1
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Hall A, Chatzopoulou M, Frost J. Bioisoteres for carboxylic acids: From ionized isosteres to novel unionized replacements. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 104:117653. [PMID: 38579492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are key pharmacophoric elements in many molecules. They can be seen as a problem by some, due to perceived permeability challenges, potential for high plasma protein binding and the risk of forming reactive metabolites due to acyl-glucuronidation. By others they are viewed more favorably as they can decrease lipophilicity by adding an ionizable center which can be beneficial for solubility, and can add enthalpic interactions with the target protein. However, there are many instances where the replacement of a carboxylic acid with a bioisosteric group is required. This has led to the development of a number of ionizable groups which sufficiently mimic the carboxylic acid functionality whilst improving, for example, the metabolic profile of the molecule in question. An alternative strategy involves replacement of the carboxylate by neutral functional groups. This review initially details carefully selected examples whereby tetrazoles, acyl sulfonamides or isoxazolols have been beneficially utilized as carboxylic acid bioisosteres altering physicohemical properties, interactions with the target and metabolism and/or pharmacokinetics, before delving further into the binding mode of carboxylic acid derivatives with their target proteins. This analysis highlights new ways to consider the replacement of carboxylic acids by neutral bioisosteric groups which either rely on hydrogen bonds or cation-π interactions. It should serve as a useful guide for scientists working in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- UCB, Chemin du Foriest, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium, 1420 UCB, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, UK.
| | - Maria Chatzopoulou
- UCB, Chemin du Foriest, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium, 1420 UCB, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
| | - James Frost
- UCB, Chemin du Foriest, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium, 1420 UCB, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
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2
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Yang Y, Tsien J, Dykstra R, Chen SJ, Wang JB, Merchant RR, Hughes JME, Peters BK, Gutierrez O, Qin T. Programmable late-stage functionalization of bridge-substituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane bis-boronates. Nat Chem 2024; 16:285-293. [PMID: 37884667 PMCID: PMC10922318 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Modular functionalization enables versatile exploration of chemical space and has been broadly applied in structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of aromatic scaffolds during drug discovery. Recently, the bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) motif has increasingly received attention as a bioisosteric replacement of benzene rings due to its ability to improve the physicochemical properties of prospective drug candidates, but studying the SARs of C2-substituted BCPs has been heavily restricted by the need for multistep de novo synthesis of each analogue of interest. Here we report a programmable bis-functionalization strategy to enable late-stage sequential derivatization of BCP bis-boronates, opening up opportunities to explore the SARs of drug candidates possessing multisubstituted BCP motifs. Our approach capitalizes on the inherent chemoselectivity exhibited by BCP bis-boronates, enabling highly selective activation and functionalization of bridgehead (C3)-boronic pinacol esters (Bpin), leaving the C2-Bpin intact and primed for subsequent derivatization. These selective transformations of both BCP bridgehead (C3) and bridge (C2) positions enable access to C1,C2-disubstituted and C1,C2,C3-trisubstituted BCPs that encompass previously unexplored chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jet Tsien
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Dykstra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James B Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan M E Hughes
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Byron K Peters
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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3
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Meanwell NA. Applications of Bioisosteres in the Design of Biologically Active Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18087-18122. [PMID: 36961953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The design of bioisosteres represents a creative and productive approach to improve a molecule, including by enhancing potency, addressing pharmacokinetic challenges, reducing off-target liabilities, and productively modulating physicochemical properties. Bioisosterism is a principle exploited in the design of bioactive compounds of interest to both medicinal and agricultural chemists, and in this review, we provide a synopsis of applications where this kind of molecular editing has proved to be advantageous in molecule optimization. The examples selected for discussion focus on bioisosteres of carboxylic acids, applications of fluorine and fluorinated motifs in compound design, some applications of the sulfoximine functionality, the design of bioisosteres of drug-H2O complexes, and the design of bioisosteres of the phenyl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Rd, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
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4
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Dong W, Keess S, Molander GA. Nickel-Mediated Alkyl-, Acyl-, and Sulfonylcyanation of [1.1.1]Propellane. CHEM CATALYSIS 2023; 3:100608. [PMID: 37840854 PMCID: PMC10572913 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2023.100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of traditional functional groups with polycyclic scaffolds has been increasingly rewarding in medicinal chemistry programs. Over the decades, 1,3-disubstituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) have demonstrated the potential for being competent bioisosteres for aryl-, alkyl- and alkynyl substructures. Although highly desired, mild and versatile synthetic methods to access synthetically valuable BCP-containing building blocks remain limited. Herein, a versatile way to access bridgehead substituted BCP nitriles, a useful BCP building block, is described, enabled by the unexpected selectivity of nickel in the multi-component radical cyanation. Commodity materials including carboxylic acids, amines, sulfonyl chlorides, and alkyl chlorides are engaged to provide a broad spectrum of substituted BCP nitriles in a single-step, multi-component fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Dong
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Lead contact
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5
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Iida T, Kanazawa J, Matsunaga T, Miyamoto K, Hirano K, Uchiyama M. Practical and Facile Access to Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes: Potent Bioisosteres of meta-Substituted Benzenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21848-21852. [PMID: 36342862 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in replacement of the planar aromatic rings of drug candidates with three-dimensional caged scaffolds in order to improve the physical properties, but bioisosteres of meta-substituted benzenes have remained elusive. We focused on the bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (BCH) scaffold as a novel bioisostere of meta-substituted benzenes, anticipating that [3.1.1]propellane (2) would be a versatile precursor of diversely functionalized BCHs. Here, we describe a practical preparative method for [3.1.1]propellane from newly developed 1,5-diiodobicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (1), as well as difunctionalization reactions of 2 leading to functionalized BCHs. We also report postfunctionalization reactions of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toranosuke Iida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kanazawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Matsunaga
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hirano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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6
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Rentería-Gómez A, Lee W, Yin S, Davis M, Gogoi AR, Gutierrez O. General and Practical Route to Diverse 1-(Difluoro)alkyl-3-aryl Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes Enabled by an Fe-Catalyzed Multicomponent Radical Cross-Coupling Reaction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Rentería-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Wes Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Shuai Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Michael Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Achyut Ranjan Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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7
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Lasányi D, Máth D, Tolnai GL. Synthesis and Use of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentylaldehyde Building Blocks. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2393-2401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Lasányi
- Institute of Chemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, Pazmany P. stny. 1/a, Budapest H1117, Hungary
| | - Dániel Máth
- Institute of Chemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, Pazmany P. stny. 1/a, Budapest H1117, Hungary
| | - Gergely L. Tolnai
- Institute of Chemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, Pazmany P. stny. 1/a, Budapest H1117, Hungary
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8
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Mousseau JJ, Perry MA, Bundesmann MW, Chinigo GM, Choi C, Gallego G, Hicklin RW, Hoy S, Limburg DC, Sach NW, Zhang Y. Automated Nanomole-Scale Reaction Screening toward Benzoate Bioisosteres: A Photocatalyzed Approach to Highly Elaborated Bicyclo[1.1.1]Pentanes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James J. Mousseau
- Pfizer Medicine Design, 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew A. Perry
- Pfizer Medicine Design, 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark W. Bundesmann
- Pfizer Medicine Design, 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gary M. Chinigo
- Pfizer Medicine Design, 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chulho Choi
- Pfizer Medicine Design, 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gary Gallego
- Pfizer La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert W. Hicklin
- Pfizer Medicine Design, 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Susan Hoy
- Pfizer Medicine Design, 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David C. Limburg
- Pfizer Medicine Design, 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Neal W. Sach
- Pfizer La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Pfizer Medicine Design, 610 Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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9
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Subbaiah MAM, Meanwell NA. Bioisosteres of the Phenyl Ring: Recent Strategic Applications in Lead Optimization and Drug Design. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14046-14128. [PMID: 34591488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The benzene moiety is the most prevalent ring system in marketed drugs, underscoring its historic popularity in drug design either as a pharmacophore or as a scaffold that projects pharmacophoric elements. However, introspective analyses of medicinal chemistry practices at the beginning of the 21st century highlighted the indiscriminate deployment of phenyl rings as an important contributor to the poor physicochemical properties of advanced molecules, which limited their prospects of being developed into effective drugs. This Perspective deliberates on the design and applications of bioisosteric replacements for a phenyl ring that have provided practical solutions to a range of developability problems frequently encountered in lead optimization campaigns. While the effect of phenyl ring replacements on compound properties is contextual in nature, bioisosteric substitution can lead to enhanced potency, solubility, and metabolic stability while reducing lipophilicity, plasma protein binding, phospholipidosis potential, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes and the hERG channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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10
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Yang Y, Tsien J, Hughes JME, Peters BK, Merchant RR, Qin T. An intramolecular coupling approach to alkyl bioisosteres for the synthesis of multisubstituted bicycloalkyl boronates. Nat Chem 2021; 13:950-955. [PMID: 34584254 PMCID: PMC8739920 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclic hydrocarbons, and bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) in particular, are playing an emerging role as saturated bioisosteres in pharmaceutical, agrochemical and materials chemistry. Taking advantage of strain-release strategies, prior synthetic studies have featured the synthesis of bridgehead-substituted (C1, C3) BCPs from [1.1.1]propellane. Here, we describe an approach to access multisubstituted BCPs via intramolecular cyclization. In addition to C1,C3-disubstituted BCPs, this method also enables the construction of underexplored multisubstituted (C1, C2 and C3) BCPs from readily accessible cyclobutanones. The broad generality of this method has also been examined through the synthesis of a variety of other caged bicyclic molecules, ranging from [2.1.1] to [3.2.1] scaffolds. The modularity afforded by the pendant bridgehead boron pinacol esters generated during the cyclization reaction has been demonstrated through several downstream functionalizations, highlighting the ability of this approach to enable the programmed and divergent synthesis of multisubstituted bicyclic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States
| | - Jet Tsien
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States
| | - Jonathan M. E. Hughes
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Byron K. Peters
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rohan R. Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States.,Correspondence to:
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11
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Khan KM, Fatima I, Perveen S, Saad SM. Rapid Cesium Fluoride Catalyzed Synthesis of 5-Aryloxy-1-phenyl-1Htetrazoles via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution. LETT ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178617999200728211046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
A nucleophilic aromatic substitution via a new and facile cesium fluoride catalyzed synthetic
approach to get 5-aryloxy-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazoles was developed. Dual usage of cesium fluoride as a
nucleophilic catalyst as well as an electrophilic catalyst afforded the desired products at room temperature
in a short reaction time without purification in high yields. This simple but useful reaction may be
a rapid and reliable strategy for the synthesis of tetrazolyl ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270,Pakistan
| | - Itrat Fatima
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270,Pakistan
| | - Shahnaz Perveen
- PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Shahrah-e-Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Karachi-75280,Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Saad
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270,Pakistan
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12
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Vyas VK, Clarkson GJ, Wills M. Enantioselective Synthesis of Bicyclopentane-Containing Alcohols via Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation. Org Lett 2021; 23:3179-3183. [PMID: 33819426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Compounds a containing bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) adjacent to a chiral center can be prepared with high enantiomeric excess through asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of adjacent ketones. In the reduction step, the BCP occupies the position distant from the η6-arene of the catalyst. The reduction was applied to the synthesis of a BCP analogue of the antihistamine drug neobenodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijyesh K Vyas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Martin Wills
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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13
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Hayashi K, Kondo N, Omori N, Yoshimoto R, Hato M, Shigaki S, Nagasawa A, Ito M, Okuno T. Discovery of a benzimidazole series as the first highly potent and selective ACSL1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 33:127722. [PMID: 33285268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase-1 (ACSL1), an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of long-chain acyl-CoA from the corresponding fatty acids, is believed to play essential roles in lipid metabolism. Structure activity relationship studies based on HTS hit compound 1 delivered the benzimidazole series as the first selective and highly potent ACSL1 inhibitors. Representative compound 13 exhibited not only remarkable inhibitory activity against ACSL1 (IC50 = 0.042 μM) but also excellent selectivity for the other ACSL isoforms. In addition, compound 13 demonstrated an in vivo suppression effect against the production of long-chain acyl-CoAs in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Hayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan.
| | - Noriyasu Kondo
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naoki Omori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Megumi Hato
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shuhei Shigaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Ayumi Nagasawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Mana Ito
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okuno
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan.
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14
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Talele TT. Opportunities for Tapping into Three-Dimensional Chemical Space through a Quaternary Carbon. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13291-13315. [PMID: 32805118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A quaternary carbon bears four other carbon substituents or combination of four non-hydrogen substituents at four vertices of a tetrahedron. The spirocyclic quaternary carbon positioned at the center of a bioactive molecule offers conformational rigidity, which in turn reduces the penalty for conformational entropy. The quaternary carbon is a predominant feature of natural product structures and has been associated with more effective and selective binding to target proteins compared to planar compounds with a high sp2 count. The presence of a quaternary carbon stereocenter allows the exploration of novel chemical space to obtain new molecules with enhanced three-dimensionality. These characteristics, coupled to an increasing awareness to develop sp3-rich molecules, boosted utility of quaternary carbon stereocenters in bioactive compounds. It is hoped that this Perspective will inspire the chemist to utilize quaternary carbon stereocenters to enhance potency, selectivity, and other drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439, United States
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15
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Ma X, Pinto W, Pham LN, Sloman DL, Han Y. Synthetic Studies of 2,2-Difluorobicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCP-F2
): The Scope and Limitation of Useful Building Blocks for Medicinal Chemists. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshen Ma
- Department of Discovery Chemistry; Merck & Co., Inc; 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur 02215 Boston MA USA
| | - Wilfredo Pinto
- Discovery Sample Management (DSM) Compound Collection Quality Control (QC); Merck & Co., Inc.; 126 E. Lincoln Avenue 07065 Rahway NJ USA
| | - Luu N. Pham
- Department of Discovery Chemistry; Merck & Co., Inc; 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur 02215 Boston MA USA
| | - David L. Sloman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry; Merck & Co., Inc; 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur 02215 Boston MA USA
| | - Yongxin Han
- Department of Discovery Chemistry; Merck & Co., Inc; 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur 02215 Boston MA USA
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16
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Kokhan SO, Valter YB, Tymtsunik AV, Komarov IV, Grygorenko OO. 3-Carboxy-/3-Aminobicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-Derived Sulfonamides and Sulfonyl Fluorides - Advanced Bifunctional Reagents for Organic Synthesis and Drug Discovery. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serhii O. Kokhan
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | | | - Andriy V. Tymtsunik
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Faculty of Chemical Technology; National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”; Prospect Peremogy 37 03056 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Igor V. Komarov
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
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17
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VanHeyst MD, Qi J, Roecker AJ, Hughes JME, Cheng L, Zhao Z, Yin J. Continuous Flow-Enabled Synthesis of Bench-Stable Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Trifluoroborate Salts and Their Utilization in Metallaphotoredox Cross-Couplings. Org Lett 2020; 22:1648-1654. [PMID: 31990565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane motifs have gained increasing popularity in medicinal chemistry as bioisosteres because of their ability to impact key physicochemical properties. However, reports of direct C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-coupling of these fragments to afford biaryl isosteres have been scarce. Herein we describe the development of continuous flow-enabled synthesis of bench-stable bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane trifluoroborate salts. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of metallaphotoredox conditions to enable cross-coupling of these building blocks with complex aryl halide substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D VanHeyst
- Discovery Chemistry , Merck & Co., Inc. , West Point , Pennsylvania 19486 , United States
| | - Ji Qi
- Department of Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States.,Process Research and Development , MSD R&D (China) Co., Ltd. , Building 21 Rongda Road , Wangjing R&D Base, Zhongguancun Electronic Zone West Zone, Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Anthony J Roecker
- Discovery Chemistry , Merck & Co., Inc. , West Point , Pennsylvania 19486 , United States
| | - Jonathan M E Hughes
- Department of Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Lili Cheng
- Chemistry Service Unit , WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) , 168 Nanhai Road , Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Zheyu Zhao
- Chemistry Service Unit , WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) , 168 Nanhai Road , Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Jingjun Yin
- Department of Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
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18
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Ma X, Nhat Pham L. Selected Topics in the Syntheses of Bicyclo[1.1.1]Pentane (BCP) Analogues. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshen Ma
- Department of Discovery ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Luu Nhat Pham
- Department of Discovery ChemistryMerck & Co., Inc. 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur Boston MA 02215 USA
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19
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20
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Hughes JME, Scarlata DA, Chen ACY, Burch JD, Gleason JL. Aminoalkylation of [1.1.1]Propellane Enables Direct Access to High-Value 3-Alkylbicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-amines. Org Lett 2019; 21:6800-6804. [PMID: 31407916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. E. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - David A. Scarlata
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Austin C.-Y. Chen
- Inception Sciences, 6175 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jason D. Burch
- Inception Sciences, 7150 Frederick-Banting Street, Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 2A1, Canada
| | - James L. Gleason
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
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21
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Ma X, Sloman DL, Han Y, Bennett DJ. A Selective Synthesis of 2,2-Difluorobicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Analogues: "BCP-F 2". Org Lett 2019; 21:7199-7203. [PMID: 31294572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) motif has been utilized as bioisosteres in drug candidates to replace phenyl, tert-butyl, and alkynyl fragments in order to improve physicochemical properties. However, bceause of the difficulty of synthesis, most BCP analogues prepared only bear 1,3-"para"-substituents. We report the first selective synthesis of 2,2-difluorobicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes via difluorocarbene insertion into bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Moreover, this methodology should inspire future studies on synthesis of other "ortho/meta-substituted" BCPs via similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshen Ma
- Department of Discovery Chemistry , Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - David L Sloman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry , Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Yongxin Han
- Department of Discovery Chemistry , Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - David J Bennett
- Department of Discovery Chemistry , Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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22
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Locke GM, Bernhard SSR, Senge MO. Nonconjugated Hydrocarbons as Rigid-Linear Motifs: Isosteres for Material Sciences and Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:4590-4647. [PMID: 30387906 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonconjugated hydrocarbons, like bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, triptycene, and cubane are a unique class of rigid linkers. Due to their similarity in size and shape they are useful mimics of classic benzene moieties in drugs, so-called bioisosteres. Moreover, they also fulfill an important role in material sciences as linear linkers, in order to arrange various functionalities in a defined spatial manner. In this Review article, recent developments and usages of these special, rectilinear systems are discussed. Furthermore, we focus on covalently linked, nonconjugated linear arrangements and discuss the physical and chemical properties and differences of individual linkers, as well as their application in material and medicinal sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Locke
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Stefan S R Bernhard
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
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23
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Rout SK, Marghem G, Lan J, Leyssens T, Riant O. A radical exchange process: synthesis of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane derivatives of xanthates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14976-14979. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07610g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A new approach for the installation of the bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane unit on the xanthate moiety by means of a radical exchange process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Rout
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience. Molecular Chemistry
- Materials and Catalysis Division
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- Belgium
| | - Gilles Marghem
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience. Molecular Chemistry
- Materials and Catalysis Division
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- Belgium
| | - Junjie Lan
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience. Molecular Chemistry
- Materials and Catalysis Division
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- Belgium
| | - Tom Leyssens
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience. Molecular Chemistry
- Materials and Catalysis Division
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- Belgium
| | - Olivier Riant
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience. Molecular Chemistry
- Materials and Catalysis Division
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- Belgium
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24
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Ni S, Garrido-Castro AF, Merchant RR, de Gruyter JN, Schmitt DC, Mousseau JJ, Gallego GM, Yang S, Collins MR, Qiao JX, Yeung KS, Langley DR, Poss MA, Scola PM, Qin T, Baran PS. A General Amino Acid Synthesis Enabled by Innate Radical Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14560-14565. [PMID: 30212610 PMCID: PMC6352899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The direct union of primary, secondary, and tertiary carboxylic acids with a chiral glyoxylate-derived sulfinimine provides rapid access into a variety of enantiomerically pure α-amino acids (>85 examples). Characterized by operational simplicity, this radical-based reaction enables the modular assembly of exotic α-amino acids, including both unprecedented structures and those of established industrial value. The described method performs well in high-throughput library synthesis, and has already been implemented in three distinct medicinal chemistry campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Ni
- Scripps Research, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Rohan R Merchant
- Scripps Research, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Daniel C Schmitt
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - James J Mousseau
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Gary M Gallego
- Department of Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Shouliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Michael R Collins
- Department of Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jennifer X Qiao
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Kap-Sun Yeung
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | - David R Langley
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | - Michael A Poss
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Paul M Scola
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | - Tian Qin
- Scripps Research, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Scripps Research, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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25
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Ni S, Garrido-Castro AF, Merchant RR, de Gruyter JN, Schmitt DC, Mousseau JJ, Gallego GM, Yang S, Collins MR, Qiao JX, Yeung KS, Langley DR, Poss MA, Scola PM, Qin T, Baran PS. A General Amino Acid Synthesis Enabled by Innate Radical Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Ni
- Scripps Research; North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gary M. Gallego
- Department of Chemistry; La Jolla Laboratories; Pfizer; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Shouliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry; La Jolla Laboratories; Pfizer; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Michael R. Collins
- Department of Chemistry; La Jolla Laboratories; Pfizer; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Jennifer X. Qiao
- Department of Discovery Chemistry; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Research and Development; P.O. Box 4000 Princeton NJ 08543 USA
| | - Kap-Sun Yeung
- Department of Discovery Chemistry; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; 5 Research Parkway Wallingford CT 06492 USA
| | - David R. Langley
- Department of Discovery Chemistry; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; 5 Research Parkway Wallingford CT 06492 USA
| | - Michael A. Poss
- Department of Discovery Chemistry; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Research and Development; P.O. Box 4000 Princeton NJ 08543 USA
| | - Paul M. Scola
- Department of Discovery Chemistry; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; 5 Research Parkway Wallingford CT 06492 USA
| | - Tian Qin
- Scripps Research; North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Scripps Research; North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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26
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Abstract
Cubane is a highly strained saturated hydrocarbon system that has historically been of interest in theoretical organic chemistry. More recently it has become a molecule of interest for biological applications due to its inherent stability and limited toxicity. Of greater significance is the ability to potentially functionalize cubane at each of its carbon atoms, providing complex biologically active molecules with unique spatial arrangements for probing active sites. These characteristics have led to an increased use of cubane in pharmaceutically relevant molecules. In this Perspective we describe synthetic methodology for accessing a range of functionalized cubanes and their applications in pharmaceuticals. We also provide some perspectives on challenges and future directions in the advancement of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Reekie
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Craig M Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Louis M Rendina
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
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27
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Thirumoorthi NT, Adsool VA. A practical metal-free homolytic aromatic alkylation protocol for the synthesis of 3-(pyrazin-2-yl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylic acid. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:9485-9489. [PMID: 27714331 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01799a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our ongoing synthetic quest to expand the frontiers of contemporary medicinal chemistry, we now report an expedient synthesis of a potentially useful bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane building block, 3-(pyrazin-2-yl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylic acid. This report also showcases the application of this motif as a probe in a biological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navanita T Thirumoorthi
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science technology and Research (A*STAR), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01, Singapore 138665, Singapore.
| | - Vikrant A Adsool
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science technology and Research (A*STAR), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01, Singapore 138665, Singapore.
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28
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29
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Makarov IS, Brocklehurst CE, Karaghiosoff K, Koch G, Knochel P. Synthese von Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan‐Bioisosteren von internen Alkinen und
para
‐disubstituierten Benzolen unter Verwendung von [1.1.1]Propellan. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya S. Makarov
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Cara E. Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Klybeckstrasse 141 4057 Basel Schweiz
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Guido Koch
- Global Discovery Chemistry Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Klybeckstrasse 141 4057 Basel Schweiz
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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30
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Makarov IS, Brocklehurst CE, Karaghiosoff K, Koch G, Knochel P. Synthesis of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Bioisosteres of Internal Alkynes and para-Disubstituted Benzenes from [1.1.1]Propellane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12774-12777. [PMID: 28786520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a general preparation of arylated bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes through the opening of [1.1.1]propellane with various arylmagnesium halides. After transmetalation with ZnCl2 and Negishi cross-coupling with aryl and heteroaryl halides, bis-arylated bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes are obtained. These bis-arylated bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes may be considered as bioisosteres of internal alkynes. Bioisosteres of tazarotene and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine were prepared and their physicochemical properties were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya S Makarov
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Cara E Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 141 Klybeckstrasse, 4057, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Guido Koch
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 141 Klybeckstrasse, 4057, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
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31
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Goh YL, Cui YT, Pendharkar V, Adsool VA. Toward Resolving the Resveratrol Conundrum: Synthesis and in Vivo Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of BCP-Resveratrol. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:516-520. [PMID: 28523103 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, resveratrol has gained significance due to its impressive array of biological activities; however, its true potential as a drug has been severely constrained by its poor bioavailability. Indeed, several studies have implicated this bioavailability trait as a major road-block to resveratrol's potential clinical applications. To mitigate this pharmacokinetic issue, we envisioned a tactical bioisosteric modification of resveratrol to bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) resveratrol. Relying on the beneficial bioisosteric potential demonstrated by the BCP-scaffold, we hypothesized that BCP-resveratrol would have an inherently better in vivo PK profile as compared to its natural counterpart. To validate such a hypothesis, it was necessary to secure a synthetic access to this novel structure. Herein we describe the first synthesis of BCP-resveratrol and disclose its PK properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ling Goh
- Institute
of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01, Singapore 138665, Singapore
| | - Yan Ting Cui
- Institute
of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01, Singapore 138665, Singapore
| | - Vishal Pendharkar
- Experimental
Therapeutic Center (ETC), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Vikrant A. Adsool
- Institute
of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01, Singapore 138665, Singapore
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32
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Dilmaç AM, Spuling E, de Meijere A, Bräse S. Propellane: von chemischen Kuriositäten zu “explosiven” Materialen und Naturstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Dilmaç
- Institut für Organische Chemie (IOC); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Eduard Spuling
- Institut für Organische Chemie (IOC); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Armin de Meijere
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institut für Organische Chemie (IOC); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik (ITG); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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33
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Dilmaç AM, Spuling E, de Meijere A, Bräse S. Propellanes-From a Chemical Curiosity to "Explosive" Materials and Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5684-5718. [PMID: 27905166 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Propellanes are a unique class of compounds currently consisting of well over 10 000 representatives, all featuring two more or less inverted tetrahedral carbon atoms that are common to three bridging rings. The central single bond between the two bridgeheads is significantly weakened in the smaller entities, which leads to unusual reactivities of these structurally interesting propeller-like molecules. This Review highlights the synthesis of such propellanes and their occurrence in material sciences, natural products, and medicinal chemistry. The conversion of [1.1.1]propellane into bridgehead derivatives of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, including oligomers and polymers with bicyclo[1.1.1]penta-1,3-diyl repeat units, is also featured. A selection of natural products with larger propellane subunits are discussed in detail. Heteropropellanes and inorganic propellanes are also addressed. The historical background is touched in brief to show the pioneering work of David Ginsburg, Günther Snatzke, Kenneth B. Wiberg, Günter Szeimies, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Dilmaç
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eduard Spuling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Armin de Meijere
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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34
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Molecular Basis for Modulation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors and Their Drug Actions by Extracellular Ca 2. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030672. [PMID: 28335551 PMCID: PMC5372683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) associated with the slow phase of the glutamatergic signaling pathway in neurons of the central nervous system have gained importance as drug targets for chronic neurodegenerative diseases. While extracellular Ca2+ was reported to exhibit direct activation and modulation via an allosteric site, the identification of those binding sites was challenged by weak binding. Herein, we review the discovery of extracellular Ca2+ in regulation of mGluRs, summarize the recent developments in probing Ca2+ binding and its co-regulation of the receptor based on structural and biochemical analysis, and discuss the molecular basis for Ca2+ to regulate various classes of drug action as well as its importance as an allosteric modulator in mGluRs.
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35
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Measom ND, Down KD, Hirst DJ, Jamieson C, Manas ES, Patel VK, Somers DO. Investigation of a Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane as a Phenyl Replacement within an LpPLA 2 Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:43-48. [PMID: 28105273 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the incorporation of a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane moiety within two known LpPLA2 inhibitors to act as bioisosteric phenyl replacements. An efficient synthesis to the target compounds was enabled with a dichlorocarbene insertion into a bicyclo[1.1.0]butane system being the key transformation. Potency, physicochemical, and X-ray crystallographic data were obtained to compare the known inhibitors to their bioisosteric counterparts, which showed the isostere was well tolerated and positively impacted on the physicochemical profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D. Measom
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Kenneth D. Down
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - David J. Hirst
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Craig Jamieson
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Eric S. Manas
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Vipulkumar K. Patel
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Don O. Somers
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
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Zur AA, Chien HC, Augustyn E, Flint A, Heeren N, Finke K, Hernandez C, Hansen L, Miller S, Lin L, Giacomini KM, Colas C, Schlessinger A, Thomas AA. LAT1 activity of carboxylic acid bioisosteres: Evaluation of hydroxamic acids as substrates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5000-5006. [PMID: 27624080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a solute carrier protein located primarily in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that offers the potential to deliver drugs to the brain. It is also up-regulated in cancer cells, as part of a tumor's increased metabolic demands. Previously, amino acid prodrugs have been shown to be transported by LAT1. Carboxylic acid bioisosteres may afford prodrugs with an altered physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profile than those derived from natural amino acids, allowing for higher brain or tumor levels of drug and/or lower toxicity. The effect of replacing phenylalanine's carboxylic acid with a tetrazole, acylsulfonamide and hydroxamic acid (HA) bioisostere was examined. Compounds were tested for their ability to be LAT1 substrates using both cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation cell assays. As HA-Phe demonstrated weak substrate activity, its structure-activity relationship (SAR) was further explored by synthesis and testing of HA derivatives of other LAT1 amino acid substrates (i.e., Tyr, Leu, Ile, and Met). The potential for a false positive in the trans-stimulation assay caused by parent amino acid was evaluated by conducting compound stability experiments for both HA-Leu and the corresponding methyl ester derivative. We concluded that HA's are transported by LAT1. In addition, our results lend support to a recent account that amino acid esters are LAT1 substrates, and that hydrogen bonding may be as important as charge for interaction with the transporter binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik A Zur
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Evan Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Andrew Flint
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Nathan Heeren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Karissa Finke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Christopher Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Logan Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Sydney Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Lawrence Lin
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Claire Colas
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Allen A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States.
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Meanwell NA. Improving Drug Design: An Update on Recent Applications of Efficiency Metrics, Strategies for Replacing Problematic Elements, and Compounds in Nontraditional Drug Space. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:564-616. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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Zhuo X, Cantone JL, Wang Y, Leet JE, Drexler DM, Yeung KS, Huang XS, Eastman KJ, Parcella KE, Mosure KW, Soars MG, Kadow JF, Johnson BM. Phosphocholine Conjugation: An Unexpected In Vivo Conjugation Pathway Associated with Hepatitis C NS5B Inhibitors Featuring A Bicyclo[1.1.1]Pentane. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1332-1340. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.069062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Popova EA, Trifonov RE. Synthesis and biological properties of amino acids and peptides containing a tetrazolyl moiety. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pomierny-Chamioło L, Rup K, Pomierny B, Niedzielska E, Kalivas PW, Filip M. Metabotropic glutamatergic receptors and their ligands in drug addiction. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:281-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Goh YL, Tam EK, Bernardo PH, Cheong CB, Johannes CW, William AD, Adsool VA. A New Route to Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-amine from 1-Azido-3-iodobicyclo[1.1.1]pentane. Org Lett 2014; 16:1884-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500635p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ling Goh
- Institute of Chemical and
Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research
(A*STAR), 11 Biopolis
Way, Helios Block, #03-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Eric K.W. Tam
- Institute of Chemical and
Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research
(A*STAR), 11 Biopolis
Way, Helios Block, #03-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Paul H. Bernardo
- Institute of Chemical and
Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research
(A*STAR), 11 Biopolis
Way, Helios Block, #03-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Choon Boon Cheong
- Institute of Chemical and
Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research
(A*STAR), 11 Biopolis
Way, Helios Block, #03-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Charles W. Johannes
- Institute of Chemical and
Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research
(A*STAR), 11 Biopolis
Way, Helios Block, #03-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Anthony D. William
- Institute of Chemical and
Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research
(A*STAR), 11 Biopolis
Way, Helios Block, #03-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Vikrant A. Adsool
- Institute of Chemical and
Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research
(A*STAR), 11 Biopolis
Way, Helios Block, #03-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
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Meanwell NA. The Influence of Bioisosteres in Drug Design: Tactical Applications to Address Developability Problems. TACTICS IN CONTEMPORARY DRUG DESIGN 2014; 9. [PMCID: PMC7416817 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of bioisosteres in drug discovery is a well-established design concept that has demonstrated utility as an approach to solving a range of problems that affect candidate optimization, progression, and durability. In this chapter, the application of isosteric substitution is explored in a fashion that focuses on the development of practical solutions to problems that are encountered in typical optimization campaigns. The role of bioisosteres to affect intrinsic potency and selectivity, influence conformation, solve problems associated with drug developability, including P-glycoprotein recognition, modulating basicity, solubility, and lipophilicity, and to address issues associated with metabolism and toxicity is used as the underlying theme to capture a spectrum of creative applications of structural emulation in the design of drug candidates.
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Abstract
The carboxylic acid functional group can be an important constituent of a pharmacophore, however, the presence of this moiety can also be responsible for significant drawbacks, including metabolic instability, toxicity, as well as limited passive diffusion across biological membranes. To avoid some of these shortcomings while retaining the desired attributes of the carboxylic acid moiety, medicinal chemists often investigate the use of carboxylic acid (bio)isosteres. The same type of strategy can also be effective for a variety other purposes, for example, to increase the selectivity of a biologically active compound or to create new intellectual property. Several carboxylic acid isosteres have been reported, however, the outcome of any isosteric replacement cannot be readily predicted as this strategy is generally found to be dependent upon the particular context (i.e., the characteristic properties of the drug and the drug-target). As a result, screening of a panel of isosteres is typically required. In this context, the discovery and development of novel carboxylic acid surrogates that could complement the existing palette of isosteres remains an important area of research. The goal of this Minireview is to provide an overview of the most commonly employed carboxylic acid (bio)isosteres and to present representative examples demonstrating the use and utility of each isostere in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ballatore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Altamore TM, Nguyen OTK, Churches QI, Cavanagh K, Nguyen XTT, Duggan SAM, Krippner GY, Duggan PJ. Concise Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure (1'S,2'R)- and (1'R,2'S)-2S-Amino-3-(2'-aminomethyl-cyclopropyl)propionic Acid: Two E-Diastereoisomers of 4,5-Methano-L-lysine. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of both E-isomers of 2S-amino-3-(2′-aminomethyl-cyclopropyl)propionic acid, new methano-l-lysines, is described. The synthetic route includes nine steps from l-methionine, with a key step involving the cyclopropanation of an intermediate E-allylic alcohol. The resultant hydroxymethylcyclopropanes were readily separated and converted into the title α-amino acids. The stereochemistry around the cyclopropane rings was deduced by conducting the cyclopropanation in the presence of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-d-tartaric acid diamide butylboronate, a chiral controller which is known to favour the production of S-hydroxymethyl cyclopropanes from allylic alcohols.
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Stepan AF, Subramanyam C, Efremov IV, Dutra JK, O'Sullivan TJ, DiRico KJ, McDonald WS, Won A, Dorff PH, Nolan CE, Becker SL, Pustilnik LR, Riddell DR, Kauffman GW, Kormos BL, Zhang L, Lu Y, Capetta SH, Green ME, Karki K, Sibley E, Atchison KP, Hallgren AJ, Oborski CE, Robshaw AE, Sneed B, O'Donnell CJ. Application of the bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane motif as a nonclassical phenyl ring bioisostere in the design of a potent and orally active γ-secretase inhibitor. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3414-24. [PMID: 22420884 DOI: 10.1021/jm300094u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the central, para-substituted fluorophenyl ring in the γ-secretase inhibitor 1 (BMS-708,163) with the bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane motif led to the discovery of compound 3, an equipotent enzyme inhibitor with significant improvements in passive permeability and aqueous solubility. The modified biopharmaceutical properties of 3 translated into excellent oral absorption characteristics (~4-fold ↑ C(max) and AUC values relative to 1) in a mouse model of γ-secretase inhibition. In addition, SAR studies into other fluorophenyl replacements indicate the intrinsic advantages of the bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane moiety over conventional phenyl ring replacements with respect to achieving an optimal balance of properties (e.g., γ-secretase inhibition, aqueous solubility/permeability, in vitro metabolic stability). Overall, this work enhances the scope of the [1.1.1]-bicycle beyond that of a mere "spacer" unit and presents a compelling case for its broader application as a phenyl group replacement in scenarios where the aromatic ring count impacts physicochemical parameters and overall drug-likeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia F Stepan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Meanwell NA. Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2529-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1013693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1876] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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