human variation in physical activity level, cardiorespiratory fitness in the untrained state, cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute exercise, and responsiveness to regular exercise. Methodological and technological advances have made it possible to undertake the molecular dissection of the genetic component of complex, multifactorial traits, such as those of interest to exercise biology, in terms of tissue expression profile, genes, and allelic variants. The evidence from animal models and human studies is considered. Data on candidate genes, genome-wide linkage results, genome-wide association findings, expression arrays, and combinations of these approaches are reviewed. Combining transcriptomic and genomic technologies has been shown to be more powerful as evidenced by the development of a recent molecular predictor of the ability to increase VO2max with exercise training. For exercise as a behavior and physiological fitness as a state to be major players in public health policies will require that the role of human individuality and the influence of DNA sequence differences be understood. Likewise, progress in the use of exercise in therapeutic medicine will depend to a large extent on our ability to identify the favorable responders for given physiological properties to a given exercise regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
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Westermann CM, Dorland L, van Diggelen OP, Schoonderwoerd K, Bierau J, Waterham HR, van der Kolk JH. Decreased oxidative phosphorylation and PGAM deficiency in horses suffering from atypical myopathy associated with acquired MADD. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:273-8. [PMID: 21843962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Earlier research on ten horses suffering from the frequently fatal disorder atypical myopathy showed that MADD (multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency) is the biochemical derangement behind atypical myopathy. From five horses that died as a result of this disease and seven healthy control horses, urine and plasma were collected ante mortem and muscle biopsies were obtained immediately post-mortem (2 patients and 7 control horses), to analyse creatine, purine and carbohydrate metabolism as well as oxidative phosphorylation. In patients, the mean creatine concentration in urine was increased 17-fold and the concentration of uric acid approximately 4-fold, compared to controls. The highest degree of depletion of glycogen was observed in the patient with the most severe myopathy clinically. In this patient, glycolysis was more active than in the other patients and controls, which may explain this depletion. One patient demonstrated very low phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) activity, less than 10% of reference values. Most respiratory chain complex activity in patients was 20-30% lower than in control horses, complex II activity was 42% lower than normal, and one patient had severely decrease ATP-synthase activity, more than 60% lower than in control horses. General markers for myopathic damage are creatine kinase (CK) and lactic acid in plasma, and creatine and uric acid in urine. To obtain more information about the cause of the myopathy analysis of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism as well as oxidative phosphorylation is advised. This study expands the diagnostic possibilities of equine myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Westermann
- Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Tonin P, Bruno C, Cassandrini D, Savio C, Tavazzi E, Tomelleri G, Piccolo G. Unusual presentation of phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency due to two different mutations in PGAM-M gene. Neuromuscul Disord 2009; 19:776-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency: case report of a manifesting heterozygote with a novel E154K mutation and very late onset. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 117:723-5. [PMID: 19322572 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2006-2007 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:35-73. [PMID: 19123262 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181844179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes covers the research advances reported in 2006 and 2007. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or a fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in responses to acute exercise, or for training-induced adaptations are positioned on the map of all autosomes and sex chromosomes. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or a locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. A brief discussion on the nature of the evidence and on what to look for in assessing human genetic studies of relevance to fitness and performance is offered in the introduction, followed by a review of all studies published in 2006 and 2007. The findings from these new studies are added to the appropriate tables that are designed to serve as the cumulative summary of all publications with positive genetic associations available to date for a given phenotype and study design. The fitness and performance map now includes 214 autosomal gene entries and quantitative trait loci plus seven others on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 18 mitochondrial genes that have been shown to influence fitness and performance phenotypes. Thus,the map is growing in complexity. Although the map is exhaustive for currently published accounts of genes and exercise associations and linkages, there are undoubtedly many more gene-exercise interaction effects that have not even been considered thus far. Finally, it should be appreciated that most studies reported to date are based on small sample sizes and cannot therefore provide definitive evidence that DNA sequence variants in a given gene are reliably associated with human variation in fitness and performance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Bray
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Abstract
The histidine phosphatase superfamily is a large functionally diverse group of proteins. They share a conserved catalytic core centred on a histidine which becomes phosphorylated during the course of the reaction. Although the superfamily is overwhelmingly composed of phosphatases, the earliest known and arguably best-studied member is dPGM (cofactor-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase). The superfamily contains two branches sharing very limited sequence similarity: the first containing dPGM, fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, PhoE, SixA, TIGAR [TP53 (tumour protein 53)-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator], Sts-1 and many other activities, and the second, smaller, branch composed mainly of acid phosphatases and phytases. Human representatives of both branches are of considerable medical interest, and various parasites contain superfamily members whose inhibition might have therapeutic value. Additionally, several phosphatases, notably the phytases, have current or potential applications in agriculture. The present review aims to draw together what is known about structure and function in the superfamily. With the benefit of an expanding set of histidine phosphatase superfamily structures, a clearer picture of the conserved elements is obtained, along with, conversely, a view of the sometimes surprising variation in substrate-binding and proton donor residues across the superfamily. This analysis should contribute to correcting a history of over- and mis-annotation in the superfamily, but also suggests that structural knowledge, from models or experimental structures, in conjunction with experimental assays, will prove vital for the future description of function in the superfamily.
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Rankinen T, Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2005 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 38:1863-88. [PMID: 17095919 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000233789.01164.4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current review presents the 2005 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes. It is based on peer-reviewed papers published by the end of 2005. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise, or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. By the end of 2000, in the early version of the gene map, 29 loci were depicted. In contrast, the 2005 human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes includes 165 autosomal gene entries and QTL, plus five others on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 17 mitochondrial genes in which sequence variants have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes. Thus, the map is growing in complexity. Unfortunately, progress is slow in the field of genetics of fitness and performance, primarily because the number of laboratories and scientists focused on the role of genes and sequence variations in exercise-related traits continues to be quite limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA
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Dimauro S, Akman O, Hays AP. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2007; 86:167-82. [PMID: 18808999 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)86007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Oh SJ, Park KS, Ryan HF, Danon MJ, Lu J, Naini AB, DiMauro S. Exercise-induced cramp, myoglobinuria, and tubular aggregates in phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency. Muscle Nerve 2006; 34:572-6. [PMID: 16881065 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report two patients in whom phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) deficiency was associated with the triad of exercise-induced cramps, recurrent myoglobinuria, and tubular aggregates in the muscle biopsy. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were elevated between attacks of myoglobinuria. Forearm ischemic exercise tests produced subnormal increases of venous lactate. Muscle biopsies showed subsarcolemmal tubular aggregates in type 2 fibers. Muscle PGAM activities were markedly decreased (3% of the normal mean) and molecular genetic studies showed that both patients were homozygous for a described missense mutation (W78X). A review of 15 cases with tubular aggregates in the muscle biopsies from our laboratory and 15 cases with PGAM deficiency described in the literature showed that this clinicopathological triad is highly suggestive of PGAM deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin J Oh
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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15
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de Atauri P, Repiso A, Oliva B, Vives-Corrons JL, Climent F, Carreras J. Characterization of the first described mutation of human red blood cell phosphoglycerate mutase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2004; 1740:403-10. [PMID: 15949708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a patient with clinical diagnosis of Hereditary Spherocytosis and partial deficiency (50%) of red blood cell phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) activity, we have recently reported [A. Repiso, P. Pérez de la Ossa, X. Avilés, B. Oliva, J. Juncá, R. Oliva, E. Garcia, J.L.L. Vives-Corrons, J. Carreras, F. Climent, Red blood cell phosphoglycerate mutase. Description of the first human BB isoenzyme mutation, Haematologica 88 (2003) (03) ECR07] the first described mutation of type B PGAM subunit that as a dimer constitutes the PGAM (EC 5.4.2.1) isoenzyme present in red blood cells. The mutation is the substitution c.690G>A (p.Met230Ile). In this report, we show that the mutated PGAM possesses an abnormal behaviour on ion-exchange chromatography and is more thermo-labile that the native enzyme. We also confirm that, similar to the PGAM isoenzymes from other sources, the BB-PGAM from human erythrocytes has a ping pong or phosphoenzyme mechanism, and that the mutation does not significantly change the K(m) and K(i) values, and the optimum pH of the enzyme. The increased instability of the mutated enzyme can account for the decreased PGAM activity in patient's red blood cells. However, the implication of a change of the k(cat) produced by the mutation cannot be discarded, since we could not determine the k(cat) value of the mutated PGAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro de Atauri
- Unitat de Bioquímica, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques I, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Rankinen T, Pérusse L, Rauramaa R, Rivera MA, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2003 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:1451-69. [PMID: 15354024 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000139902.42385.5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the 2003 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes. It is based on peer-reviewed papers published by the end of 2003 and includes association studies with candidate genes, genome-wide scans with polymorphic markers, and single-gene defects causing exercise intolerance to variable degrees. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise, or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. By the end of 2000, 29 loci were depicted on the first edition of the map. In contrast, the 2003 human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes includes 109 autosomal gene entries and QTL, plus two on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 15 mitochondrial genes in which sequence variants have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA.
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17
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Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Rauramaa R, Rivera MA, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2002 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35:1248-64. [PMID: 12900676 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000078938.84161.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the 2002 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes. It is based on peer-reviewed papers published by the end of 2002 and includes association studies with candidate genes, genome-wide scans with polymorphic markers, and single gene defects causing exercise intolerance to variable degrees. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise, or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. By the end of 2000, 29 loci were depicted on the map. The 2001 map includes 71 loci on the autosomes and two on the X chromosome. In contrast, the 2002 human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes includes 90 gene entries and QTL, plus two on the X chromosome. To all these loci, one must add 14 mitochondrial genes in which sequence variants have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Pérusse
- Department of Preventive Medicine Laval University, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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Rankinen T, Pérusse L, Rauramaa R, Rivera MA, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2001 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34:1219-33. [PMID: 12165675 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200208000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the 2001 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes. It is based on scientific papers published by the end of 2001. Association studies with candidate genes, genome-wide scans with polymorphic markers, and single gene defects causing exercise intolerance to variable degrees are included. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. By the end of 2000, there were 29 loci depicted on the map. The 2001 map includes 71 loci on the autosomes and two on the X chromosome. Among these genes or markers, 24 are from prior publications on exercise intolerance and four relate to other pathologies. Finally, 13 sequence variants in mitochondrial DNA have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA
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Bond CS, White MF, Hunter WN. Mechanistic implications for Escherichia coli cofactor-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase based on the high-resolution crystal structure of a vanadate complex. J Mol Biol 2002; 316:1071-81. [PMID: 11884145 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2002.5418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structure of Escherichia coli cofactor-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase (dPGM), complexed with the potent inhibitor vanadate, has been determined to a resolution of 1.30 A (R-factor 0.159; R-free 0.213). The inhibitor is present in the active site, principally as divanadate, but with evidence of additional vanadate moieties at either end, and representing a different binding mode to that observed in the structural homologue prostatic acid phosphatase. The analysis reveals the enzyme-ligand interactions involved in inhibition of the mutase activity by vanadate and identifies a water molecule, observed in the native E.coli dPGM structure which, once activated by vanadate, may dephosphorylate the active protein. Rather than reflecting the active conformation previously observed for E.coli dPGM, the inhibited protein's conformation resembles that of the inactive dephosphorylated Saccharomyces cerevisiae dPGM. The provision of a high-resolution structure of both active and inactive forms of dPGM from a single organism, in conjunction with computational modelling of substrate molecules in the active site provides insight into the binding of substrates and the specific interactions necessary for three different activities, mutase, synthase and phosphatase, within a single active site. The sequence similarity of E.coli and human dPGMs allows us to correlate structure with clinical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Bond
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
There are 11 hereditary disorders of glycogen metabolism affecting muscle alone or together with other tissues, and they cause two main clinical syndromes: episodic, recurrent exercise intolerance with cramps, myalgia, and myoglobinuria; or fixed, often progressive weakness. Great strides have been made in our understanding of the molecular bases of these disorders, all of which show remarkable genetic heterogeneity. In contrast, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying acute muscle breakdown and chronic weakness remain unclear. Although glycogen storage diseases have been studied for decades, new biochemical defects are still being discovered, especially in the glycolytic pathway. In addition, the pathogenesis of polyglucosan deposition is being clarified both in traditional glycogenoses and in disorders such as Lafora's disease. In some conditions, combined dietary and exercise regimens may be of help, and gene therapy, including recombinant enzyme replacement, is being actively pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 4-420 College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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21
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Abstract
The glycogen storage myopathies are caused by enzyme defects in the glycogenolytic or in the glycolytic pathway affecting skeletal muscle alone or in conjunction with other tissues. The authors review recent findings in this area, including a new entity, aldolase deficiency, and the wealth of molecular genetic data that are rapidly accumulating. Despite this progress, genotype-phenotyp3 correlations are still murky in most glycogen storage myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsujino
- Section Chief, Department of Inherited Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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