1
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Harsing LG, Timar J, Miklya I. Striking Neurochemical and Behavioral Differences in the Mode of Action of Selegiline and Rasagiline. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13334. [PMID: 37686140 PMCID: PMC10487936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Selegiline and rasagiline are two selective monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In their clinical application, however, differences in L-dopa-sparing potencies have been observed. The aim of this study was to find neurochemical and behavioral explanations for the antiparkinsonian effects of these drugs. We found that selegiline possesses a dopaminergic enhancer effect: it stimulated the electrically induced [3H]dopamine release without influencing the resting [3H]dopamine release from rat striatal slices in 10-10-10-9 mol/L concentrations. Rasagiline added in 10-13 to 10-5 mol/L concentrations did not alter the resting or electrically stimulated [3H]dopamine release. Rasagiline (10-9 mol/L), however, suspended the stimulatory effect of selegiline on the electrically induced [3H]dopamine release. The trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) antagonist EPPTB (10-8-10-7 mol/L) also inhibited the stimulatory effect of selegiline on [3H]dopamine release. The effect of selegiline in its enhancer dose (5.33 nmol/kg) against tetrabenazine-induced learning deficit measured in a shuttle box apparatus was abolished by a 5.84 nmol/kg dose of rasagiline. The selegiline metabolite (-)methamphetamine (10-9 mol/L) also exhibited enhancer activity on [3H]dopamine release. We have concluded that selegiline acts as an MAO-B inhibitor and a dopaminergic enhancer drug, and the latter relates to an agonist effect on TAAR1. In contrast, rasagiline is devoid of enhancer activity but may act as an antagonist on TAAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ildiko Miklya
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (L.G.H.J.); (J.T.)
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2
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Enhancer Regulation of Dopaminergic Neurochemical Transmission in the Striatum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158543. [PMID: 35955676 PMCID: PMC9369307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a Gs protein-coupled, intracellularly located metabotropic receptor. Trace and classic amines, amphetamines, act as agonists on TAAR1; they activate downstream signal transduction influencing neurotransmitter release via intracellular phosphorylation. Our aim was to check the effect of the catecholaminergic activity enhancer compound ((−)BPAP, (R)-(−)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane) on neurotransmitter release via the TAAR1 signaling. Rat striatal slices were prepared and the resting and electrical stimulation-evoked [3H]dopamine release was measured. The releaser (±)methamphetamine evoked non-vesicular [3H]dopamine release in a TAAR1-dependent manner, whereas (−)BPAP potentiated [3H]dopamine release with vesicular origin via TAAR1 mediation. (−)BPAP did not induce non-vesicular [3H]dopamine release. N-Ethylmaleimide, which inhibits SNARE core complex disassembly, potentiated the stimulatory effect of (−)BPAP on vesicular [3H]dopamine release. Subsequent analyses indicated that the dopamine-release stimulatory effect of (−)BPAP was due to an increase in PKC-mediated phosphorylation. We have hypothesized that there are two binding sites present on TAAR1, one for the releaser and one for the enhancer compounds, and they activate different PKC-mediated phosphorylation leading to the evoking of non-vesicular and vesicular dopamine release. (−)BPAP also increased VMAT2 operation enforcing vesicular [3H]dopamine accumulation and release. Vesicular dopamine release promoted by TAAR1 evokes activation of D2 dopamine autoreceptor-mediated presynaptic feedback inhibition. In conclusion, TAAR1 possesses a triggering role in both non-vesicular and vesicular dopamine release, and the mechanism of action of (−)BPAP is linked to the activation of TAAR1 and the signal transduction attached.
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3
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Hrivikova K, Zelena D, Graban J, Puhova A, Miklya I, Balazsfi D, Jezova D. Chronic treatment with enhancer drugs modifies the gene expression of selected parameters related to brain plasticity in rats under stress conditions. Neurochem Int 2022; 159:105404. [PMID: 35853552 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Selegiline, also known as L-deprenyl, and (2R)-1-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-N-propylpentane-2-amine (BPAP) were found to induce enhancement of monoamine neurotransmission in low and very low doses. In addition, these enhancers may modify glutamatergic neurotransmission. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that under stress conditions, chronic treatment with enhancer drugs has a positive impact on the glutamatergic system and other parameters related to brain plasticity, stress-related systems, and anxiety behavior. We exposed male Wistar rats to a chronic mild stress procedure combined with chronic treatment with two synthetic enhancer drugs. The gene expression of GluR1, an AMPA receptor subunit was reduced by repeated treatment with deprenyl in the hippocampus and with both BPAP and deprenyl in the prefrontal cortex. A significant reduction of NMDA receptor subunit GluN2B expression was observed in the hippocampus but not in the prefrontal cortex. Deprenyl treatment led to an enhancement of hippocampal BDNFmRNA concentrations in stress-exposed rats. Treatment with enhancer drugs failed to induce significant changes in stress hormone concentrations or anxiety behavior. In conclusion, the present study in chronically stressed rats showed that concomitant treatment with enhancer drugs did not provoke substantial neuroendocrine changes, but modified gene expression of selected parameters associated with brain plasticity. Observed changes may indicate a positive influence of enhancer drugs on brain plasticity, which is important for preventing negative consequences of chronic stress and enhancement of stress resilience. It may be suggested that the changes in glutamate receptor subunits induced by enhancer drugs are brain region-specific and not dose-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hrivikova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - D Zelena
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083, Budapest, Szigony 43, Hungary
| | - J Graban
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - A Puhova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - I Miklya
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089, Budapest, Nagyvarad Ter 4, Hungary
| | - D Balazsfi
- Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083, Budapest, Szigony 43, Hungary
| | - D Jezova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Qi H, Han K, Chen S. Palladium-Catalyzed Aryl-Furanylation of Alkenes: Synthesis of Benzofuran-Containing 3,3-Disubstituted Oxindoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9384-9395. [PMID: 34210128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel palladium-catalyzed aryl-furanylation of alkenes is described. This protocol provided a straightforward route to the synthesis of various benzofuran-containing 3,3-disubstitutedoxindole derivatives bearing a quarternary carbon center. In the cascade process, one C(sp2)-O bond, two C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds, an oxindole, and a furan ring are formed in a single chemical operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Qi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Kaiming Han
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Shufeng Chen
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
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5
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Synthetic enhancer compounds, besides acting on biogenic amine system, influence the glutamate transmission and stress response. Behav Brain Res 2020; 378:112290. [PMID: 31610214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutically available enhancer selegiline/(-)-deprenyl (DEP) in the clinically used dose shows antidepressant effect, but nothing is known about this effect in enhancer dose, and its effect on co-morbid anxiety. Moreover, data about the antidepressant/antianxiety effects of the serotonin-influencing enhancer, (2R)-1-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-N-propylpentane-2-amine (BPAP) are also missing. The aim of the present paper is to establish the role of enhancer regulation in anxiety and follow the changes in the phosphorylation of glutamate subunits in prefrontal cortex as well as stress-related organ and hormonal changes as possible background mechanism. The effect of 3-week-treatment of rats with specific (0.001 mg/kg for DEP, 0.0001 mg/kg for BPAP) and non-specific (0.1 mg/kg for DEP, 0.05 mg/kg for BPAP) enhancer doses were evaluated on anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open-field (OF) tests. Phosphorylated glutamatergic GluR1 and GluN2B subunits were analyzed by Western blot. Changes in the stress-regulatory system were evaluated by measuring the organ weights and blood corticosterone concentrations. Non-specific enhancer doses had a tendency for anxiolysis on EPM, while only 0.1 mg/kg DEP elevated motility in OF. Specific enhancer doses significantly increased the expression of both glutamatergic receptor subunits; non-specific doses elevated only pGluR1. Treatments had no effects on stress-like organ weights; however, the specific enhancer doses significantly reduced the dark phase resting corticosterone levels. The study proved the enhancer-sensitivity of the glutamatergic transmitter system and suggested enhancer-induced stabilization of stress-hormone levels without major impact on non-stimulated anxiety-like behavior.
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6
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Kalvacherla B, Batthula S, Balasubramanian S, Palakodety RK. Transition-Metal-Free Cyclization of Propargylic Alcohols with Aryne: Synthesis of 3-Benzofuranyl-2-oxindole and 3-Spirooxindole Benzofuran Derivatives ⊥. Org Lett 2018; 20:3824-3828. [PMID: 29920110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented base-mediated cyclization of propargylic alcohols with aryne is reported, providing a novel method for the synthesis of 3-benzofuranyl-2-oxindole and 3-spirooxindole benzofuran scaffolds via a propargyl Claisen rearrangement/cycloaddition pathway. The nature of the substituent on acetylene group of propargylic alcohol influences the outcome of the reaction. The protocol offers a transition-metal-free and operationally simple methodology with broad substrate scope as a ready access to complex oxindole-linked heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babachary Kalvacherla
- D-211, Discovery Laboratory, Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500007 , India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , New Delhi 110025 , India
| | - Srinivas Batthula
- D-211, Discovery Laboratory, Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500007 , India
| | - Sridhar Balasubramanian
- Center for X-ray Crystallography , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500007 , India
| | - Radha Krishna Palakodety
- D-211, Discovery Laboratory, Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500007 , India
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7
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García-Muñoz MJ, Foubelo F, Yus M. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-(2-Aminoalkyl)- and 1,3-Disubstituted Tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]- Benzofuran and Indole Derivatives. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10214-10226. [PMID: 27332863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The addition of an allenyl indium intermediate to chiral N-tert-butanesulfinyl imines 7 proceeds with high levels of diastereocontrol. The resulting homopropargylic amine derivatives 10 were transformed into 2-(2-aminoalkyl)benzofuran and indole derivatives 13 and 19, after Sonogashira coupling with o-iodophenol or o-iodoaniline, followed by formation of the heteroaromatic ring through an intramolecular cyclization. Enantioenriched tetrahydropyrido-benzofuran and indole derivatives 16 and 21 were prepared through a Pictet-Spengler condensation of the free amines derived from compounds 15 and 20, involving the nucleophilic 3-position of the benzofuran or indole moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús García-Muñoz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.,Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Foubelo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.,Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Miguel Yus
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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8
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Lancianesi S, Palmieri A, Petrini M. Synthetic Approaches to 3-(2-Nitroalkyl) Indoles and Their Use to Access Tryptamines and Related Bioactive Compounds. Chem Rev 2014; 114:7108-49. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400676v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lancianesi
- School
of Science and Technology,
Chemistry Division, Università di Camerino, via S. Agostino,
1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- School
of Science and Technology,
Chemistry Division, Università di Camerino, via S. Agostino,
1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Marino Petrini
- School
of Science and Technology,
Chemistry Division, Università di Camerino, via S. Agostino,
1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
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9
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Induction of intrinsic apoptosis pathway in colon cancer HCT-116 cells by novel 2-substituted-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 77:323-33. [PMID: 24657569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
2-Acetyl tetralin (1) reacted with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMF-DMA) to afford the enaminone 3. The reaction of 3 with piperidine and morpholine afforded the trans enaminone 5a,b, respectively. Compound 3 was treated with primary aromatic amines to give secondary enaminones 6a-e. The enaminone 3 reacted with acetylglycine and hippuric acid to yield pyranones 10a, b, respectively. The reaction of enaminone 3 with 1,4-benzoquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone gave benzofuranyl tetralin derivatives 14a,b, respectively. Also, when 3 reacted with 5-amino-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole 15a and 5-amino-1,2,3-triazole 15b, it afforded the new pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine 17a and 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine 17b, respectively. While the reaction of 3 with pyrimidines 18a, b resulted in the formation of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 20a, b, respectively. Investigations of the cytotoxic effect of those compounds against different human cell lines indicated that some compounds showed high selective cytotoxicity against colon cancer HCT-116 cells. Some of these compounds led to DNA damaging and fragmentation that was associated with the induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway. This pathway is initiated by the impairment of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm) and in response to that the mitochondria released cytochrome c increased, that in turn activated caspase-9 and caspase-3 and induced apoptosis. Compounds 17b and 20b were promising anti-cancer agents that induced intrinsic apoptosis pathway in colon cancer cells.
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10
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Finberg JPM. Update on the pharmacology of selective inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B: focus on modulation of CNS monoamine neurotransmitter release. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:133-52. [PMID: 24607445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO) were initially used in medicine following the discovery of their antidepressant action. Subsequently their ability to potentiate the effects of an indirectly-acting sympathomimetic amine such as tyramine was discovered, leading to their limitation in clinical use, except for cases of treatment-resistant depression. More recently, the understanding that: a) potentiation of indirectly-acting sympathomimetic amines is caused by inhibitors of MAO-A but not by inhibitors of MAO-B, and b) that reversible inhibitors of MAO-A cause minimal tyramine potentiation, has led to their re-introduction to clinical use for treatment of depression (reversible MAO-A inhibitors and new dose form MAO-B inhibitor) and treatment of Parkinson's disease (MAO-B inhibitors). The profound neuroprotective properties of propargyl-based inhibitors of MAO-B in preclinical experiments have drawn attention to the possibility of employing these drugs for their neuroprotective effect in neurodegenerative diseases, and have raised the question of the involvement of the MAO-mediated reaction as a source of reactive free radicals. Despite the long-standing history of MAO inhibitors in medicine, the way in which they affect neuronal release of monoamine neurotransmitters is still poorly understood. In recent years, the detailed chemical structure of MAO-B and MAO-A has become available, providing new possibilities for synthesis of mechanism-based inhibitors. This review describes the latest advances in understanding the way in which MAO inhibitors affect the release of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin (5-HT) in the CNS, with an accent on the importance of these effects for the clinical actions of the drugs.
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Abdelhamid AO, El-Ghandour AH, El-Reedy AAM. Reactions of Hydrazonoyl Halides 571: Reactions of 1-Bromo-2-(5-Chlorobenzofuranyl)Ethanedione-1-Phenylhydrazone. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200800060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Choi MJ, Lee H, Lee JH, Jung KH, Kim D, Hong S, Hong SS. The effect of HS-111, a novel thiazolamine derivative, on apoptosis and angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:747-54. [PMID: 22553069 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies, yet there have been no significant advances in effective therapeutics. In this study, HS-111 was synthesized as a novel thiazolamine derivative, N-(5-(2-chlorobenzyl) thiazole-2-yl) benzofuran-2-carboxamide, and its anticancer effect and mechanism were examined in human HCC cells. HS-111 strongly suppressed the growth of HCC cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also, apoptosis by HS-111 was identified by DAPI and TUNEL staining, and the increases of the cleaved caspase-3 were observed. In addition, HS-111 decreased protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and inhibited tube formation and the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). These results showed that HS-111 not only inhibited cell growth and angiogenesis, but also induced apoptosis of human HCC cells. We suggest that HS-111 may be a potential candidate for chemotherapy against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Joo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 400-712, Korea
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13
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Johnston TH, Millar Z, Huot P, Wagg K, Thiele S, Salomonczyk D, Yong‐Kee CJ, Gandy MN, McIldowie M, Lewis KD, Gomez‐Ramirez J, Lee J, Fox SH, Martin‐Iverson M, Nash JE, Piggott MJ, Brotchie JM. A novel MDMA analogue, UWA‐101, that lacks psychoactivity and cytotoxicity, enhances
l
‐DOPA benefit in parkinsonian primates. FASEB J 2012; 26:2154-63. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-195016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom H. Johnston
- Toronto Western Research InstituteToronto Western HospitalUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Zak Millar
- School of Medicine and PharmacologyThe University of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Philippe Huot
- Toronto Western Research InstituteToronto Western HospitalUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Keith Wagg
- Department of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Sherri Thiele
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Toronto at ScarboroughTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Danielle Salomonczyk
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Toronto at ScarboroughTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Michael N. Gandy
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Matthew McIldowie
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Katie D. Lewis
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Jordi Gomez‐Ramirez
- Toronto Western Research InstituteToronto Western HospitalUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Joohyung Lee
- Toronto Western Research InstituteToronto Western HospitalUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Susan H. Fox
- Movement Disorders ClinicToronto Western HospitalUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Mathew Martin‐Iverson
- School of Medicine and PharmacologyThe University of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Joanne E. Nash
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Toronto at ScarboroughTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Matthew J. Piggott
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Jonathan M. Brotchie
- Toronto Western Research InstituteToronto Western HospitalUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
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14
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An efficient synthesis of benzofuran derivatives under conventional/non-conventional method. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2010.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Hiranita T, Yamamoto T, Nawata Y. A tryptamine-derived catecholaminergic enhancer, (−)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane [(−)-BPAP], attenuates reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuroscience 2010; 165:300-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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M. Dawood K, A. Kheder N, S. Darwish E. Synthesis and Some New Indolizine and Pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline Derivatives via Nitrogen Ylides. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-11527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Abdelhamid AO, Mohamed MA, Zaki YH. Reactions With Hydrazonoyl Halides 59: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 2,3-Dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole, Triazolino[4,3-a]pyrimidine, and Pyrimido[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazin-6-one Containing Benzofuran Moiety. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500701734265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdou O. Abdelhamid
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. Mohamed
- b Department of Textile, Faculty of Industrial Education , Beni-Suef University , Egypt
| | - Yasser H. Zaki
- c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Beni-Suef University , Egypt
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18
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Tsunekawa H, Noda Y, Miyazaki M, Yoneda F, Nabeshima T, Wang D. Effects of (R)-(−)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane hydrochloride [(−)-BPAP] in animal models of mood disorders. Behav Brain Res 2008; 189:107-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dawood KM, Abdel-Gawad H, Ellithey M, Mohamed HA, Hegazi B. Synthesis, Anticonvulsant, and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Some New Benzofuran-Based Heterocycles. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:133-40. [PMID: 16528794 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200500176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of 2-bromoacetylbenzofuran (2) with pyridine afforded its corresponding pyridinium bromide 3. The latter salt reacted with some activated alkenes and acetylenes to give the corresponding indolizine derivatives. Treatment of the salt 3 with benzylidenemalononitriles 9 afforded polysubstituted aniline derivatives, however with arylidenecyanothioacetamides 15 it gave the corresponding 4,5-dihydrothiophenes. Bromide 3 also coupled with p-chlorobenzenediazonium salt followed by ammonium acetate to give the corresponding 1,2,4,5-tetrazine derivative. The biological activity of the newly synthesized compounds was examined and some of them were found to possess anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M Dawood
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
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Saravanan KS, Sindhu KM, Senthilkumar KS, Mohanakumar KP. L-deprenyl protects against rotenone-induced, oxidative stress-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in rats. Neurochem Int 2006; 49:28-40. [PMID: 16490285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 12/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated oxidative damage and neuroprotective effect of the antiparkinsonian drug, L-deprenyl in neuronal death produced by intranigral infusion of a potent mitochondrial complex-I inhibitor, rotenone in rats. Unilateral stereotaxic intranigral infusion of rotenone caused significant decrease of striatal dopamine levels as measured employing HPLC-electrochemistry, and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the perikarya of ipsilateral substantia nigra (SN) neurons and their terminals in the striatum. Rotenone-induced increases in the salicylate hydroxylation products, 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid indicators of hydroxyl radials in mitochondrial P2 fraction were dose-dependently attenuated by L-deprenyl. L-deprenyl (0.1-10mg/kg; i.p.) treatment dose-dependently attenuated rotenone-induced reductions in complex-I activity and glutathione (GSH) levels in the SN, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the striatum or SN as well as striatal dopamine. Amphetamine-induced stereotypic rotations in these rats were also significantly inhibited by deprenyl administration. The rotenone-induced elevated activities of cytosolic antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase showed further significant increase following L-deprenyl. Our findings suggest that unilateral intranigral infusion of rotenone reproduces neurochemical, neuropathological and behavioral features of PD in rats and L-deprenyl can rescue the dopaminergic neurons from rotenone-mediated neurodegeneration in them. These results not only establish oxidative stress as one of the major causative factors underlying dopaminergic neurodegeneration as observed in Parkinson's disease, but also support the view that deprenyl is a potent free radical scavenger and an antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppagounder S Saravanan
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Calcutta 700032, India
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Dawood KM, Abdel-Gawad H, Rageb EA, Ellithey M, Mohamed HA. Synthesis, anticonvulsant, and anti-inflammatory evaluation of some new benzotriazole and benzofuran-based heterocycles. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3672-80. [PMID: 16464601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of 2-bromoacetylbenzofuran with 1H-benzotriazole afforded 1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-(benzotriazol-1-yl)ethanone which reacted with phenylisothiocyanate to give the corresponding thioacetanilide derivatives. Treatment of the latter ethanone and thioacetanilide derivatives with hydrazonoyl chlorides afforded the corresponding pyrazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. The thioacetanilide derivative reacted with alpha-haloketones and alpha-halodiketones to afford thiophene and thiazole derivatives, respectively. The newly synthesized compounds were found to possess anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory activities with the same mechanism of action of selective COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M Dawood
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
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Gaszner P, Miklya I. Major depression and the synthetic enhancer substances, (-)-deprenyl and R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:5-14. [PMID: 16023777 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because of the high number of therapy-resistant depressions and the growing number of suicides, there is still a great need for the development of antidepressants with a new pharmacological spectrum. The finding that phenylethylamine and tryptamine are endogenous enhancers of the impulse propagation mediated release of catecholamines and serotonin in the brain, and the development of synthetic enhancer substances opened the possibility to stimulate catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the brain stem via a previously unknown mechanism. (-)-Deprenyl, a prototype of the phenylethylamine-derived synthetic enhancer substances, stimulates the catecholaminergic neurons in the brain but is almost ineffective on the serotonergic neurons. R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane, (-)-BPAP, the recently developed tryptamine-derived selective synthetic enhancer substance, is a hundred times more potent enhancer of the catecholaminergic neuronal activity than (-)-deprenyl, and is also a highly potent stimulant of the serotonergic neurons. Evaluation of the peculiar pharmacological profile, the high potency and unusual safeness and tolerability of (-)-BPAP cherish the hope that this compound by itself and in combination with uptake inhibitors may improve the effectiveness of drug therapy in major depression and diminish the number of therapy resistant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gaszner
- National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, H-1021 Huvösvölgyi út 116, Budapest, Hungary.
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Zhang H, Ferreira EM, Stoltz BM. Direct Oxidative Heck Cyclizations: Intramolecular Fujiwara-Moritani Arylations for the Synthesis of Functionalized Benzofurans and Dihydrobenzofurans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhang H, Ferreira EM, Stoltz BM. Direct Oxidative Heck Cyclizations: Intramolecular Fujiwara-Moritani Arylations for the Synthesis of Functionalized Benzofurans and Dihydrobenzofurans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:6144-8. [PMID: 15549760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Zhang
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 164-30, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Shimazu S, Miklya I. Pharmacological studies with endogenous enhancer substances: beta-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, and their synthetic derivatives. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004; 28:421-7. [PMID: 15093948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of enhancer regulation in the mesencephalon and the concept that it plays a key role in the operation of innate and acquired drives [Neurochem. Res. 28 (2003) 1187] sets the trace amines (TAs) in their true physiological perspective. The regulation is defined as the existence of enhancer-sensitive neurons in the brain capable of working in a split-second on a high activity level due to endogenous enhancer substances. For the time being, only beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) and tryptamine are the experimentally analyzed examples. (-)-Deprenyl (selegiline), widely used in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease today, and known as the first selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) type-B inhibitor for decades, was identified as a PEA-derived synthetic mesencephalic enhancer substance. An important and convincing confirmation of the enhancer concept was the recent development of a highly specific and potent tryptamine-derived synthetic mesencephalic enhancer substance, (-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane [(-)-BPAP]. This substance, which is specific and hundreds of times more potent than selegiline, is now the best experimental tool to study the enhancer regulation in the mesencephalon and a promising candidate to significantly surpass the therapeutic efficiency of selegiline in depression, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Shimazu
- Research Institute, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, 1-3-40 Nishiotsuka, Matsubara, Osaka 580-0011, Japan.
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Shimazu S, Tsunekawa H, Yoneda F, Katsuki H, Akaike A, Janowsky A. Transporter-mediated actions of R-(−)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 482:9-16. [PMID: 14659999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
R-(-)-1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane [(-)-BPAP] is a catecholaminergic and serotonergic activity enhancer that increases impulse-evoked catecholamine and serotonin release from nerve terminals, and is a candidate for symptomatic treatment of early Parkinson's disease. We now report the catecholamine and serotonin transporter-mediated actions of (-)-BPAP. The effects of (-)-BPAP on inhibition of neurotransmitter uptake and radioligand binding were assessed using human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK 293 cells) expressing cDNA for the human dopamine transporter (hDAT), norepinephrine transporter (hNET), and serotonin transporter (hSERT). The IC(50) values for the effects of (-)-BPAP on [3H]dopamine, [3H]norepinephrine, and [3H]serotonin uptake were 42+/-9, 52+/-19, and 640+/-120 nM, respectively. The IC(50) values for the effects of (-)-BPAP on [125I]3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane-2 beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester ([125I]RTI-55) binding to hDAT, hNET, and hSERT were 16+/-2, 211+/-61, and 638+/-63 nM, respectively. The effects of (-)-BPAP on spontaneous and tyramine-induced norepinephrine and dopamine release from rat brain synaptosomes using a superfusion system were also assessed. Tyramine but not (-)-BPAP potentiated norepinephrine release. Furthermore, (-)-BPAP inhibited tyramine-induced norepinephrine release. Thus, (-)-BPAP may block tyramine-induced adverse effects such as hypertensive crisis. The actions of (-)-BPAP on the spontaneous and tyramine-induced dopamine release resembled its effects on norepinephrine release. We conclude that (-)-BPAP is not only catecholaminergic and serotonergic activity enhancer, but also a norepinephrine and dopamine uptake inhibitor and a weak serotonin uptake inhibitor that does not possess a tyramine-like action on catecholamine release, and is an inhibitor of tyramine-induced release of norepinephrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Shimazu
- Institute of Research and Development, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, 1-3-40 Nishiotsuka, Matsubara, Osaka 580-0011, Japan.
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Knoll J. Enhancer regulation/endogenous and synthetic enhancer compounds: a neurochemical concept of the innate and acquired drives. Neurochem Res 2003; 28:1275-97. [PMID: 12834268 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024224311289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review is to summarize experimental evidence and theoretical consideration in support of the concept that a mesencephalic enhancer regulation is the basis of the limited number of innate drives indispensable for the survival of the individual and the species, while a specifically organized telencephalic enhancer regulation is the basis of the acquired drives to reach an unlimited number of dispensable goals. The study is also an overview of the experimental and clinical data supporting the proposal that, due to the progressive decay of the mesencephalic enhancer regulation with the passing of time, the prophylactic administration of a synthetic enhancer substance [(-)-deprenyl, (-)-BPAP] during postdevelopmental life could significantly slow the age-related decay of behavioral performances, prolong life, and prevent the precipitation or delay the onset of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Knoll
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of General Medicine, Semmelweis University, POB 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary.
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Miklya I, Knoll B, Knoll J. An HPLC tracing of the enhancer regulation in selected discrete brain areas of food-deprived rats. Life Sci 2003; 72:2923-30. [PMID: 12697275 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of the enhancer regulation in the mammalian brain brought a different perspective to the brain-organized realization of goal-oriented behavior, which is the quintessence of plastic behavioral descriptions such as drive or motivation. According to this new approach, 'drive' means that special endogenous enhancer substances enhance the impulse-propagation-mediated release of transmitters in a proper population of enhancer-sensitive neurons, and keep these neurons in the state of enhanced excitability until the goal is reached. However, to reach any goal needs the participation of the catecholaminergic machinery, the engine of the brain. We developed a method to detect the specific enhancer effect of synthetic enhancer substances [(-)-deprenyl, (-)-PPAP, (-)-BPAP] by measuring the release of transmitters from freshly isolated selected discrete brain areas (striatum, substantia nigra, tuberculum olfactorium, locus coeruleus, raphe) by the aid of HPLC with electrochemical detection. To test the validity of the working hypothesis that in any form of goal-seeking behavior the catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons work on a higher activity level, we compared the amount of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin released from selected discrete brain areas isolated from the brain of sated and food-deprived rats. Rats were deprived of food for 48 and 72 hours, respectively, and the state of excitability of their catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons in comparison to that of sated rats was measured. We tested the orienting-searching reflex activity of the rats in a special open field, isolated thereafter selected discrete brain areas and measured the release of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin from the proper tissue samples into the organ bath. The orienting-searching reflex activity of the rats increased proportionally to the time elapsed from the last feed and the amount of dopamine released from the striatum, substantia nigra and tuberculum olfactorium, that of norepinephrine released from the locus coeruleus and that of serotonin released from the raphe increased significantly in the hungry rats proportionally to the time of fasting. For example: the amount of dopamine released from the substantia nigra of sated rats (4.62 +/- 0.20 nmoles/g wet weight) increased to 5.95 +/- 0.37 (P < 0.05) and 10.67 +/- 0.44 (P < 0.01) in rats deprived of food for 48 and 72 hours, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Miklya
- Neuropsychopharmacological Research Unit of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.B. 370, H-1445, Budapest, Hungary
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Miklya I, Knoll J. Analysis of the effect of (-)-BPAP, a selective enhancer of the impulse propagation mediated release of catecholamines and serotonin in the brain. Life Sci 2003; 72:2915-21. [PMID: 12697274 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous and synthetic enhancer substances enhance in low concentration the impulse propagation mediated release of transmitters from the catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the brain. The purpose of this study was to see whether uptake or MAO inhibition or agonists have similar enhancing prospectives as the enhancer substances. We measured the electrical stimulation induced release of [3H]-norepinephrine or [3H]-dopamine or [3H]-serotonin from the isolated brain stem of rats. (-)-1-Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane HCl [(-)-BPAP] was used as a prototype of the enhancer compounds. 50 ng/ml (-)-BPAP was the most effective concentration in enhancing the nerve stimulation induced release of [3H]-norepinephrine and [3H]-dopamine, 10 ng/ml (-)-BPAP was highly effective in enhancing the release of [3H]-serotonin. In contrast, 250 ng/ml desmethylimipramine (DMI), a selective inhibitor of the uptake of norepinephrine, did not change significantly the nerve stimulation induced release of [3H]-norepinephrine and 50 ng/ml fluoxetine, a selective inhibitor of the uptake of serotonin, did not change the release of [3H]-serotonin. Neither 250 ng/ml clorgyline, a selective inhibitor of MAO-A, nor 250 ng/ml lazabemide, a selective inhibitor MAO-B, was capable to significantly increase the nerve stimulation induced release of either [3H]-serotonin or [3H]-norepinephrine. The potent dopamine receptor agonists, pergolide and bromocriptine did not change significantly the release of [3H]-dopamine in 50 ng/ml concentration, which is sufficient to stimulate the dopamine receptors. The results prove that stimulation of catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the brain via the enhancing mechanism is clearly different from influencing uptake or MAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Miklya
- Neuropsychopharmacological Research Unit of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.B. 370, H-1445, Budapest, Hungary
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Enhancer substances: selegiline and R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane [(-)-BPAP] enhance the neurotrophic factor synthesis on cultured mouse astrocytes. Life Sci 2003; 72:2785-92. [PMID: 12679194 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane [(-)-BPAP] is a potent "catecholaminergic and serotonergic activity enhancer (CAE/SAE)", which enhances the impulse-evoked catecholamines and serotonin release, e.g. (-)-BPAP enhances in vitro norepinephrine efflux from the slices of locus coeruleus in a bipolar manner with the two effective ranges of low (fM-pM level) and high (nM-microM level) concentrations. Here, the effects of (-)-BPAP and selegiline on the cultured mouse astrocytes were studied. The protein levels of the neurotrophic factors (NGF, BDNF and GDNF) in the conditioned medium of cultured astrocytes were determined by using ELISA. In the cultured astrocytes incubated for 24 h with selegiline, the synthesis of NGF and BDNF was significantly enhanced in the concentration dependent manner, with minimum effective concentrations of 4 x 10(-4) and 5 x 10(-4) M, respectively. (-)-BPAP also enhanced the NGF, BDNF and GDNF synthesis, with minimum effective concentrations of 5 x 10(-5), 1 x 10(-5), and 1 x 10(-6) M, respectively. Although the effects of (-)-BPAP on the NGF synthesis was tested in the range of 1 x 10(-15)-5 x 10(-4) M, the concentration response curve of (-)-BPAP was a single bell shape with the peak effect at 1 x 10(-4) M, and did not show any effects in low concentrations such as fM-pM level. Each concentration response curve of (-)-BPAP on BDNF and GDNF synthesis was a single bell shape with peak effects at 1 x 10(-3) M and 1 x 10(-4) M, respectively.
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Miklya I, Knoll B, Knoll J. A pharmacological analysis elucidating why, in contrast to (-)-deprenyl (selegiline), alpha-tocopherol was ineffective in the DATATOP study. Life Sci 2003; 72:2641-8. [PMID: 12672509 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Parkinson Study Group who conducted the Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism (DATATOP) trial designed their study in the belief that the MAO inhibitor (-)-deprenyl (selegiline), the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol, and the combination of the two compounds will slow the clinical progression of the disease to the extent that MAO activity and the formation of oxygen radicals contribute to the pathogenesis of nigral degeneration. In fact, (-)-deprenyl only delayed the onset of disability associated with early, otherwise untreated Parkinson's disease, however, in contrast to the expectation of the authors, alpha-tocopherol proved to be ineffective in the DATATOP study. Enhancer substances, (-)-deprenyl, (-)-1-phenyl-2-propylaminopentane [(-)-PPAP] the (-)-deprenyl analogue free of MAO inhibitory potency, and R-(-)1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane [(-)-BPAP] the presently known most potent enhancer substance, are peculiar stimulants. They enhance the impulse propagation mediated release of the catecholamines in the brain. Due to their enhancer effect, the amount of catecholamines released from selected discrete brain areas (striatum, substantia nigra, tuberculum olfactorium, locus coeruleus) is significantly higher in rats treated with an enhancer substance than in saline treated rats. We compared the effect of (-)-deprenyl 0.025 and 0.25 mg/kg, (-)-PPAP 0.1 mg/kg, (-)-BPAP 0.0001 mg/kg, and alpha-tocopherol 25 and 50 mg/kg, in this test. The doses of (-)-deprenyl and alpha-tocopherol were selected to be in compliance with the dose given in the DATATOP study. Compared to saline treated rats, the enhancer substances significantly increased the amount of dopamine released from the striatum, substantia nigra and tuberculum olfactorium and the amount of norepinephrine released from the locus coeruleus; alpha-tocopherol was ineffective. The results indicate that alpha-tocopherol was ineffective, because, unlike (-)-deprenyl it dose not enhance the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Miklya
- Neuropsychopharmacological Research Unit of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.B. 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary
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Shimazu S, Tamashiro A, Yoneda F, Knoll J. The L-DOPA-sparing effect of R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane hydrochloride [(-)-BPAP] in reserpine-pretreated rats. Life Sci 2003; 72:1413-9. [PMID: 12527038 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
R-(-)-1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane hydrochloride [(-)-BPAP], a highly potent enhancer of impulse propagation-mediated release of catecholamines and serotonin in the brain, and significantly increased the locomotor activity of normal rats at the doses of 0.3 and 1 mg/kg s.c. (P < 0.05), while L-DOPA (200 and 400 mg/kg i.p.) had no significant effect. The locomotor activity of rats simultaneously administered L-DOPA and (-)-BPAP was significantly higher than with (-)-BPAP alone (P < 0.05). In rats pretreated with reserpine (1 mg/kg i.v.), the hypolocomotion was significantly reversed by 400 mg/kg i.p. L-DOPA, or 1 or 3 mg/kg s.c. (-)-BPAP (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the combined administration of subthreshold doses of 200 mg/kg i.p. L-DOPA and 0.3 mg/kg s.c. (-)-BPAP highly potentiated the locomotor activity in the reserpine-pretreated rats. However, (-)-BPAP failed to reverse the hypolocomotion in rats pretreated with reserpine + alpha-methyl-DL-p-tyrosine. Thus, (-)-BPAP was demonstrated to possess the L-DOPA-sparing effect in normal and reserpine-pretreated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Shimazu
- Research Institute, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, 1-3-40 Nishiotsuka, Matsubara, Osaka 580-0011, Japan.
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Macleod C, McKiernan GJ, Guthrie EJ, Farrugia LJ, Hamprecht DW, Macritchie J, Hartley RC. Synthesis of 2-substituted benzofurans and indoles using functionalized titanium benzylidene reagents on solid phase. J Org Chem 2003; 68:387-401. [PMID: 12530864 DOI: 10.1021/jo026384o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Titanium(IV) benzylidenes bearing a masked oxygen or nitrogen nucleophile in the ortho position were generated from thioacetals, using low-valent titanocene complex, Cp2Ti[P(OEt)3]2. Methylene acetal, alkyl ether, silyl ether, fluoro, tertiary amino, and N-alkyl, N-benzyl, N-prenyl, and N-silyl tert-butyl carbamate groups were tolerated in the titanium alkylidene reagents (Schrock carbenes). Aryl-chlorine bonds were stable to the titanium benzylidene functionality, but there was poor chemoselectivity for the reduction of the thioacetal in the presence of an aryl chloride. The titanium benzylidenes converted Merrifield and Wang resin-bound esters into enol ethers. The oxygen nucleophile was masked as a TMS ether, and when the resin-bound enol ethers bearing this ortho substituent were treated with 1% TFA in dichloromethane, benzofurans were released from resin in high yields. The chameleon catch strategy ensured excellent purity. In a similar way, N-alkylated and N-silylated tert-butyl carbamates were used for the synthesis of N-alkyl and N-Boc indoles, respectively. These traceless solid-phase syntheses of heterocycles are believed to involve postcleavage modification rather than cyclative termination.
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Knoll J, Miklya I, Knoll B. Stimulation of the catecholaminergic and serotoninergic neurons in the rat brain by R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane, (-)-BPAP. Life Sci 2002; 71:2137-44. [PMID: 12204771 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
R-(-)-1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane HCl, (-)-BPAP, the recently developed selective and much more potent catecholaminergic/serotoninergic enhancer (CAE/SAE) substance than (-)-deprenyl enhances the performance of midbrain neurons, both in vivo and ex vivo, in a characteristic complex manner, presenting one bell shape dose/concentration effect curve in the low nanomolar range and another at higher micromolar range. For example, 4.7 +/- 0.10 nmol/g wet weight noradrenaline was released within 20 min from the quickly removed locus coeruleus of saline treated rats. This amount was increased 30 min after the subcutaneous administration of 0.0005 mg/kg (-)-BPAP to 15.4 +/- 0.55 nmol/g (P < 0.001). However, following the injection of a hundred times higher, 0.05 mg/kg, dose of (-)-BPAP, the amount of noradrenaline (4.3 +/- 0.25 nmol/g) released from the locus coeruleus did not differ from the control value. In ex vivo experiments, when the isolated locus coeruleus was soaked in an organ bath containing (-)-BPAP, the release of noradrenaline was significantly enhanced from 10(-16) M concentration, reached a peak effect at 10(-13) M concentration, but 10(-10) M (-)-BPAP was ineffective. A significant enhancer effect was detected also in the high concentration range from 10(-8) M, the peak effect was reached at 10(-6) M concentration and 10(-5) M (-)-BPAP was ineffective. (-)-BPAP enhanced in the low concentration range the performance of dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurons with a peak effect at 10(-13) and 10(-12) M concentration, respectively. The results with (-)-BPAP, the highly specific artificial enhancer substance, suggest that (i) high and low affinity "enhancer" receptors may exist in the brain, and (ii) that they may be identified with the recently cloned family of the "trace amine" receptors, activated by beta-phenylethylamine and tryptamine, the prototypes of the endogenous enhancer substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Knoll
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of General Medicine, Semmelweis University, P.O.B. 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary.
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Knoll J, Miklya I, Knoll B, Yasusa T, Shimazu S, Yoneda F. 1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)aminopentane HCl, 3-F-BPAP, antagonizes the enhancer effect of (-)-BPAP in the shuttle box and leaves the effect of (-)-deprenyl unchanged. Life Sci 2002; 71:1975-84. [PMID: 12175892 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The subcutaneous administration of 1 mg/kg tetrabenazine, once daily for 5 days, which depletes the catecholamine stores in the brain, significantly inhibits in rats the acquisition of a two-way conditioned avoidance reflex in the shuttle box. Enhancer substances, the tryptamine-derived selective and highly potent enhancer, R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane HCl [(-)-BPAP] (0.05-10 mg/kg), the beta-phenylethylamine (PEA)-derived enhancer, (-)-deprenyl (1-5 mg/kg) and the (-)-deprenyl analogue, free of MAO-B inhibitory potency, (-)-1-phenyl-2-propylaminopentane HCl [(-)-PPAP], (1-5 mg/kg), antagonize in a dose-dependent manner the inhibition of learning caused by tetrabenazine. 1-(Benzofuran 2 yl)-2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)aminopentane HCl [3 F BPAP], a newly synthetized analogue of (-)-BPAP with low specific activity, significantly antagonized the enhancer effect of (-)-BPAP but left the effect of (-)-deprenyl and (-)-PPAP unchanged. This is the first proof for a difference in the mechanism of action between a PEA-derived enhancer substance and its tryptamine-derived peer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Knoll
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of General Medicine, Semmelweis University, P.O.B. 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary.
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Ohta K, Ohta M, Mizuta I, Fujinami A, Shimazu S, Sato N, Yoneda F, Hayashi K, Kuno S. The novel catecholaminergic and serotoninergic activity enhancer R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane up-regulates neurotrophic factor synthesis in mouse astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2002; 328:205-8. [PMID: 12147307 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the novel catecholaminergic and serotoninergic activity enhancer R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane ((-)-BPAP) on the synthesis and secretion of neurotrophins, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), in cultured mouse astrocytes. The protein and mRNA levels of the neurotrophic factors were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction methods, respectively. The amounts of NGF, BDNF, and GDNF secreted from astrocytes into the culture medium increased by up to 120, two, and seven times higher than those of the control, respectively, by treatment with 0.35 mM (-)-BPAP for 24 h. The increases in NGF and GDNF induced by the treatment with (-)-BPAP was inhibited by concomitant treatment with actinomycin D for transcriptional blockade. Furthermore, the treatment with (-)-BPAP for 6 h increased the mRNA expression of NGF, BDNF, and GDNF. These results suggest that (-)-BPAP up-regulated neurotrophic factor synthesis in cultured astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoe Ohta
- Clinical Research Center, Utano National Hospital, Narutaki, Ukyo, 616-8255, Kyoto, Japan.
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Magyar K, Lengyel J, Bolehovszky A, Knoll B, Miklya I, Knoll J. The fate of (-)1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane . HCl, (-)-BPAP, in rats, a potent enhancer of the impulse-evoked release of catecholamines and serotonin in the brain. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2002; 27:157-61. [PMID: 12365195 DOI: 10.1007/bf03190451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to study the fate of (-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane .HCl [(-)-BPAP] in rats, using radio-labelled compound [(-)-BPAP-14C]. Radioactivity was measured by liquid scintillation technique and the tissue concentrations of radioactivity were calculated on the basis of the specific activity of (-)-BPAP-14C and the values are given in ngeq./g. Radioactivity was well absorbed after i.p., s.c. and oral treatment and Cmax has been reached at 30 to 60 min following drug administration. A second peak, detected at 4 hours, indicated enterohepatic circulation of the substance. The highest tissue levels of radioactivity were reached at 30 min following s.c. treatment. The time-related changes of radioactivity were measured in nine selected brain regions after s.c. administration of (-)-BPAP-14C. A similar distribution profile was observed in the brain regions with a peak level at 30 min. Radioactivity is preferentially eliminated through the urine, the secondary route of excretion was the stool. More than 90% of the substance was recovered in the excreta during 72 hours. The t1/2 beta was found to be 5.5 to 5.8 hours. (-)-BPAP was well absorbed and penetrated the brain. Its elimination was fast and enterohepatic circulation was observed in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Magyar
- Central Isotope Laboratory, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of General Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Shimazu S, Takahata K, Katsuki H, Tsunekawa H, Tanigawa A, Yoneda F, Knoll J, Akaike A. (-)-1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane enhances locomotor activity in rats due to its ability to induce dopamine release. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 421:181-9. [PMID: 11516435 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
"Catecholaminergic and serotoninergic activity enhancer" effects are newly found mechanisms of action of a class of compound that enhance impulse propagation-mediated release of catecholamines and serotonin in the brain. In the present study, (-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane hydrochloride [(-)-BPAP HCl], a compound with selective and potent "catecholaminergic and serotoninergic activity enhancer" effects, was tested for its efficacy to potentiate locomotor activity in normal rats and to attenuate hypolocomotion in reserpine-treated rats. (-)-BPAP HCl potentiated locomotor activity in non-habituated rats during a 2-h observation period dose-dependently (0.3-10 mg/kg). (-)-BPAP HCl (1-3 mg/kg) was also effective to reverse reserpine-induced hypolocomotion. The effects of (-)-BPAP HCl in normal and reserpine-treated rats were attenuated by the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine (SCH 23390), suggesting that the effects of (-)-BPAP HCl were mediated by activation of the dopaminergic system. In addition, the administration of (-)-BPAP HCl increased ipsilateral turning in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats, implying presynaptic activation of nigrostriatal dopaminergic terminals by (-)-BPAP HCl. Furthermore, although antiparkinsonian agents, such as apomorphine and amantadine, failed to improve reserpine-induced ptosis, (-)-BPAP HCl significantly improved ptosis. These findings suggested that a "catecholaminergic and serotoninergic activity enhancer" compound, (-)-BPAP, stimulates motor function in rats and improves motor deficits in animal models of Parkinson's disease due to its ability to induce dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimazu
- Institute of Research and Development, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, 1-3-40 Nishiotsuka, Osaka 580-8503, Matsubara, Japan
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