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Pedron C, Antunes FTT, Rebelo IN, Campos MM, Correa ÁP, Klein CP, de Oliveira IB, do Nascimento Cordeiro M, Gomez MV, de Souza AH. Phoneutria nigriventer Tx3-3 peptide toxin reduces fibromyalgia symptoms in mice. Neuropeptides 2021; 85:102094. [PMID: 33171335 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is characterized by the amplification of central nervous system pain with concomitant fatigue, sleep, mood disorders, depression, and anxiety. It needs extensive pharmacological therapy. In the present study, Swiss mice were treated with reserpine (0.25 mg/kg, s.c.) over three consecutive days, in order to reproduce the pathogenic process of fibromyalgia. On day 4, the administrations of the Tx3-3 toxin produced significant antinociception in the mechanical allodynia (87.16% ±12.7%) and thermal hyperalgesia (49.46% ± 10.6%) tests when compared with the PBS group. The effects produced by the classical analgesics (duloxetine 30 mg/kg, pramipexole 1 mg/kg, and pregabalin 30 mg/kg, p.o., respectively) in both of the tests also demonstrated antinociception. The administrations were able to increase the levels of the biogenic amines (5-HTP and DE) in the brain. The treatments with pramipexole and pregabalin, but not duloxetine, decreased the immobility time in the FM-induced animals that were submitted to the forced swimming test; however, the Tx3-3 toxin (87.45% ± 4.3%) showed better results. Taken together, the data has provided novel evidence of the ability of the Tx3-3 toxin to reduce painful and depressive symptoms, indicating that it may have significant potential in the treatment of FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pedron
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology for the Health Sciences, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Flavia Tasmin Techera Antunes
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology for the Health Sciences, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Isadora Nunes Rebelo
- Department of Pharmacy, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Martha Campos
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Research Center, School of Health Sciences, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Áurea Pandolfo Correa
- Department of Pharmacy, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Caroline Peres Klein
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Research Center, School of Health Sciences, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcus Vinícius Gomez
- Grupo Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Núcleo de Pós-Graduação, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Hubner de Souza
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology for the Health Sciences, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul 92425-900, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul 92425-900, Brazil.
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Zakharova NM, Tarahovsky YS, Komelina NP, Fadeeva IS, Kovtun AL. Long-term pharmacological torpor of rats with feedback-controlled drug administration. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2021; 28:18-21. [PMID: 33612175 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of pharmacological torpor and hypothermia (body temperature 28 °C - 33 °C) in rats for a week is presented. For this purpose, our laboratory has developed a device (BioFeedback-2) for the feed-back controlled multiple injections of small doses of a pharmacological composition that we created earlier. On the 7th day, the rat spontaneously come out of the pharmacological torpor, the body temperature returned to normal, and on the 8th day, the animal could consume food and water. The proposed approach for maintaining multi-day pharmacological torpor can be applied in medicine, as well as for protecting astronauts during long missions in space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yury S Tarahovsky
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Natalia P Komelina
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Irina S Fadeeva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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Ikram H, Haleem DJ. Repeated treatment with a low dose of reserpine as a progressive model of Parkinson's dementia. Pak J Pharm Sci 2019; 32:555-562. [PMID: 31081766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Present study was designed to monitor the cognitive profile of the animals upon repeated administration of reserpine, so as to determine that whether these animals should be used as animal models of Parkinson's dementia. In the present study, reserpine was injected daily (once a day for three weeks) at the dose of 0.1mg/kg. Short- and long term memories were assessed using a Morris water maze, on weekly basis. Novel object recognition test was performed after completion of the treatment (day 21). Animals were decapitated on day 21 and brain samples were stored at -70ºC until neurochemical analysis by HPLC-EC. Impairment of short- and long term activities (as monitored in Morris water maze) were not observed until after first week. Long term memory was found to be impaired earlier than the short term memory. Novel object recognition test also exhibited reserpine-induced impairment of working memory. Neurochemical analysis of the whole brain samples by HPLC-EC method showed that repeated administration of reserpine significantly increased DOPAC/ DA ratio (p<0.01). While 5-HIAA/ 5-HT ratio was found to be decreased (p<0.05) in reserpine injected animals. This further confirmed that these neurochemical deficits to be the underlying reason in memory impairment. In conclusion, present study provides evidence that repeated administration of reserpine can be used as a 'progressive' animal model of Parkinson's dementia. Results could be beneficial for face validity and screening of the drugs for the treatment of dementia secondary to Parkinson's and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Ikram
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Ortiz A, Gui J, Zahedi F, Yu P, Cho C, Bhattacharya S, Carbone CJ, Yu Q, Katlinski KV, Katlinskaya YV, Handa S, Haas V, Volk SW, Brice AK, Wals K, Matheson NJ, Antrobus R, Ludwig S, Whiteside TL, Sander C, Tarhini AA, Kirkwood JM, Lehner PJ, Guo W, Rui H, Minn AJ, Koumenis C, Diehl JA, Fuchs SY. An Interferon-Driven Oxysterol-Based Defense against Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:33-45.e6. [PMID: 30645975 PMCID: PMC6336114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEV) "educate" healthy cells to promote metastases. We found that melanoma TEV downregulated type I interferon (IFN) receptor and expression of IFN-inducible cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). CH25H produces 25-hydroxycholesterol, which inhibited TEV uptake. Low CH25H levels in leukocytes from melanoma patients correlated with poor prognosis. Mice incapable of downregulating the IFN receptor and Ch25h were resistant to TEV uptake, TEV-induced pre-metastatic niche, and melanoma lung metastases; however, ablation of Ch25h reversed these phenotypes. An anti-hypertensive drug, reserpine, suppressed TEV uptake and disrupted TEV-induced formation of the pre-metastatic niche and melanoma lung metastases. These results suggest the importance of CH25H in defense against education of normal cells by TEV and argue for the use of reserpine in adjuvant melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Gui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Farima Zahedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christina Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher J Carbone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qiujing Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kanstantsin V Katlinski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuliya V Katlinskaya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simran Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Victor Haas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Susan W Volk
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kim Wals
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Sonja Ludwig
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology, and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology, and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cindy Sander
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ahmad A Tarhini
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Andy J Minn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Serge Y Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Many antihypertensive agents exist today for the treatment of primary hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or both). Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have been carried out to investigate the evidence for these agents. There is, for example, strong RCT evidence that thiazides reduce mortality and morbidity. Some of those trials used reserpine as a second-line therapy. However, the dose-related blood pressure reduction with this agent is not known. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this review was to quantify the dose-related efficacy of reserpine versus placebo or no treatment in reducing systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP), or both.We also aimed to evaluate the dose-related effects of reserpine on mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), as well as the dose-related effects on withdrawals due to adverse events. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Hypertension Group Specialised Register (January 1946 to October 2016), CENTRAL (2016, Issue 10), MEDLINE (January 1946 to October 2016), Embase (January 1974 to October 2016), and ClinicalTrials.gov (all dates to October 2016). We also traced citations in the reference sections of the retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Included studies were truly randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing reserpine monotherapy to placebo or no treatment in participants with primary hypertension. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We assessed methods of randomisation and concealment. We extracted and analysed data on blood pressure reduction, heart rate, and withdrawal due to adverse effects. MAIN RESULTS We found four RCTs (with a total of 237 participants) that met the inclusion criteria, none of which we found through the 2016 update search. The overall pooled effect demonstrates a statistically significant systolic blood pressure (SBP) reduction in participants taking reserpine compared with placebo (weighted mean difference (WMD) -7.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) -14.05 to -1.78). Because of significant heterogeneity across the trials, a significant effect in diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) could not be found. A dose of reserpine 0.5 mg/day or greater achieved the SBP effects. However, we could not determine the dose-response pattern because of the small number of trials. We did not combine data from the trial that investigated Rauwiloid against placebo with reserpine data from the remaining three trials. This is because Rauwiloid is a different alkaloid extract of the plant Rauwolfia serpentina, and the dose used is not comparable to reserpine. None of the included trials reported withdrawals due to adverse effects. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Reserpine is effective in reducing SBP roughly to the same degree as other first-line antihypertensive drugs. However, we could not make definite conclusions regarding the dose-response pattern because of the small number of included trials. More RCTs are needed to assess the effects of reserpine on blood pressure and to determine the dose-related safety profile before the role of this drug in the treatment of primary hypertension can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy D Shamon
- Medical Clinic11 George St SouthCambridgeONCanadaN1S 2N3
| | - Marco I Perez
- University of British ColumbiaDepartment of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics2176 Health Science MallVancouverBCCanadaV6T 1Z3
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Lina BAR, Woutersen RA, Bruijntjes JP, van Benthem J, van den Berg JAH, Monbaliu J, Thoolen BJJM, Beems RB, van Kreijl CF. Evaluation of the Xpa-Deficient Transgenic Mouse Model for Short-Term Carcinogenicity Testing: 9-Month Studies with Haloperidol, Reserpine, Phenacetin, and D-Mannitol. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 32:192-201. [PMID: 15200157 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490274344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As part of the international evaluation program coordinated by ILSI/HESI, the potential of DNA repair deficient Xpa- /- mice and the double knockout Xpa- /- .p53+ /- mice for short term carcinogenicity assays was evaluated. For comparison also wild-type C57BL/6 mice (WT) were included in these studies. Four test compounds were administered to groups of 15 male and 15 female Xpa- /- mice, Xpa- /- .p53+ /- mice and WT mice for 39 weeks. The model compounds investigated were haloperidol, reserpine (nongenotoxic rodent carcinogens, putative human noncarcinogens), phenacetin (genotoxic rodent carcinogen, suspected human carcinogen), and D-mannitol (noncarcinogen in rodents and humans). The test compounds were administered as admixture to rodent diet at levels up to 25 mg/kg diet for haloperidol, 7.5 mg/kg diet for reserpine, 0.75% for phenacetin, and 10% for D-mannitol. These levels included the maximum tolerable dose (MTD). Survival was not affected with any of the test compounds. Haloperidol, reserpine and D-mannitol were negative in the carcinogenicity assay with Xpa- /- and Xpa- /- .p53+ /- mice, showing low and comparable tumor incidences in controls and high-dose animals. The results obtained with phenacetin may be designated equivocal in Xpa- /- .p53+ /- mice, based on the occurrence of a single rare tumor in the target organ (kidney) accompanied by a low incidence of hyperplastic renal lesions and a high incidence of karyomegaly. These results are in agreement with the currently known carcinogenic potential of the 4 test compounds in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A R Lina
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Ishola IO, Agbaje EO, Akinleye MO, Ibeh CO, Adeyemi OO. Antidepressant-like effect of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Mull. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) in mice: involvement of monoaminergic system. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 158 Pt A:364-372. [PMID: 25448506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The leaf of Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae) is used in traditional African medicine in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric disorders including depression. Previous studies have shown its potent antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test (FST). Hence, this study sought to investigate the involvement of monoaminergic systems in the antidepressant-like effect elicited by hydroethanolic leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia (HeAC) in the FST. MATERIALS AND METHODS HeAC (25-400mg/kg, p.o.) was administered 1h before the FST. To investigate the contribution of monoaminergic systems to antidepressant-like effect, receptors antagonists were injected 15min before oral administration of HeAC (200mg/kg) to mice and 1h thereafter, subjected to FST. RESULTS HeAC (200 and 400mg/kg, p.o.) produced dose dependent and significant (P<0.001) antidepressant-like effect, in the FST, without accompanying changes in spontaneous locomotor activities in the open-field test. The anti-immobility effect of HeAC (200mg/kg) in the FST was prevented by pretreatment of mice with SCH 23390 (0.05mg/kg, s.c., a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist), sulpiride (50mg/kg, i.p., a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist), prazosin (1mg/kg, i.p., an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist), yohimbine (1mg/kg, i.p., an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist), and GR 127993 (5-HT1B receptor antagonist). Similarly, 3 days intraperitoneal injection of p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA, 150mg/kg, i.p., an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis) prevented the antidepressant-like effect elicited by HeAC. The combination of subeffective doses of imipramine (5mg/kg, p.o.) or fluoxetine (5mg/kg, p.o.), with HeAC (25mg/kg, p.o., subeffective dose) produced a synergistic antidepressant-like effect in the FST. CONCLUSION The hydroethanolic extract of Alchornea cordifolia possesses antidepressant-like effect mediated through interaction with dopamine (D1 and D2), noradrenergic (α1 and α2 adrenoceptors), and serotonergic (5HT1B receptors) systems. Also, the potentiation of the anti-immobility effect of conventional antidepressants (fluoxetine and imipramine) by Alchornea cordifolia suggest potential therapeutic effect in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail O Ishola
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003 Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Esther O Agbaje
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003 Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - Moshood O Akinleye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Chris O Ibeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003 Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmilayo O Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003 Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria
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Minaiyan M, Hajhashemi V, Rabbani M, Fattahian E, Mahzouni P. Evaluation of anti-colitic effect of fluvoxamine against acetic acid-induced colitis in normal and reserpinized depressed rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 746:293-300. [PMID: 25460023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High prevalence of psychological comorbidities such as depression and anxiety in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) supports the premise that adding an anti-depressant drug with known anti-inflammatory effect to the medical treatment have beneficial effect in the course of the underlying disease. Colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of 2 ml of 4% v/v acetic acid solution in rats. Anti-colitic effect of fluvoxamine was evaluated in two categories: A: normal rats, B: reserpinized (6 mg/kg, i.p.) depressed rats. In group A, fluvoxamine (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 2 h after induction of colitis and in group B: reserpine (6 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 1 h prior to colitis induction and then fluvoxamine (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 2 h after colitis induction. Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) was used as reference drug. All the treatments continued daily for five days. The effect was assessed on the basis of macroscopic score, biochemical (myeloperoxidase) changes and histopathological studies. Results showed that fluvoxamine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) and dexamethasone treatment markedly reduced disease severity in both reserpinized and non-reserpinized rats as indicated by reduction in macroscopic and microscopic colonic damages while reserpine adversely exacerbated the colitis damage. Myeloperoxidase activity which was increased following colitis induction was also decreased. The findings of this study elucidate the anti-colitic and anti-inflammatory properties of fluvoxamine and so introduced it as a good candidate to treat depressive symptoms in people comorbid to IBD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/administration & dosage
- Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/therapeutic use
- Antipsychotic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects
- Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use
- Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/psychology
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/enzymology
- Colon/immunology
- Colon/pathology
- Depression/complications
- Depression/drug therapy
- Dexamethasone/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance
- Fluvoxamine/administration & dosage
- Fluvoxamine/adverse effects
- Fluvoxamine/therapeutic use
- Gastrointestinal Agents/administration & dosage
- Gastrointestinal Agents/adverse effects
- Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/enzymology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Male
- Neutrophil Infiltration
- Peroxidase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Peroxidase/chemistry
- Peroxidase/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Rats, Wistar
- Reserpine/administration & dosage
- Reserpine/adverse effects
- Reserpine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Minaiyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Valiollah Hajhashemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Fattahian
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 8815774667, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Parvin Mahzouni
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Kumar B, Jindal A, Pandey DK, Bhatt S, Devadoss T, Mahesh R. Antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects of 4n, a novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist using behaviour based rodent models. Indian J Exp Biol 2012; 50:625-632. [PMID: 23140020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the putative antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects of N-n-Butylquinoxalin-2-carboxamide (4n), a novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, with an optimal log P (2.01) and pA2 value (7.3) greater than ondansetron (6.9) using rodent behavioural models of depression and anxiety. Acute treatment of 4n (1-4 mg/kg, ip) in mice produced antidepressant-like effect in forced swim test (FST) without affecting the baseline locomotion in actophotometer test in mice. 4n (2-4 mg/kg, ip) treatment also potentiated the 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) induced head twitch response in mice. Further, 4n (1-4 mg/kg, ip) treatment antagonized reserpine induced hypothermia in rats. Chronic treatment (14 days) with 4n (1-4 mg/kg) and paroxetine (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the behavioural anomalies induced by bilateral olfactory bulbectomy in rats in modified open field paradigm. An anxiogenic-like behaviour was induced by light alone as the stimulus using light-dark aversion test. 4n (2-4 mg/kg, ip) treatment significantly increased no. of transitions between dark and lit area and the time spent in the lit area. In conclusion, these preliminary investigations confirm that 4n exhibited antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects in rodent models of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baldev Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani 333 031, India.
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Shugalev NP, Stavrovskaia AV, Iamshchikova NG, Ol'shanskiĭ AS, Miroshnichenko EV. [Reproduction of passive avoidance reactions after neurotensin microinjection into nucleus accumbens of rat brain against the background of reserpine action]. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova 2012; 62:357-363. [PMID: 22891581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to reveal the features of the influence of neurotensin injected into the nucleus accumbens on behaviour of rats after systemic administration of reserpine in the dose of 2 mg/kg. Reprodution of passive avoidance conditioned reactions, painful stimulation aftereffects on locomotor activity in the "open field", and behavior in the elevated plus-maze were studied. It was shown that reserpine administration impaired the reproduction of passive avoidance reactions and weakened the oppressing aftereffect of painful stimulation, which can be due to a decrease in anxiety in rats. Neurotensin prevented disorders in the defensive behavior evoked by reserpine and intensified the state of anxiety in the elevated plus-maze. The positive influence ofneurotensin on the reproduction of passive avoidance can be associated with the recovery of the anxiogenic effect of painful stimulation destroyed by reserpine. Thus, neurotensin injected into the nucleus accumbens could normalize the balance of brain monoaminergic systems.
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Sotoyama H, Zheng Y, Iwakura Y, Mizuno M, Aizawa M, Shcherbakova K, Wang R, Namba H, Nawa H. Pallidal hyperdopaminergic innervation underlying D2 receptor-dependent behavioral deficits in the schizophrenia animal model established by EGF. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25831. [PMID: 22022452 PMCID: PMC3192134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is one of the ErbB receptor ligands implicated in schizophrenia neuropathology as well as in dopaminergic development. Based on the immune inflammatory hypothesis for schizophrenia, neonatal rats are exposed to this cytokine and later develop neurobehavioral abnormality such as prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficit. Here we found that the EGF-treated rats exhibited persistent increases in tyrosine hydroxylase levels and dopamine content in the globus pallidus. Furthermore, pallidal dopamine release was elevated in EGF-treated rats, but normalized by subchronic treatment with risperidone concomitant with amelioration of their PPI deficits. To evaluate pathophysiologic roles of the dopamine abnormality, we administered reserpine bilaterally to the globus pallidus to reduce the local dopamine pool. Reserpine infusion ameliorated PPI deficits of EGF-treated rats without apparent aversive effects on locomotor activity in these rats. We also administered dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptor antagonists (SCH23390 and raclopride) and a D2-like receptor agonist (quinpirole) to the globus pallidus and measured PPI and bar-hang latencies. Raclopride (0.5 and 2.0 µg/site) significantly elevated PPI levels of EGF-treated rats, but SCH23390 (0.5 and 2.0 µg/site) had no effect. The higher dose of raclopride induced catalepsy-like changes in control animals but not in EGF-treated rats. Conversely, local quinpirole administration to EGF-untreated control rats induced PPI deficits and anti-cataleptic behaviors, confirming the pathophysiologic role of the pallidal hyperdopaminergic state. These findings suggest that the pallidal dopaminergic innervation is vulnerable to circulating EGF at perinatal and/or neonatal stages and has strong impact on the D2-like receptor-dependent behavioral deficits relevant to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Sotoyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yingjun Zheng
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuriko Iwakura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizuno
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Miho Aizawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ksenia Shcherbakova
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Namba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Gao XL, Guo WF, Li RL, Chen WW. [Effects of Sijunzi Decoction on urine's xylose excretion rate and ATP in mucosa of spleen deficiency rats]. Zhong Yao Cai 2009; 32:1242-1245. [PMID: 19960947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of Sijunzi Decoction on D-xylose excretion rate and ATP content in the mucosa membranes of small intestines of rats with spleen deficiency. METHODS Spleen deficiency model rats were made by reserpine injection. D-xylose excretion rate was measured with p-bromoaniline method, and the ATP content of small intestines mucosa was detected with bioluminescence method. The correlation between D-xylose excretion rate and ATP content of mucosa was also analyzed. RESULTS Rats' body weight and D-xylose excretion rate decreased after reserpine injection (P < 0.01, vs control group), but increased after treated with Sijunzi Decoction (P < 0.05, vs model group). The ATP content of mucosa showed no significant difference between model group and control group. There was obviously positive correlation between the change of urine's D-xylose excretion rate and mucosa ATP content. CONCLUSION Sijunzi Decoction has the activity of improving xylose absorption in spleen deficiency rats, but no obvious effect on their mucosa ATP content. The reducing of urine's D-xylose excretion rate in spleen deficiency rats is accompanied with the decrease of mucosa ATP content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Gao
- Piwei Institute, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
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Nade VS, Dwivedi S, Kawale LA, Upasani CD, Yadav AV. Effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis on reserpine-induced neurobehavioral and biochemical alterations in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2009; 47:559-563. [PMID: 19761039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Effect of methanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis (100-300 mg/kg) was studied on reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia and neurochemical alterations. The rats were treated with intraperitoneal reserpine (1 mg/kg, ip) for 3 days every other day. On day 5, vacuous chewing movements and tongue protrusions were counted for 5 min. Reserpine treated rats significantly developed vacuous chewing movements and tongue protrusions however, coadministration of Hibiscus rosa sinensis roots extract (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, per orally) attenuated the effects. Biochemical analysis of brain revealed that the reserpine treatment significantly increased lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GSH), an index of oxidative stress process. Coadministration of extract significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation and reversed the decrease in brain SOD, CAT and GSH levels. The results of the present study suggested that Hibiscus rosa sinensis had a protective role against reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Nade
- Department of pharmacology, M.V.P.S College of Pharmacy, Gangapur Road, Shivaji Nagar, Nashik, 422002, India.
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Bulatova NR, Darwish RM. Effect of chemosensitizers on minimum inhibitory concentrations of fluconazole in Candida albicans. Med Princ Pract 2008; 17:117-21. [PMID: 18287794 DOI: 10.1159/000112964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of chemosensitizers on the in vitro activity of fluconazole against Candida albicans strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute method, antifungal activity of fluconazole was determined alone and in combination with 16 chemosensitizers that included verapamil, reserpine, quinine, quinidine, gemfibrozil, lansoprazole, tamoxifen, diltiazem, desipramine, nicardipine, cyclosporine, chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, promethazine, thioridazine, and trifluoperazine. Further studies were done using double combinations of selected chemosensitizers with fluconazole (28 combinations). For testing combinations, half of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each agent was selected in order to avoid the effect of the drug alone. One reference strain (ATCC90028) and one clinical isolate of C. albicans were used for testing the in vitro activity. Broth dilution method was used to determine the MICs of fluconazole and chemosensitizers. RESULTS Of the 16 chemosensitizers tested, 3 exhibited in vitro activity by increasing fluconazole susceptibility to 7-fold. The MICs of the reference strain and clinical isolate for fluconazole were 5.5 and 0.55 microg/ml, respectively, and these were reduced to 0.76 microg/ml by gemfibrozil, 0.83 microg/ml by quinine, and 0.76 microg/ml by chlorpromazine in the reference strain, with MIC reduction to 0.08 microg/ml by all three chemosensitizers in the clinical isolate. Some double combinations reduced the MIC of fluconazole to 10- to 100-fold, even when the chemosensitizers were not effective alone. CONCLUSION The most effective double combinations were those of chlorpromazine with either reserpine or nicardipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailya R Bulatova
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
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Salama AAK, Caja G, Albanell E, Carné S, Casals R, Such X. Mammogenesis and induced lactation with or without reserpine in nulliparous dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:3751-7. [PMID: 17638986 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nulliparous goats were used to evaluate the effects of a standard protocol for inducing lactation with or without using a prolactin-releasing agent (reserpine). Estrus was synchronized and goats were submitted to daily s.c. injections of estradiol-17beta and progesterone (0.5 and 1.25 mg/kg of body weight, respectively) for 7 d. The goats were divided into 2 groups and injected i.m. with 1 mg/d of reserpine (n = 7) or the vehicle (n = 7) on d 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20. Lactation was initiated by i.m. injections of dexamethasone (10 mg/d) from d 18 to 20. Goats were machine milked once daily from d 21 to 120, at which time they were mated with herd sires. Milk was measured and sampled daily during wk 1 of lactation and weekly thereafter. Udder traits were measured in all goats at d -2 (before the induction treatment) and on d 35 and 100 (during lactation). Goats initiated lactation on d 21 (100%) and milk yield increased thereafter. The milk yield of control and reserpine-treated goats increased as lactation advanced, peaking at wk 10 of lactation, when reserpine-treated goats yielded 1,079 +/- 89 mL/d of milk compared with 850 +/- 96 mL/d for control goats. Yet milk yield at the peak was only 55% of the peak milk yield observed in contemporary primiparous goats. The composition of initial milk (d 21) was different from that expected for colostrum. Milk composition stabilized after d 3 of lactation. There were no differences among groups for milk fat, protein, casein, or whey protein, but milk from control goats contained greater nonprotein nitrogen than that from reserpine-treated goats (0.48 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.41 +/- 0.02%). Teat length increased from 24.7 +/- 1.1 to 34.5 +/- 2.4 mm in control goats during mammogenesis (d -2 to 35), but stabilized in reserpine goats (25.2 +/- 2.2 mm). The distance between teats (11.5 +/- 0.4 cm), and the volume (922 +/- 63 mL) and depth (15.6 +/- 0.60 cm) of the udder increased similarly in both groups during mammogenesis and lactation. After mating, 82% of herdmates became pregnant, whereas only 21% of the lactation-induced goats conceived (1 reserpine-treated and 2 control goats). In conclusion, lactation induction was effective in nulliparous goats, but neither milk yield nor the side effects on fertility seem to support its recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A K Salama
- Grup de Recerca en Remugants, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Silva KC, Pinto CC, Biswas SK, Souza DS, de Faria JBL, de Faria JML. Prevention of hypertension abrogates early inflammatory events in the retina of diabetic hypertensive rats. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85:123-9. [PMID: 17493613 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is an important risk factor associated with development and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The mechanisms by which hypertension increases the risk for DR are poorly understood. As the inflammatory mechanisms play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of DR, in the present study, we investigated the effects of diabetes, hypertension, and combination of diabetes and hypertension on early inflammatory phenomena in the retina, and the effects of blood pressure control on retinal inflammation. Four-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their normotensive counterpart Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were rendered diabetic by intravenous injection of streptozotocin. Diabetic SHR rats were randomized to receive no antihypertensive drug (Sd), an antihypertensive drug that acts on renin-angiotensin system (losartan, Sd+Los), or antihypertensive drug that do not affect renin-angiotensin system (triple therapy, Sd+Tri). After 20 days, rats were sacrificed and the retinas were collected. The number of immunohistochemically detected ED1/microglial positive cells and the expression of ICAM-1 in the retina were significantly higher in diabetic SHR than in control SHR (p=0.003). The NF-kappaB p65 levels were higher in SHR compared with WKY groups (p=0.001) and its increment in diabetic SHR was not significant. These abnormalities in diabetic SHR rats were completely prevented by both types of antihypertensive drugs. The concomitance of diabetes and hypertension leads to exuberant inflammatory response in the retina, and the prevention of hypertension abrogates these abnormalities. It is suggested that the inflammatory events may be involved in the mechanism by which hypertension exacerbates retinopathy in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila C Silva
- Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Nephrology Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Aragão GF, Carneiro LMV, Junior APF, Vieira LC, Bandeira PN, Lemos TLG, Viana GSDB. A possible mechanism for anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of alpha- and beta-amyrin from Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 85:827-34. [PMID: 17207523 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of the mixture of alpha- and beta-amyrin (AMY), pentacyclic triterpenes isolated from the stem bark resin of Protium heptaphyllum. These effects of AMY were demonstrated by the open-field, elevated-plus-maze, rota rod, forced swimming, and pentobarbital-induced sleeping time tests, in mice. In the open-field test, AMY at the doses of 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg, after intraperitoneal or oral administrations, significantly decreased the number of crossings, grooming, and rearing. All these effects were reversed by the pre-treatment with flumazenil (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.), similarly to those observed with diazepam used as a positive standard. In the elevated-plus-maze test, AMY increased the time of permanence and the number of entrances in the open arms. On the contrary, the time of permanence and the number of entrances in the closed arms were decreased. All these effects were also completely reversed by flumazenil, an antagonist of benzodiazepine receptors. In the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time test, AMY at the same doses significantly increased the animals sleeping time duration. In the rota rod test, AMY did not alter motor coordination and, thus, was devoid of effects, as related to controls. Since AMY, at the doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg, showed a sedative effect in the open field test, lower doses (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) were used in the forced swimming test, producing a decrease in the immobility time, similarly to that of imipramine, the positive control. The effect of AMI was greater when it was administered 15 min after imipramine (10 mg/kg). However, the antidepressant AMY effects were not altered by the previous administration of paroxetine, a selective blocker of serotonin uptake. In addition, AMY effects in the forced swimming test were totally blocked by reserpine pretreatment, a drug known to induce depletion of biogenic amines. In conclusion, the present work evidenced sedative and anxiolytic effects of AMY that might involve an action on benzodiazepine-type receptors, and also an antidepressant effect where noradrenergic mechanisms will probably play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Aragão
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Rua Cel Nunes de Melo 1127, Fortaleza 60431-970, Brazil
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Tadaiesky MT, Andreatini R, Vital MABF. Different effects of 7-nitroindazole in reserpine-induced hypolocomotion in two strains of mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 535:199-207. [PMID: 16546164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There are a number of reasons for believing that nitric oxide participates in motor control in the striatum. Therefore, effects of neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) were studied on the reserpine model of Parkinson's disease in Swiss and C57BL/6 mice using the open-field test. Mice received reserpine (1 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally). A significant hypolocomotion was observed 24 h and 48 h after reserpine injection. The treatment with 7-nitroindazole (25 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally, 30 min after reserpine) attenuated reserpine-induced hypolocomotion 24 h and 48 h after the treatment in Swiss mice, but not completely in C57BL/6 mice. These results suggest that nitric oxide functions as an intercellular messenger in motor circuits in the brain. Moreover, our data suggests that the comparison of such mouse strains may provide information on genetic basis for strain differences in different sensitivity to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meigy T Tadaiesky
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do Sistema Nervoso Central, Centro Politécnico-Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81531-990, Curitiba, Pr, Brazil
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Yoshida ST, Baella SA, Stuebner NM, Crawford CA, McDougall SA. Effects of a partial D2-like receptor agonist on striatal dopamine autoreceptor functioning in preweanling rats. Brain Res 2006; 1073-1074:269-75. [PMID: 16427034 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that partial D2-like dopamine agonists (e.g., terguride) may not affect D2-like postsynaptic receptors in an adult-typical manner during the preweanling period. To determine whether synthesis modulating dopamine autoreceptors are also affected in an adult atypical manner by partial D2-like agonists, preweanling rats were treated either acutely or repeatedly with reserpine (low dopaminergic tone) or vehicle (high dopaminergic tone). The ability of terguride, quinpirole (a full D2-like agonist), or haloperidol (a D2-like antagonist) to alter striatal DOPA accumulation was assessed after NSD-1015 treatment on postnatal day (PD) 21. In a separate set of experiments, terguride's ability to modulate dopamine synthesis was assessed in rats treated with the nerve impulse flow inhibitor gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). Results showed that both terguride and quinpirole reduced striatal DOPA accumulation during a state of low dopaminergic tone (i.e., after reserpine pretreatment). During a state of high dopaminergic tone (i.e., after vehicle pretreatment), terguride had similar effects as haloperidol and increased DOPA accumulation. Terguride, like quinpirole, partially inhibited the GBL-induced increase in striatal DOPA accumulation. When considered together, these results indicate that synthesis modulating D2-like autoreceptors are functional during the late preweanling period, and they respond in an adult-typical manner to a partial D2-like agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly T Yoshida
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
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Prediger RDS, Da Cunha C, Takahashi RN. Antagonistic interaction between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors modulates the social recognition memory in reserpine-treated rats. Behav Pharmacol 2005; 16:209-18. [PMID: 15961960 DOI: 10.1097/01.fbp.0000166825.62130.9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that antagonistic interactions between specific subtypes of adenosine and dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia are involved in the control of motor activity. However, there are few studies investigating this interaction in other brain regions and its role in additional functions. In the present study, we evaluated whether reserpine-treated rats (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibit altered social recognition memory abilities. The effects of acute administration of the dopamine receptor agonists 7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3 benzazepine (SKF 38393, dopamine D(1) receptor agonist) and quinpirole (dopamine D(2) receptor agonist), together with the adenosine receptor antagonists caffeine (non-selective), 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist) and 4-(2-[7-amino-2-{2-furyl}{1,2,4}triazolo-{2,3-a}{1,3,5}triazin-5-yl-amino]ethyl)phenol (ZM241385, adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist), were also investigated. Twenty-four hours after treatment, reserpine-treated rats exhibited a significant disruption in the ability to recognize a juvenile rat after a short period of time. These animals did not show any motor deficit. The social recognition disruption induced by reserpine was reversed by acute treatment with quinpirole (0.05-0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), caffeine (10.0-30.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or ZM241385 (0.5-1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), but not with SKF 38393 (0.5-3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or DPCPX (0.5-3.0 mg/kg, i.p.). Moreover, a synergistic response was observed following the co-administration of 'non-effective' doses of ZM241385 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) and quinpirole (0.01 mg/kg, i.p.). These results reinforce and extend the notion of antagonistic interactions between adenosine and dopamine receptors, and demonstrate, for the first time, that the blockade of adenosine A(2A) receptors and the activation of dopamine D(2) receptors can reverse the social recognition deficits induced by reserpine in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D S Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
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Watanabe S, Aono Y, Fusa K, Takada K, Saigusa T, Koshikawa N, Cools AR. Contribution of vesicular and cytosolic dopamine to the increased striatal dopamine efflux elicited by intrastriatal injection of dexamphetamine. Neuroscience 2005; 136:251-7. [PMID: 16181742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 06/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of high doses of dexamphetamine induces a dopamine efflux that has its intracellular origin in both the vesicular, reserpine-sensitive dopamine pool and the cytosolic, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine-sensitive, newly synthesized dopamine pool. It remains unknown whether locally administered dexamphetamine produces similar effects. Using a brain microdialysis technique that is combined with a microinjection needle, the contribution of the vesicular and cytosolic pools to the dopamine efflux induced by striatal injection of dexamphetamine was analyzed in rats. The transient striatal dopamine efflux induced by intrastriatal injection of dexamphetamine (1.0 microg/0.5 microl) was significantly reduced by systemic administration of reserpine (5mg/kg i.p., given 24 h earlier) or alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (250 mg/kg i.p., given 2 h earlier). The effects of dexamphetamine on the striatal dopamine were nearly nullified by combined treatment with reserpine and alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine. The sum of the amounts of extracellular dopamine that was sensitive to either reserpine or alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, was far greater than 100%, namely 146.1% of the basal dopamine level and 144.0% of the dexamphetamine-induced dopamine level. The present study indicates that both the vesicular dopamine pool and the cytosolic dopamine pool contribute to the transient increase of striatal dopamine efflux induced by intrastriatal injection of dexamphetamine. This study also suggests that striatally applied dexamphetamine can promote the redistribution of rat striatal dopamine from vesicles to the cytosol in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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MacInnes N, Messenger MJ, Duty S. Activation of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in selected regions of the basal ganglia alleviates akinesia in the reserpine-treated rat. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 141:15-22. [PMID: 14597605 PMCID: PMC1574163 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. This study examined whether group III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor agonists injected into the globus pallidus (GP), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) could reverse reserpine-induced akinesia in the rat. 2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, cannulated above the GP, SNr or third ventricle, were rendered akinetic with reserpine (5 mg kg(-1) s.c.). 18 h later, behavioural effects of the group III mGlu receptor agonists L-serine-O-phosphate (L-SOP) or L-(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4) were examined. 3. In reserpine-treated rats, unilateral injection of L-SOP (2000 and 2500 nmol in 2.5 microl) into the GP produced a significant increase in net contraversive rotations compared to vehicle, reaching a maximum of 83+/-21 rotations 120 min(-1) (n=8). Pretreatment with the group III mGlu receptor antagonist methyl-serine-O-phosphate (M-SOP; 250 nmol in 2.5 microl) inhibited the response to L-SOP (2000 nmol) by 77%. Unilateral injection of L-SOP (250-1000 nmol in 2.5 microl) into the SNr of reserpine-treated rats produced a dose-dependent increase in net contraversive rotations, reaching a maximum of 47+/-6 rotations 30 min(-1) (n=6). M-SOP (50 nmol in 2.5 microl) inhibited the response to L-SOP (500 nmol) by 78%. 4. Following i.c.v. injection, L-SOP (2000-2500 nmol in 2.5 microl) or L-AP4 (0.5-100 nmol in 2 microl) produced a dose-dependent reversal of akinesia, attaining a maximum of 45+/-17 (n=8) and 72+/-3 (n=9) arbitrary locomotor units 30 min(-1), respectively. 6. These studies indicate that injection of group III mGlu receptor agonists into the GP, SNr or cerebral ventricles reverses reserpine-induced akinesia, the mechanism for which remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas MacInnes
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Hodgkin Building, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL
| | - Marcus J Messenger
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Hodgkin Building, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL
| | - Susan Duty
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Hodgkin Building, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL
- Author for correspondence:
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Li M, Luo X, Chen L, Zhang J, Hu J, Lu B. Co-localization of histamine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in sympathetic ganglion and release of histamine from cardiac sympathetic terminals of guinea-pig. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 23:327-33. [PMID: 15255817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2004.00305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to investigate the co-localization of histamine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the superior cervical ganglion of guinea-pig and release of histamine from cardiac sympathetic terminals in guinea-pig isolated atrium. 2. Histidine decarboxylase (a histamine-synthesizing enzyme) mRNA signals were detected in the neurones of superior cervical ganglion of guinea-pig by in situ hybridization. The results of double-labelled immunofluorescence further confirmed the co-localization of histamine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the large principle neurons and small intensely fluorescent cells in the superior cervical ganglion. The immunoreactivities of both histamine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase were significantly attenuated after 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of sympathetic nerves. 3. The refractory electrical field stimulation caused the release of histamine from cardiac sympathetic terminals of guinea-pig isolated atria (112.14 +/- 40.34 ng x ml(-1)), which was significantly attenuated to 35 +/- 15.57 ng x ml(-1) by reserpine pretreatment. Following administering compound 48/80, a mast cell degranulator, electrical field stimulation induced a dramatic increase of endogenous histamine release from isolated atria (303.57 +/-72.93 ng x ml(-1)). When compound 48/80 was added to the reserpine-treated atria, the release of histamine induced by field stimulation was decreased to 207.14 +/- 76.39 ng x ml(-1). 4 These results provide novel evidence that histamine co-exists with noradrenaline in sympathetic nerves and might act as a neurotransmitter to modulate sympathetic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Li
- Department of Pharmacology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P R China
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Iwamoto K, Kato T. Effects of cocaine and reserpine administration on RNA editing of rat 5-HT2C receptor estimated by primer extension combined with denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacogenomics J 2003; 2:335-40. [PMID: 12439740 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2002] [Accepted: 05/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT(2C)R) transcripts undergo RNA editing, generating pharmacologically different isoforms. To test whether the RNA editing of 5-HT(2C)R is regulated by serotonergic activity, effects of cocaine or reserpine administration in the rat cerebral cortex were examined. Although these drugs have been known to alter serotonin metabolism, no alterations in the RNA editing were found by the sequencing analysis. Towards high throughput analysis, we developed a non-RI method that allows accurate and rapid estimation of RNA editing by combining the primer extension with denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). By using this, RNA editing efficiencies of 5-HT(2C)R in the midbrain and hippocampus as well as the cerebral cortex were examined, and no alterations were found among these regions. Our method using DHPLC is applicable to examine association of RNA editing with various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iwamoto
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
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Osornio GA, Chavez M, Peter RE, Cardenas R. Quantification of the Effects of Resperine on Gonadotroph Expression in the Pituitary of Goldfish (Carassius auratus). J Mol Histol 2003; 35:417-20. [PMID: 15503816 DOI: 10.1023/b:hijo.0000039853.24127.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In many teleosts, the control of gonadotropin II (or luteinizing hormone) secretion is under the dual control of stimulatory and inhibitory neuroendocrine factors. The principal stimulating factor is gonadotropin-releasing hormone and the main inhibitor is dopamine. Inhibiting the activities of dopamine by antidopaminergic drugs potentiates the actions of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, resulting in a surge release of luteinizing hormone and ovulation and spawning in a number of different species. As the effects of blocking the inhibitory actions of dopamine on gonadotroph cytology have not been studied, goldfish were treated with 2, 4, 6 or 8 injections of reserpine (0.1 mg/kg body weight), at 48 h intervals, and the numbers of gonadotrophic cells studied at 48 h following last injection. After two injections, the number of gonadotrophic cells increased by 189% over controls; after four injections the increase was 234%; after six injections the increase was 259% and after eight injections, 288%. The results suggest that dopamine has an inhibitory influence on the numbers of gonadotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Osornio
- Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 314, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, México 54090, México
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Abstract
The effects of risperidone, an atypical neuroleptic, were investigated on two animal models of tardive dyskinesia (TD). The repeated administration of reserpine (1.0mg/kg) or haloperidol (2.0mg/kg) induces orofacial movements in mice, which are very similar to those observed in humans presenting TD. The effects of acute or repeated treatment with several doses of risperidone (0.1; 0.5; 2.0 or 4.0) on the expression and development of orofacial movements in reserpine- and haloperidol-treated male mice were investigated. The results showed that risperidone per se did not induce the development of orofacial movements. In addition, this drug was able to attenuate the expression and the development of reserpine-as well as haloperidol-induced orofacial movements. These results are in line with several clinical studies that suggest not only a lower incidence of TD in schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone, but also an antidyskinetic effect of this drug in patients previously treated with classical neuroleptics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Carvalho
- Departamento de Farmacologia, UNIFESP, Rua Botucatu, 862-Ed Leal Prado, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-062, Brazil
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Shimazu S, Tamashiro A, Yoneda F, Knoll J. The L-DOPA-sparing effect of R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane hydrochloride [(-)-BPAP] in reserpine-pretreated rats. Life Sci 2003; 72:1413-9. [PMID: 12527038 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
R-(-)-1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane hydrochloride [(-)-BPAP], a highly potent enhancer of impulse propagation-mediated release of catecholamines and serotonin in the brain, and significantly increased the locomotor activity of normal rats at the doses of 0.3 and 1 mg/kg s.c. (P < 0.05), while L-DOPA (200 and 400 mg/kg i.p.) had no significant effect. The locomotor activity of rats simultaneously administered L-DOPA and (-)-BPAP was significantly higher than with (-)-BPAP alone (P < 0.05). In rats pretreated with reserpine (1 mg/kg i.v.), the hypolocomotion was significantly reversed by 400 mg/kg i.p. L-DOPA, or 1 or 3 mg/kg s.c. (-)-BPAP (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the combined administration of subthreshold doses of 200 mg/kg i.p. L-DOPA and 0.3 mg/kg s.c. (-)-BPAP highly potentiated the locomotor activity in the reserpine-pretreated rats. However, (-)-BPAP failed to reverse the hypolocomotion in rats pretreated with reserpine + alpha-methyl-DL-p-tyrosine. Thus, (-)-BPAP was demonstrated to possess the L-DOPA-sparing effect in normal and reserpine-pretreated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Shimazu
- Research Institute, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, 1-3-40 Nishiotsuka, Matsubara, Osaka 580-0011, Japan.
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Abílio VC, Araujo CCS, Bergamo M, Calvente PRV, D'Almeida V, Ribeiro RDA, Frussa-Filho R. Vitamin E attenuates reserpine-induced oral dyskinesia and striatal oxidized glutathione/reduced glutathione ratio (GSSG/GSH) enhancement in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003; 27:109-14. [PMID: 12551732 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(02)00340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a previous and concomitant treatment with vitamin E (VE) were studied on an animal model of tardive dyskinesia, i.e., the frequency of spontaneous tongue protrusions in rats treated with reserpine (RE). VE (5, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally, daily, for 19 days) attenuated the increase in tongue protrusion frequency induced by RE (1 mg/kg administered subcutaneously, on Days 16 and 18, 1 h after VE), which was quantified on Day 19. In a second experiment, a similar treatment with 20 mg/kg VE attenuated RE-induced increase in the striatal ratio of oxidized/reduced glutathione (GSSG/GSH), an index of the oxidative stress process. These results support the free radical hypothesis of tardive dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Abílio
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862-Ed. Leal Prado, São Paulo, SP CEP 04023-970, Brazil
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Shafi S, Stepanova IP, Fitzsimmons C, Bowyer DE, Born GVR. Long-term low-dose treatment with reserpine of cholesterol-fed rabbits reduces cholesterol in plasma, non-high density lipoproteins and arterial walls. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002; 40:67-79. [PMID: 12072579 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200207000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of long-term low-dose treatment with reserpine on plasma lipoproteins and arterial cholesterol were determined in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors; uptake of LDL by liver, heart, and kidneys; plasma fibrinogen; blood pressure; and heart rate were also determined. Reserpine at 43 microg/kg. d was continuously infused subcutaneously via implanted minipumps for 6 weeks into conscious unrestrained male New Zealand White rabbits (n = 5) fed a 0.2% cholesterol-enriched diet. Compared with controls, reserpine (n = 4) significantly reduced the elevated levels of plasma total cholesterol and esterified and unesterified cholesterol throughout the study, and at 6 weeks of treatment these reductions were 42, 41, and 49%, respectively. The increased cholesterol in the aortic walls (n = 5) produced by the atherogenic diet was reduced by 73% (p < 0.004) and 125I-tyramine cellobiose-labeled LDL by 67 to 86% (0.05 < p <0.004), respectively. The aortic intimal-medial thickness ratio was reduced by 70%. The decrease in elevated plasma total cholesterol was mainly due to cholesterol reductions in both LDL (41%) and non-high density lipoprotein (HDL) of density < 1.019 g/ml (51%). HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were unchanged. Reserpine had no significant effects on the clearance of 125I-tyramine cellobiose-LDL from plasma and there was a trend towards an increase in hepatic LDL receptor expression. Heart rate was decreased by 28%. There were no significant effects on blood pressure, liver and heart lipids, hematocrit, or plasma fibrinogen. The results suggest that treatment of cholesterol-fed rabbits with reserpine at a low dose over a long period prevents increases in plasma atherogenic lipoproteins. Reserpine decreases the cholesterol in aortic walls and the intima-media thickness ratio. This anti-atherosclerotic effect of reserpine may have therapeutic implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Shafi
- Pathopharmacology Unit, The William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's, and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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Skalisz LL, Beijamini V, Joca SL, Vital MABF, Da Cunha C, Andreatini R. Evaluation of the face validity of reserpine administration as an animal model of depression--Parkinson's disease association. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26:879-83. [PMID: 12369260 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(01)00333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop an animal model for the study of depressive symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Mice treated intraperitoneally with reserpine (RES), 2.0 and 1.0 mg/kg, or its vehicle (VEHIC) were submitted to the sucrose solution (2%) consumption test (a model employed to mimic the depressive symptoms found in PD) and to the spontaneous locomotor activity test (a model employed to mimic the motor impairment found in PD). All animals were submitted to both tests. Twenty-four hours after treatment, only RES 2.0-treated animals showed a significantly decreased preference for the sucrose solution (mean +/- S.E.M. RES 2.0 = 54.4 +/- 4.1%, RES 1.0 = 68.5 +/- 2.5%, VEHIC = 62.3 +/- 4.1%). There was no significant difference among groups in water, sucrose or total fluid consumption. Locomotor activity was significantly decreased by both RES doses (number of beam interruptions: RES 2.0 = 59.9 +/- 11.4, RES 1.0 = 82.2 +/- 9.7, VEHIC = 116.8 +/- 8.2). Thus, RES 2.0 administration to mice induced depressive (anhedonia) and motor (decreased locomotor activity) symptoms of depression-PD association. This suggests that the RES model shows an important aspect of face validity for the depressive state associated with PD, i.e., phenomenological similarities between the model and the situation being modeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana L Skalisz
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do Sistema Nervoso Central, Centro Politecnico-Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box 19031, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of neonatal jitteriness (JT) remains unknown. Neonatal JT could be one of the symptoms associated with drug withdrawal syndrome due to maternal medication. To study the influence of chemicals and environment on brain development in the fetal period, Swaab and Mirmiran proposed "behavioral teratology". JT could be one of the targets for this concept. Swaab and Mirmiran postulated that rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM sleep) is useful for studying behavioral teratology. AIM We aimed to determine the neurophysiological alterations in infants with JT by investigating REM sleep. STUDY DESIGN Sleep records were obtained three times for each of six jittery infants. The mothers of three infants had been on medication (either alpha-methyl dopa, reserpine or haloperidol) during pregnancy, whereas the mothers of the other three infants took no medication during pregnancy. REM sleep parameters (the amount of REM sleep against the total sleep time, newly designated indices-tonic inhibition index (TII) and phasic inhibition index--, and the incidences of gross movements, phasic chin muscle activity (PCMA), and bursts of rapid eye movements) in the six jittery infants were compared with those in age-matched controls. RESULTS Regardless of maternal medication, TIIs, which represent the shortening of PCMA during REM sleep, were higher in the jittery infants than in the controls. No other REM sleep parameters showed constant differences between the patients and controls. CONCLUSION Release of the blockade of dopamine D2 receptors in the fetal brain is considered to be critical for the occurrence of neonatal JT with elevation of TII. Since the abnormal elevation of TII continued after 6 months of age when our patients did not show JT anymore, we have to keep monitoring jittery infants from the standpoint of "behavioral teratology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shimohira
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, 113-8519 Tokyo, Japan
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Ferrucci L, Furberg CD, Penninx BW, DiBari M, Williamson JD, Guralnik JM, Chen JG, Applegate WB, Pahor M. Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension is most effective in older patients with high-risk profile. Circulation 2001; 104:1923-6. [PMID: 11602495 DOI: 10.1161/hc4101.097520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although present guidelines suggest that treatment of hypertension is more effective in patients with multiple risk factors and higher risk of cardiovascular events, this hypothesis was never verified in older patients with systolic hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Using data from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program, we calculated the global cardiovascular risk score according to the American Heart Association Multiple Risk Factor Assessment Equation in 4,189 participants free of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and in 264 participants with CVD at baseline. In the placebo group, rates of cardiovascular events over 4.5 years were progressively higher according to higher quartiles of CVD risk. The protection conferred by treatment was similar across quartiles of risk. However, the numbers needed to treat (NNTs) to prevent one cardiovascular event were progressively smaller according to higher cardiovascular risk quartiles. In participants with baseline CVD, the NNTs to prevent one cardiovascular event were similar to those estimated for CVD-free participants in the highest-risk quartile. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of systolic hypertension is most effective in older patients who, because of additional risk factors or prevalent CVD, are at higher risk of developing a cardiovascular event. These patients are prime candidates for antihypertensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ferrucci
- Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, INRCA Geriatric Department, Florence, Italy.
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Yacoubi ME, Ledent C, Parmentier M, Bertorelli R, Ongini E, Costentin J, Vaugeois JM. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists are potential antidepressants: evidence based on pharmacology and A2A receptor knockout mice. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:68-77. [PMID: 11522598 PMCID: PMC1572930 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Adenosine, an ubiquitous neuromodulator, and its analogues have been shown to produce 'depressant' effects in animal models believed to be relevant to depressive disorders, while adenosine receptor antagonists have been found to reverse adenosine-mediated 'depressant' effect. 2. We have designed studies to assess whether adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, or genetic inactivation of the receptor would be effective in established screening procedures, such as tail suspension and forced swim tests, which are predictive of clinical antidepressant activity. 3. Adenosine A2A receptor knockout mice were found to be less sensitive to 'depressant' challenges than their wildtype littermates. Consistently, the adenosine A2A receptor blockers SCH 58261 (1 - 10 mg kg(-1), i.p.) and KW 6002 (0.1 - 10 mg kg(-1), p.o.) reduced the total immobility time in the tail suspension test. 4. The efficacy of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in reducing immobility time in the tail suspension test was confirmed and extended in two groups of mice. Specifically, SCH 58261 (1 - 10 mg kg(-1)) and ZM 241385 (15 - 60 mg kg(-1)) were effective in mice previously screened for having high immobility time, while SCH 58261 at 10 mg kg(-1) reduced immobility of mice that were selectively bred for their spontaneous 'helplessness' in this assay. 5. Additional experiments were carried out using the forced swim test. SCH 58261 at 10 mg kg(-1) reduced the immobility time by 61%, while KW 6002 decreased the total immobility time at the doses of 1 and 10 mg kg(-1) by 75 and 79%, respectively. 6. Administration of the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol (50 - 200 microg kg(-1) i.p.) prevented the antidepressant-like effects elicited by SCH 58261 (10 mg kg(-1) i.p.) in forced swim test whereas it left unaltered its stimulant motor effects. 7. In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that A2A receptor antagonists prolong escape-directed behaviour in two screening tests for antidepressants. Altogether the results support the hypothesis that blockade of the adenosine A2A receptor might be an interesting target for the development of effective antidepressant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika El Yacoubi
- UMR 6036 CNRS, IFRMP 23, U.F.R. de Médecine & Pharmacie, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Ledent
- IRIBHN, U.L.B., Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Parmentier
- IRIBHN, U.L.B., Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, San Raffaele Science Park, Via Olgettina, 58, I-20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Ennio Ongini
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, San Raffaele Science Park, Via Olgettina, 58, I-20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean Costentin
- UMR 6036 CNRS, IFRMP 23, U.F.R. de Médecine & Pharmacie, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marie Vaugeois
- UMR 6036 CNRS, IFRMP 23, U.F.R. de Médecine & Pharmacie, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
- Author for correspondence:
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Poyot T, Condé F, Grégoire MC, Frouin V, Coulon C, Fuseau C, Hinnen F, Dollé F, Hantraye P, Bottlaender M. Anatomic and biochemical correlates of the dopamine transporter ligand 11C-PE2I in normal and parkinsonian primates: comparison with 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21:782-92. [PMID: 11435790 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200107000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) coupled to 6-[18F]Fluoro-L-Dopa (18F-Dopa) remains the gold standard for assessing dysfunctionality concerning the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway in Parkinson's disease and related disorders. The use of ligands of the dopamine transporters (DAT) is an attractive alternative target; consequently, the current aim was to validate one of them, 11C-PE2I, using a multiinjection modeling approach allowing accurate quantitation of DAT densities in the striatum. Experiments were performed in three controls, three MPTP-treated (parkinsonian) baboons, and one reserpine-treated baboon. 11C-PE2I B'max values obtained with this approach were compared with 18F-Dopa input rate constant values (Ki), in vitro Bmax binding of 125I-PE2I, and the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra estimated postmortem by stereology. In the caudate nucleus and putamen, control values for 11C-PE2I B'max were 673 and 658 pmol/mL, respectively, whereas it was strongly reduced in the MPTP-treated (B'max = 26 and 36 pmol/mL) and reserpine-treated animals (B'max = 338 and 483 pmol/mL). In vivo 11C-PE2I B'max values correlated with 18F-Dopa Ki values and in vitro 125I-PE2I Bmax values in the striatum and with the number of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Altogether, these data support the use of 11C-PE2I for monitoring striatal dopaminergic disorders and the effect of potential neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Poyot
- URA CEA CNRS 2210 and Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Département de Recherche Médicale, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, CEA, Orsay Cedex, France
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Yamauchi K, Takaura Y, Noto T, Saegusa T, Nakatsuji S, Ohishi Y. Collaborative work to evaluate toxicity on male reproductive organs by repeated dose studies in rats 7). Effects of reserpine in 2- and 4-weeks studies. J Toxicol Sci 2001; 25 Spec No:79-85. [PMID: 11349458 DOI: 10.2131/jts.25.specialissue_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To assess the efficacy of different period of treatment for evaluating male reproductive toxicity in rats, reserpine was subcutaneously administered on a daily basis to male Sprague-Dawley rats at dosages of 0.05, 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg for 2 weeks or at dosages of 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg for 4 weeks. At the end of the administration period the animals were sacrificed and sperm counts, organ weights and histopathological changes in the reproductive organs were examined. The sperm number in the caudal epididymis and genital organ weights were not affected by reserpine with either 2- or 4-weeks treatment. In the 4-weeks study, histopathological examination of the testes revealed retention of step 19 spermatids in the seminiferous tubules of stages IX to XII and decreased secretory content of the prostate in the 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg groups. In the 2-weeks study, although no distinct histopathological changes were observed in the 0.05 mg/kg group, decreased secretory content of the prostate, apoptosis of spermatocytes in the seminiferous tubules of stage VII and cell debris of the epididymis were observed in the 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg groups. These results suggested that 2-weeks treatment with reserpine is sufficient for detection of testicular toxicity, although higher dosage levels are appropriate than for 4-weeks treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamauchi
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa, Osaka 532-8514, Japan
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Kawamura N, Tsutsumi S, Takeshita S. Collaborative work to evaluate toxicity on male reproductive organs by repeated dose studies in rats 8). Effects of daily subcutaneous administration of reserpine on spermatogenesis for 2 and 4 weeks. J Toxicol Sci 2001; 25 Spec No:87-94. [PMID: 11349459 DOI: 10.2131/jts.25.specialissue_87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To obtain information on the validity and the limitations of 2-weeks repeated-dose toxicity studies to detect effects on the male genital organs of rats, reserpine was administered daily at 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg by subcutaneous injection to Crj:CD(SD)IGS male rats for 2 and 4 weeks (2-weeks and 4-weeks studies). In the 2-weeks study, suppression of body weight gain was observed in the reserpine 0.1 mg/kg group. In the 4-weeks study, suppression of body weight gain and a decrease in prostate weight were observed in the reserpine 0.1 mg/kg group. Slight to moderate retention of step 19 spermatids in the seminiferous tubules (stages IX-XI) was observed in a few animals of both the reserpine 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg groups in both the 2- and 4-weeks studies. However, seminiferous tubule atrophy with degeneration of germ sells was observed sporadically not only in the reserpine groups but also in the control group, and this change might have been the cause of the spermatid retention. Therefore, we were unable to reach a clear conclusion with regard to whether it is possible to detect reserpine toxicity on spermatogenesis in rats after 2-weeks administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kawamura
- Drug Innovation & Approval Division, Aventis Pharma Ltd., 1-3-2 Minamidai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1165, Japan
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Abstract
We investigated micronucleus induction in rats treated with chlorpromazine and reserpine, drugs that induce hypothermia. We administered chlorpromazine (31.3--250mg/kg) or reserpine (500--2000 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and measured temperature rectally. Chlorpromazine at 62.5-250mg/kg and reserpine at all doses significantly decreased rectal temperature, although the hypothermic response was weaker than previously reported in mice. Only chlorpromazine at 250mg/kg decreased rectal temperature transiently to <33 degrees C for 20h and induced a statistically significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte frequency. When rats treated with reserpine at 500mg/kg were exposed to an environmental temperature of 16 degrees C for 6, 12, or 24h to keep their body temperature under 33 degrees C, only the 24h treatment group significantly induced micronuclei. In addition, relatively large micronuclei (diameter of micronucleus> or = 1/4 diameter of cytoplasm) accounted for 33.0% of the induced micronuclei, suggesting that hypothermia affected the mitotic apparatus. The hypothermic response to chlorpromazine and reserpine was weaker in rats than in mice, and it was correspondingly more difficult to induce micronuclei in rats with those drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Asanami
- Naruto Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, 115 Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima 772-8601, Japan.
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Shafi S, Stepanova IP, Fitzsimmons C, Bowyer DE, Welzel D, Born GV. Effects of reserpine on expression of the LDL receptor in liver and on plasma and tissue lipids, low density lipoprotein and fibrinogen in rabbits in vivo. Atherosclerosis 2000; 149:267-75. [PMID: 10729376 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of administering reserpine (0.1 mg/kg) or 17alpha-ethinyloestradiol (2.5 mg/kg) to New Zealand White rabbits on low density lipoprotein receptors in liver, on plasma low density lipoprotein and fibrinogen and on plasma and tissue lipids were determined. Blood pressure and heart rate were also followed. The drugs were injected subcutaneously into conscious unrestrained rabbits for 5 days. On the 6th day homologous 125I-tyramine cellobiose labelled low density lipoprotein (125I-TC-LDL) was injected intravenously and 24 h later the animals were killed. Compared to controls, reserpine significantly increased LDL receptor expression in the liver by about threefold, and reduced total cholesterol in plasma, aorta and heart, without affecting plasma triglycerides. The reductions in plasma cholesterol and heart were due to decreases in both unesterified and esterified cholesterol. Similar effects were observed with oestrogen, except that there was no change in esterified cholesterol in aorta. In liver, a decrease of 24% in total cholesterol was due mainly to decreased esterified cholesterol. In adrenal glands total cholesterol increased by 25%. Reserpine significantly accelerated the plasma clearance of intravenously injected homologous 125I-TC-LDL and reduced its accumulation in aortic wall. Neither reserpine nor oestradiol affected blood pressure, haematocrit or plasma fibrinogen. The results suggest that reserpine is an affective anti-atherogenic drug capable of decreasing cholesterol in plasma, arteries and heart by increasing high affinity LDL receptors in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shafi
- Pathopharmacology Unit, The William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK.
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Dawson L, Chadha A, Megalou M, Duty S. The group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, DCG-IV, alleviates akinesia following intranigral or intraventricular administration in the reserpine-treated rat. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129:541-6. [PMID: 10711353 PMCID: PMC1571875 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. This study examined whether activation of group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) could reverse akinesia in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease (PD). 2. Male Sprague Dawley rats, stereotaxically cannulated above either the SNr or third ventricle, were rendered akinetic by injection of reserpine (5 mg kg-1 s.c.). Eighteen hours later, the rotational behaviour induced by unilateral injection of the group II mGlu receptor agonist, (2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV), was examined. 3. Following intranigral injection, DCG-IV (0.125-0.75 nmol in 0.1 microliter) produced a dose-dependent increase in net contraversive rotations (n = 6-8 animals per dose), reaching a maximum of 395 +/- 51 rotations 60 min-1 after 0.75 nmol. The effects of DCG-IV (0.5 nmol) were inhibited by 63.0 +/- 9.0% following 30 min pre-treatment with the group II mGlu receptor antagonist, (2S)-alpha-ethylglutamic acid (EGLU; 100 nmol in 0.2 microliter; n = 6). 4. Following intraventricular injection, DCG-IV (0.125-1.5 nmol in 2 microliters) produced a dose-dependent increase in bilateral locomotor activity (n = 6-7 animals per dose), reaching a maximum of 180 +/- 21 locomotor units 30 min-1 after 0.5 nmol. Pre-treatment with EGLU (200 nmol in 2 microliters) inhibited the effects of DCG-IV (0.5 nmol) by 68.2 +/- 12.3% (n = 5). 5. These data show that activation of group II mGlu receptors in the SNr provides relief of akinesia in the reserpinized rat model of PD. The reversal seen following intraventricular administration supports the likely therapeutic benefit of systemically-active group II mGlu receptor agonists in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Dawson
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Hodgkin Building, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL
| | - Anita Chadha
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Hodgkin Building, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL
| | - Maria Megalou
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Hodgkin Building, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL
| | - Susan Duty
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Hodgkin Building, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL
- Author for correspondence:
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Urios P, Grigorova-Borsos AM, Mozère G, Nakib S, Dauchy F, Peyroux J, Sternberg M. Cyclic guanosylmonophosphate urinary excretion in parasympathicomimetic or parasympatholytic syndromes induced by reserpine or diphemanil-methylsulfate. Life Sci 1999; 64:113-23. [PMID: 10069489 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Parasympathetic hyperactivity is found in some infants presenting faint episodes and could be responsible of certain Sudden Infant Death Syndrome cases. Therefore it was interesting to look for a noninvasive biochemical indicator of parasympathetic activity. A parasympaticomimetic syndrome associated with muscarinic receptor stimulation, which has been followed during 48 h, was obtained in the awake rat by reserpine injection (6.25 mg/kg at T0 and T24h), and a model of prolonged parasympatholytic syndrome, by administration of diphemanil-methylsulfate (DPMS), a muscarinic receptor inhibitor, in drinking water (mean daily dosis: 150 mg/kg). Significant bradycardia and tachycardia were respectively observed. In the reserpine-treated rats we found significantly increased cyclic guanosylmonophosphate (cGMP) urinary excretion between T24h and T48h, when compared with vehicle-treated controls (+87% in one experiment, +135% in the other, when expressed in pmol/microg creatinine); norepinephrine urinary excretion between T24h and T48h was decreased (-44%); the increase in cGMP urinary excretion was not significantly modified by the NO-synthase inhibitor, L-nitroarginine-methyl-ester. In the DPMS-treated rats, we observed a significantly decreased cGMP (-20%) and increased norepinephrine urinary excretion (+61%). Thus cGMP excretion varied in opposite directions in the reserpine- and DPMS-treated rats. The link between these modifications in cGMP excretion and muscarinic receptor stimulation or blockade has still to be fully demonstrated. Urinary cGMP excretion could be tested as screening parameter in infants at risk of faint episodes associated with bradycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Urios
- Equipe de Recherches sur la Biochimie et la Pharmacologie des Vaisseaux et du Rein, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris V & VI, France
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Abstract
Despite recent advances in determining central serotonin (5-HT) function, the basic aspects by which serotonin neurotransmission is controlled and regulated are still not understood. Since the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is involved in terminating the action of 5-HT that is released from the presynaptic nerve terminal, the regulation of 5-HTT may be an important step in controlling 5-HT neurotransmission at the synaptic cleft. The present study investigated the effects of reserpine administration on 5-HTT gene expression as well as on tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) expression in the rat brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with reserpine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and sacrificed at 8 h, 3 days, 7 days or 21 days after the injection. Control rats were injected with saline and sacrificed either at 8 h or 21 days after the injection. The midbrain region was dissected, RNA was isolated and probed for 5-HTT expression using Northern Blotting. Data were analyzed using Super-Anova followed by post-hoc Dunnett's test. While mRNA levels for 5-HTT were unchanged at 8 h after reserpine, a significant decrease was noted at 3 days and 7 days (F=10; p<0.0001). 5-HTT mRNA levels returned to control levels by 21 days. In contrast, TPH expression was unaltered at all time points examined. The results of this study provide useful information regarding the role that the 5-HTT may be playing in the homeostatic control of 5-HT neurotransmission at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M Siepmann
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Medizinische Fakultät der TU Dresden.
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Maekawa M, Murayama T, Ono S, Narita H, Nomura Y. The effects of T-588, a novel cognitive enhancer, on noradrenaline uptake and release in rat cerebral cortical slices. Jpn J Pharmacol 1998; 77:155-60. [PMID: 9681572 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.77.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that (R)-(-)-1-(benzo[b]thiophen-5-yl)-2-[2-(N,N-diethylamino)-ethoxy]e thanol hydrochloride (T-588), a novel cognitive enhancer, stimulated noradrenaline (NA) release from rat cerebral cortical slices. In this study, we investigated the effects of T-588 on NA uptake and release, compared to the effects of desipramine, a blocker of the NA carrier on the plasma membrane. Both T-588 and desipramine caused dose-dependent inhibition of [3H]NA uptake into the slices. Addition of 3 mM T-588 stimulated [3H]NA release from the prelabeled slices even in the presence of 10 microM desipramine, which inhibited NA uptake completely. Tyramine, which accelerates NA carrier-mediated release, also stimulated [3H]NA release, and tyramine-stimulated release was inhibited by desipramine. These findings indicated that T-588-stimulated NA release was not mediated by 1) inhibition of reuptake or 2) reverse transport mediated by NA carriers. Reserpine, which interacts with the intracellular vesicular transport system, increased [3H]NA efflux from slices. High K+-, not T-588-, stimulated [3H]NA release was shifted upward by reserpine. These findings suggest that T-588 evokes NA release by a mechanism similar to that induced by reserpine. T-588 might act as a cognitive enhancer via neurotransmitter release in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maekawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Kanoh N, Hori K, Ishigaki T, Hori S. Effect of serotonin on ouabain-sensitive, K+-dependent, p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity in strial marginal cells of normal and reserpinized guinea pigs. Histochem J 1998; 30:263-6. [PMID: 9610817 DOI: 10.1023/a:1003211923250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Na+,K+-ATPase activity is abundant on the basolateral infoldings of the strial marginal cells and contributes to the maintenance of the characteristic electrolyte composition of the endolymph. However, the stria vascularis of the cochlea is known not to be innervated. In order to clarify its humoral regulation by serotonin, the K+-p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity of strial marginal cells was investigated with a cerium-based method in normal guinea pigs and in guinea pigs treated with reserpine, 5-hydroxytryptamine or reserpine plus 5-hydroxytryptamine. K+-p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity was almost completely depressed 3-20 days after reserpine administration. Ten days after reserpinization, followed by repeated 5-hydroxytryptamine treatment, the enzyme activity was detectable. These results suggest that 5-hydroxytryptamine increases the phosphatase activity. Thus, the function of the stria vascularis in producing cochlear endolymph may be regulated by 5-hydroxytryptamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kanoh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Abstract
Chronic reserpine administration produces persistent oral dyskinesia accompanied by severe dopamine depletion in the caudate-putamen. The present study examined whether these behavioral and neurochemical effects would persist following acute reserpine administration. Acute administration of reserpine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) produced spontaneous oral dyskinesia that persisted above control levels for at least 84 days. Reserpine also produced a 74% depletion of dopamine in the caudate-putamen relative to vehicle treatment at 3 days post-injection, but did not significantly alter dopamine in the caudate-putamen at 84 days post-injection. The finding that reserpine-induced oral dyskinesia persisted despite repletion of dopamine in the caudate-putamen suggests that the persistent neuropathological change underlying this behavior occurs in a neural pathway other than the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Sussman
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1104, USA
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Abstract
1- The effects of monosialoganglioside GM1 were studied on a new model of tardive dyskinesia, i.e., the frequency of spontaneous tongue protrusions in rats repeatedly treated with reserpine. 2- Rats were co-treated with vehicle (VEH) or reserpine (RES) (0.1 mg/kg, s.c., every other day) and saline (SAL) or GM1 (5 mg/kg, i.p., every day) for 30 days and observed for tongue protrusions on days 10, 20 and 30. 3- During each test day animals of the RES + SAL group exhibited an increase in tongue protrusions relative to rats of the VEH + SAL group. However, rats of the RES + GM1 group showed an increased frequency of tongue protrusions only on day 10, when compared to animals of the VEH + SAL group. There were no significant differences in tongue protrusion frequency between the VEH + GM1 and the VEH + SAL groups. 4- These results differ from previous studies which reported a facilitatory effect of GM1 co-administration on conventional behavioral animal models of tardive dyskinesia. The possibility is raised that GM1 attenuates the reserpine-induced increase in tongue protrusions through its protective effect on glutamate/oxidative stress neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Vital
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba
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Abstract
We investigated the effect of hypothermia on micronucleus induction in mouse bone marrow cells. Reserpine, which was negative in an in vitro chromosome aberration test, was administered intraperitoneally at 1, 5, 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg to mice to induce hypothermia. Doses of 10-1000 mg/kg decreased rectal temperature to less than 33.3 degrees C from 24 h to 96 h after dosing and produced a statistically significant (p < 0.01) increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte frequencies (4.0-12.0/1000). When mice that were administered reserpine at 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg were exposed to an environmental temperature of 30 degrees C for 40 h to keep their body temperature within normal range, the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes did not increase, while it did without increased environmental temperature. In addition, relatively large micronuclei (diameter of micronucleus > or = 1/4 diameter of cytoplasm) accounted for approximately 50% of the induced micronuclei. The results suggest that the low body temperature of less than 33 degrees C for 40 h induced micronuclei in bone marrow cells, and one possible mechanism was disturbance of the mitotic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Asanami
- Naruto Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Tokushima, Japan
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Griebenow R, Pittrow DB, Weidinger G, Mueller E, Mutschler E, Welzel D. Low-dose reserpine/thiazide combination in first-line treatment of hypertension: efficacy and safety compared to an ACE inhibitor. Blood Press 1997; 6:299-306. [PMID: 9360001 DOI: 10.3109/08037059709062086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The concept of initiating treatment of mild-to-moderate hypertension with a low-dose combination of reserpine and the thiazide clopamide in comparison to monotherapy with an ACE inhibitor was investigated. A total of 127 adult outpatients with diastolic blood pressure between 100 and 114 mmHg were randomized into this double-blind, parallel group study. After a 2-week wash-out period and a subsequent 2-week placebo run-in period, they were allocated to once-daily treatment with 0.1 mg reserpine plus 5 mg clopamide (R/C), or 5 mg enalapril. If diastolic blood pressure was not normalized after 3 weeks of therapy (i.e. DBP < 90 mmHg), the dosage was doubled from week 4 to 6. The primary efficacy variables were the change from baseline in mean sitting diastolic and systolic blood pressure (DBP/SBP) after 3 weeks of therapy. Secondary variables included the change in DBP and SBP after 6 weeks of therapy, the BP normalization rates at 3 and 6 weeks and, concerning tolerability, the rates of adverse events after 6 weeks of therapy. An intent-to-treat analysis was performed. The reserpine/ clopamide and enalapril groups did not differ with regard to demographic and baseline characteristics (mean age 57 or 58 years, respectively; 63% or 56% males, respectively; mean SBP/DBP after the 2-week placebo period = 156 mmHg/104 mmHg in both groups). After 3 weeks of treatment with one capsule daily, mean SBP/DBP reduction from baseline (24 h after last medication intake) in the R/C combination group was -19.6/ -17.0 mmHg, in the enalapril group -6.1/ -9.5 mmHg (between-group comparison: 2p < 0.01 for both parameters). The normalization rates for DBP (< 90 mmHg) were 64.1% (R/C) and 28.6% (enalapril) (2p < 0.01). Adverse events that were considered possibly or definitely drug-related by the investigator were noted in 11 patients (17.2%) in the R/C group and in 9 patients (14.3%) in the enalapril group (NS). Two patients in the enalapril group discontinued the study prematurely due to adverse events (cough; skin eruption). In the treatment of mild-to-moderate hypertension, a low-dose combination of reserpine and clopamide once a day is considerably more effective than, and as tolerable as, 5-10 mg of enalapril once a day. These findings suggest that treatment with a combination of different antihypertensives with different modes of action in low doses is a rational alternative to conventional monotherapy in the first-line treatment of hypertension. Besides, the "old" reserpine-diuretic regimen also in these days appears to be a rational alternative to "modern" monotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Griebenow
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Cologne, Germany
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