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Nudelman A. Dimeric Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2751-2845. [PMID: 34375175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210810124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers linked via a bridging entity while emphasizing the large versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The largest number of classes of these compounds consist of anticancer agents, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti-Parkisonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify unexpected higher activity of the dimers vs. the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive number of articles summarized, and the large variety of substances mentioned, which display various biological activities, should be of interest to many academic and industrial medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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2
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Hain J, Rollin P, Klaffke W, Lindhorst TK. Anomeric modification of carbohydrates using the Mitsunobu reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1619-1636. [PMID: 30013688 PMCID: PMC6036978 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mitsunobu reaction basically consists in the conversion of an alcohol into an ester under inversion of configuration, employing a carboxylic acid and a pair of two auxiliary reagents, mostly triphenylphosphine and a dialkyl azodicarboxylate. This reaction has been frequently used in carbohydrate chemistry for the modification of sugar hydroxy groups. Modification at the anomeric position, leading mainly to anomeric esters or glycosides, is of particular importance in the glycosciences. Therefore, this review focuses on the use of the Mitsunobu reaction for modifications of sugar hemiacetals. Strikingly, unprotected sugars can often be converted regioselectively at the anomeric center, whereas in other cases, the other hydroxy groups in reducing sugars have to be protected to achieve good results in the Mitsunobu procedure. We have reviewed on the one hand the literature on anomeric esterification, including glycosyl phosphates, and on the other hand glycoside synthesis, including S- and N-glycosides. The mechanistic details of the Mitsunobu reaction are discussed as well as this is important to explain and predict the stereoselectivity of anomeric modifications under Mitsunobu conditions. Though the Mitsunobu reaction is often not the first choice for the anomeric modification of carbohydrates, this review shows the high value of the reaction in many different circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hain
- Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3–4, D-24118 Kiel, Germany, Fax: +49 431 8807410
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Université d’Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France, Fax: +33 238 417281
| | - Werner Klaffke
- Haus der Technik e.V., Hollestr. 1, 45127 Essen, Germany, Fax: +49 201 1803269
| | - Thisbe K Lindhorst
- Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3–4, D-24118 Kiel, Germany, Fax: +49 431 8807410
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Li TR, Zhang MM, Wang BC, Lu LQ, Xiao WJ. Synthesis of 3,3′-Biindoles through a Copper-Catalyzed Friedel–Crafts Propargylation/Hydroamination/Aromatization Sequence. Org Lett 2018; 20:3237-3240. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ren Li
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Mao-Mao Zhang
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Bao-Cheng Wang
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Liang-Qiu Lu
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, Huanggang Normal College, Huanggang 438000, China
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Cowell J, Abualnaja M, Morton S, Linder R, Buckingham F, Waddell PG, Probert MR, Hall MJ. Diastereoselective synthesis of functionalised carbazoles via a sequential Diels–Alder/ene reaction strategy. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00499c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-pot, three-component, synthesis of saturated carbazoles and related pyridazino[3,4-b]indoles is described, involving an intermolecular Diels–Alder/intermolecular ene reaction sequence with relative stereocontrol of up to four stereocentres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cowell
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | | | | | - Ruth Linder
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - Faye Buckingham
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - Paul G. Waddell
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | | | - Michael J. Hall
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
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6
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Ramesh C, Kavala V, Kuo CW, Raju BR, Yao CF. An Unprecedented Route for the Synthesis of 3,3′-Biindoles by Reductive Cyclization of 3-[2-Nitro-1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-1H-indoles Mediated by Iron/Acetic Acid. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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A TOPological Sub-structural Molecular Design (TOPS-MODE)-QSAR approach for modeling the antiproliferative activity against murine leukemia tumor cell line (L1210). Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:537-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Saíz-Urra L, Pérez-Castillo Y, Pérez González M, Molina Ruiz R, Cordeiro M, Rodríguez-Borges J, García-Mera X. Theoretical Prediction of Antiproliferative Activity against Murine Leukemia Tumor Cell Line (L1210). 3D-Morse Descriptor and its Application in Computational Chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200860060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Janosik T, Wahlström N, Bergman J. Recent progress in the chemistry and applications of indolocarbazoles. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Animati F, Berettoni M, Bigioni M, Binaschi M, Felicetti P, Gontrani L, Incani O, Madami A, Monteagudo E, Olivieri L, Resta S, Rossi C, Cipollone A. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling Studies of Rebeccamycin Analogues Modified in the Carbohydrate Moiety. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:266-79. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Humeník M, Kutschy P, Kováčik V, Bekešová S. 1,2-Anhydrosaccharides and 1,2-Cyclic Sulfites as Saccharide Donors in Convergent Synthesis of Glucopyranosyl-, Mannopyranosyl- and Ribofuranosylbenzocamalexin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthesis of 1-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-, 1-(α-D-mannopyranosyl)- and 1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)benzocamalexin was elaborated as an alternative route to the linear approach based on the indoline-indole method. 1,2-Anhydrosaccharides and 1,2-cyclic sulfites as saccharide donors were used in the key glycosylation step. Coupling with benzocamalexin resulted in moderate to excellent yields of nucleoside analogs, depending on the saccharide donor, catalyst and solvent used.
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Synthesis of indolo[2,3-a]carbazole glycoside analogs of rebeccamycin: inhibitors of cyclin D1-CDK4. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.10.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Marminon C, Pierré A, Pfeiffer B, Pérez V, Léonce S, Renard P, Prudhomme M. Syntheses and antiproliferative activities of rebeccamycin analogues bearing two 7-azaindole moieties. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:679-87. [PMID: 12537997 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
As a part of structure-activity relationship studies on rebeccamycin analogues, compounds containing two aza-indole moieties were synthesized bearing either a methyl group or a hydrogen atom on the imide nitrogen. The azaindole substructures were expected to enhance the cytotoxicity toward tumor cell lines through stronger hydrogen bonding with the target enzyme(s). The cytotoxicities of compounds 8, 10 and 19 against a panel of tumor cell lines were examined and compared with those of rebeccamycin, dechlorinated rebeccamycin 2 and N-methylated analogue A. Their effect on the L1210 cell cycle was also evaluated. Compound 19, having an imide NH function had the strongest cytotoxicity towards L1210 cells and induced the largest accumulation of cells in the G2+M phases of the cell cycle. In contrast to their non-aza analogues, which were cytotoxic for all the cell lines tested, diaza compounds 10 and 19 showed selectivity for some cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Marminon
- Université Blaise Pascal, Synthèse Et Etude de Systèmes à Intérêt Biologique, UMR 6504, 63177 Aubière, France
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Marminon C, Pierré A, Pfeiffer B, Pérez V, Léonce S, Joubert A, Bailly C, Renard P, Hickman J, Prudhomme M. Syntheses and antiproliferative activities of 7-azarebeccamycin analogues bearing one 7-azaindole moiety. J Med Chem 2003; 46:609-22. [PMID: 12570382 DOI: 10.1021/jm0210055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rebeccamycin analogues containing one azaindole unit, with and without a methyl group on the imide nitrogen and with the sugar moiety coupled either to the indole nitrogen or to the azaindole nitrogen were synthesized. To increase the solubility and induce stronger interactions with the target macromolecules, a bromo or nitro substitutent was introduced on the indole unit. The DNA binding and topoisomerase I inhibition properties were investigated together with the antiproliferative activities toward nine tumor cell lines. In addition, the effect of the compounds on the cell cycle of L1210 leukemia cells was examined. The nonaza analogues were found to be cytotoxic against all cell lines of the panel whereas the aza-analogues showed a selective action toward certain cell lines. They strongly inhibited the proliferation of SK-N-MC neuroblastoma, A431 epidermoid carcinoma and NCI-H69 small cell lung carcinoma cells, but showed little or no cytotoxic effect against IGROV ovary carcinoma, HT29 colon carcinoma, and A549 non small cell lung carcinoma cells. Whatever their cytotoxicity profile, all compounds induce similar cell cycle effects, with a marked G2+M block observed with L1210 leukemia cells. The data suggest that the molecular mechanism of action of the aza-analogue derivatives is different from that of rebeccamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Marminon
- Université Blaise Pascal, Synthèse et Etude de Systèmes à Intérêt Biologique, UMR 6504, 63177 Aubière, France
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Abstract
Rebeccamycin, a microbial metabolite possessing a maleimide indolo[2,3-a]carbazole framework with a carbohydrate moiety attached to one of the indole nitrogens, is a well-known topoisomerase I inhibitor. This review reports the various total syntheses of rebeccamycin and structure-activity relationship studies on rebeccamycin analogues. Rebeccamycin analogues were prepared either by semi-synthesis from the natural metabolite or by total synthesis. Different families of rebeccamycin analogues were obtained by modifications at the imide heterocycle, dechlorination and substitutions on the indole moieties, modifications of the sugar residue, construction of dimers, coupling the sugar unit to the second indole nitrogen, changing indolo[2,3-a]carbazole skeleton to indolo[2,3-c]carbazole, replacing one or both indole moieties by 7-azaindole units. The biological activities of the rebeccamycin analogues are described. According to their chemical structure, the analogues can inhibit topoisomerase I and/or kinases. From the structure-activity relationships, some important rules were established. Several compounds exhibit stronger antiproliferative activities than the natural metabolite with IC(50) values in the nanomolar range. Some analogues, especially those possessing azaindole moieties, are much more selective than rebeccamycin toward the tumour cell lines tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Prudhomme
- Université Blaise Pascal, Synthèse et étude de systèmes à intérêt biologique, UMR 6504 du CNRS, 24, avenue des Landais, 63177, Aubière, France.
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Hyun CG, Bililign T, Liao J, Thorson JS. The biosynthesis of indolocarbazoles in a heterologous E. coli host. Chembiochem 2003; 4:114-7. [PMID: 12512086 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200390004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gu Hyun
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Marminon C, Facompré M, Bailly C, Hickman J, Pierré A, Pfeiffer B, Renard P, Prudhomme M. Dimers from dechlorinated rebeccamycin: synthesis, interaction with DNA, and antiproliferative activities. Eur J Med Chem 2002; 37:435-40. [PMID: 12008058 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(02)01350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the course of structure-activity relationships on rebeccamycin analogues, two dimers of dechlorinated rebeccamycin were synthesised with the aim to improve the interaction with DNA and in vitro antiproliferative activities. The synthesis of two dimeric compounds obtained by joining two molecules of dechlorinated rebeccamycin via the imide nitrogen is described. Melting temperature and DNase I footprinting studies were performed to investigate their interaction with DNA. Four tumour cell lines, murine L1210 leukaemia, human HT29 colon carcinoma, A549 non-small cell lung carcinoma and K-562 leukaemia, were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the drugs. Their effects on the cell cycle of L1210 cells were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Marminon
- Université Blaise Pascal, Synthèse et Etude de Systèmes à Intérêt Biologique, UMR 6504 du CNRS, F-63177 Aubière, France
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