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Kahne SC, Yoo JH, Chen J, Nakedi K, Iyer LM, Putzel G, Samhadaneh NM, Pironti A, Aravind L, Ekiert DC, Bhabha G, Rhee KY, Darwin KH. Identification of a depupylation regulator for an essential enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2407239121. [PMID: 39585979 PMCID: PMC11626117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2407239121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), proteins that are posttranslationally modified with a prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) can be degraded by bacterial proteasomes. A single Pup-ligase and depupylase shape the pupylome, but the mechanisms regulating their substrate specificity are incompletely understood. Here, we identified a depupylation regulator, a protein called CoaX, through its copurification with the depupylase Dop. CoaX is a pseudopantothenate kinase that showed evidence of binding to pantothenate, an essential nutrient Mtb synthesizes, but not its phosphorylation. In a ∆coaX mutant, pantothenate synthesis enzymes including PanB, a substrate of the Pup-proteasome system (PPS), were more abundant than in the parental strain. In vitro, CoaX specifically accelerated depupylation of Pup~PanB, while addition of pantothenate inhibited this reaction. In culture, media supplementation with pantothenate decreased PanB levels, which required CoaX. Collectively, we propose CoaX regulates PanB abundance in response to pantothenate levels by modulating its vulnerability to proteolysis by Mtb proteasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshanna C. Kahne
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Jin Hee Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - James Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Kehilwe Nakedi
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
| | - Lakshminarayan M. Iyer
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD20894
| | - Gregory Putzel
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
- Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Nora M. Samhadaneh
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
- Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
- Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - L. Aravind
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD20894
| | - Damian C. Ekiert
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Kyu Y. Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
| | - K. Heran Darwin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
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Kahne SC, Yoo JH, Chen J, Nakedi K, Iyer LM, Putzel G, Samhadaneh NM, Pironti A, Aravind L, Ekiert DC, Bhabha G, Rhee KY, Darwin KH. Identification of a proteolysis regulator for an essential enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.29.587195. [PMID: 38585835 PMCID: PMC10996600 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.29.587195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins that are post-translationally modified with Pup, a prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein, can be degraded by proteasomes. While pupylation is reversible, mechanisms regulating substrate specificity have not been identified. Here, we identify the first depupylation regulators: CoaX, a pseudokinase, and pantothenate, an essential, central metabolite. In a Δ coaX mutant, pantothenate synthesis enzymes were more abundant, including PanB, a substrate of the Pup-proteasome system. Media supplementation with pantothenate decreased PanB levels in a coaX and Pup-proteasome-dependent manner. In vitro , CoaX accelerated depupylation of Pup∼PanB, while addition of pantothenate inhibited this reaction. Collectively, we propose CoaX contributes to proteasomal degradation of PanB by modulating depupylation of Pup∼PanB in response to pantothenate levels. One Sentence Summary A pseudo-pantothenate kinase regulates proteasomal degradation of a pantothenate synthesis enzyme in M. tuberculosis .
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Zhao K, Tang H, Zhang B, Zou S, Liu Z, Zheng Y. Microbial production of vitamin B5: current status and prospects. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:1172-1192. [PMID: 36210178 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B5, also called D-pantothenic acid (D-PA), is a necessary micronutrient that plays an essential role in maintaining the physiological function of an organism. It is widely used in: food, medicine, feed, cosmetics, and other fields. Currently, the production of D-PA in industry heavily relies on chemical processes and enzymatic catalysis. With an increasing demand on the market, replacing chemical-based production of D-PA with microbial fermentation utilizing renewable resources is necessary. In this review, the physiological role and applications of D-PA were firstly introduced, after which the biosynthesis pathways and enzymes will be summarized. Subsequently, a series of cell factory development strategies for excessive D-PA production are analyzed and discussed. Finally, the prospect of microbial production of D-PA production has been prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Heng Tang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuping Zou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
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4
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Block MF, Delley CL, Keller LML, Stuehlinger TT, Weber-Ban E. Electrostatic interactions guide substrate recognition of the prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein ligase PafA. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5266. [PMID: 37644028 PMCID: PMC10465538 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pupylation, a post-translational modification found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other Actinobacteria, involves the covalent attachment of prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) to lysines on target proteins by the ligase PafA (proteasome accessory factor A). Pupylated proteins, like ubiquitinated proteins in eukaryotes, are recruited for proteasomal degradation. Proteomic studies suggest that hundreds of potential pupylation targets are modified by the sole existing ligase PafA. This raises intriguing questions regarding the selectivity of this enzyme towards a diverse range of substrates. Here, we show that the availability of surface lysines alone is not sufficient for interaction between PafA and target proteins. By identifying the interacting residues at the pupylation site, we demonstrate that PafA recognizes authentic substrates via a structural recognition motif centered around exposed lysines. Through a combination of computational analysis, examination of available structures and pupylated proteomes, and biochemical experiments, we elucidate the mechanism by which PafA achieves recognition of a wide array of substrates while retaining selective protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias F Block
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille L Delley
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Lena M L Keller
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timo T Stuehlinger
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eilika Weber-Ban
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Zurich, Switzerland.
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5
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Prieto-Castañeda A, Martínez-Caballero S, Agarrabeitia AR, García-Moreno I, Moya SDL, Ortiz MJ, Hermoso JA. First Lanthanide Complex for De Novo Phasing in Native Protein Crystallography at 1 Å Radiation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:4575-4581. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Prieto-Castañeda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Siseth Martínez-Caballero
- Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano”, C.S.I.C., Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia R. Agarrabeitia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada García-Moreno
- Departamento de Sistemas de Baja Dimensionalidad, Superficies y Materia Condensada, Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano”, C.S.I.C., Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago de la Moya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. Hermoso
- Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano”, C.S.I.C., Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Butman HS, Kotzé TJ, Dowd CS, Strauss E. Vitamin in the Crosshairs: Targeting Pantothenate and Coenzyme A Biosynthesis for New Antituberculosis Agents. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:605662. [PMID: 33384970 PMCID: PMC7770189 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.605662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of dedicated research, there remains a dire need for new drugs against tuberculosis (TB). Current therapies are generations old and problematic. Resistance to these existing therapies results in an ever-increasing burden of patients with disease that is difficult or impossible to treat. Novel chemical entities with new mechanisms of action are therefore earnestly required. The biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) has long been known to be essential in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB. The pathway has been genetically validated by seminal studies in vitro and in vivo. In Mtb, the CoA biosynthetic pathway is comprised of nine enzymes: four to synthesize pantothenate (Pan) from l-aspartate and α-ketoisovalerate; five to synthesize CoA from Pan and pantetheine (PantSH). This review gathers literature reports on the structure/mechanism, inhibitors, and vulnerability of each enzyme in the CoA pathway. In addition to traditional inhibition of a single enzyme, the CoA pathway offers an antimetabolite strategy as a promising alternative. In this review, we provide our assessment of what appear to be the best targets, and, thus, which CoA pathway enzymes present the best opportunities for antitubercular drug discovery moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey S. Butman
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Timothy J. Kotzé
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Cynthia S. Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Marín-Valls R, Hernández K, Bolte M, Parella T, Joglar J, Bujons J, Clapés P. Biocatalytic Construction of Quaternary Centers by Aldol Addition of 3,3-Disubstituted 2-Oxoacid Derivatives to Aldehydes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19754-19762. [PMID: 33147013 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The congested nature of quaternary carbons hinders their preparation, most notably when stereocontrol is required. Here we report a biocatalytic method for the creation of quaternary carbon centers with broad substrate scope, leading to different compound classes bearing this structural feature. The key step comprises the aldol addition of 3,3-disubstituted 2-oxoacids to aldehydes catalyzed by metal dependent 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase from E. coli (KPHMT) and variants thereof. The 3,3,3-trisubstituted 2-oxoacids thus produced were converted into 2-oxolactones and 3-hydroxy acids and directly to ulosonic acid derivatives, all bearing gem-dialkyl, gem-cycloalkyl, and spirocyclic quaternary centers. In addition, some of these reactions use a single enantiomer from racemic nucleophiles to afford stereopure quaternary carbons. The notable substrate tolerance and stereocontrol of these enzymes are indicative of their potential for the synthesis of structurally intricate molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Marín-Valls
- Biological Chemistry Department, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karel Hernández
- Biological Chemistry Department, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, J.-W.-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Teodor Parella
- Servei de Ressonancia Magnetica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Biological Chemistry Department, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Biological Chemistry Department, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Clapés
- Biological Chemistry Department, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Danchin A, Sekowska A, You C. One-carbon metabolism, folate, zinc and translation. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:899-925. [PMID: 32153134 PMCID: PMC7264889 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The translation process, central to life, is tightly connected to the one-carbon (1-C) metabolism via a plethora of macromolecule modifications and specific effectors. Using manual genome annotations and putting together a variety of experimental studies, we explore here the possible reasons of this critical interaction, likely to have originated during the earliest steps of the birth of the first cells. Methionine, S-adenosylmethionine and tetrahydrofolate dominate this interaction. Yet, 1-C metabolism is unlikely to be a simple frozen accident of primaeval conditions. Reactive 1-C species (ROCS) are buffered by the translation machinery in a way tightly associated with the metabolism of iron-sulfur clusters, zinc and potassium availability, possibly coupling carbon metabolism to nitrogen metabolism. In this process, the highly modified position 34 of tRNA molecules plays a critical role. Overall, this metabolic integration may serve both as a protection against the deleterious formation of excess carbon under various growth transitions or environmental unbalanced conditions and as a regulator of zinc homeostasis, while regulating input of prosthetic groups into nascent proteins. This knowledge should be taken into account in metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Danchin
- AMAbiotics SASInstitut Cochin24 rue du Faubourg Saint‐Jacques75014ParisFrance
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongS.A.R. Hong KongChina
| | - Agnieszka Sekowska
- AMAbiotics SASInstitut Cochin24 rue du Faubourg Saint‐Jacques75014ParisFrance
| | - Conghui You
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic EngineeringCollege of Life Sciences and OceanologyShenzhen University1066 Xueyuan Rd518055ShenzhenChina
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9
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Engilberge S, Riobé F, Wagner T, Di Pietro S, Breyton C, Franzetti B, Shima S, Girard E, Dumont E, Maury O. Unveiling the Binding Modes of the Crystallophore, a Terbium-based Nucleating and Phasing Molecular Agent for Protein Crystallography. Chemistry 2018; 24:9739-9746. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - François Riobé
- Université de Lyon; École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 518; F-69342 Lyon France
| | - Tristan Wagner
- Microbial Protein Structure Group; Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Pietro
- Université de Lyon; École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 518; F-69342 Lyon France
| | - Cécile Breyton
- Univ Grenoble Alpes; CEA; CNRS, IBS; 38000 Grenoble France
| | | | - Seigo Shima
- Microbial Protein Structure Group; Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Eric Girard
- Univ Grenoble Alpes; CEA; CNRS, IBS; 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Elise Dumont
- Université de Lyon; École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 518; F-69342 Lyon France
| | - Olivier Maury
- Université de Lyon; École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 518; F-69342 Lyon France
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10
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Ziemski M, Jomaa A, Mayer D, Rutz S, Giese C, Veprintsev D, Weber-Ban E. Cdc48-like protein of actinobacteria (Cpa) is a novel proteasome interactor in mycobacteria and related organisms. eLife 2018; 7:34055. [PMID: 29809155 PMCID: PMC6017811 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc48 is a AAA+ ATPase that plays an essential role for many cellular processes in eukaryotic cells. An archaeal homologue of this highly conserved enzyme was shown to directly interact with the 20S proteasome. Here, we analyze the occurrence and phylogeny of a Cdc48 homologue in Actinobacteria and assess its cellular function and possible interaction with the bacterial proteasome. Our data demonstrate that Cdc48-like protein of actinobacteria (Cpa) forms hexameric rings and that the oligomeric state correlates directly with the ATPase activity. Furthermore, we show that the assembled Cpa rings can physically interact with the 20S core particle. Comparison of the Mycobacterium smegmatis wild-type with a cpa knockout strain under carbon starvation uncovers significant changes in the levels of around 500 proteins. Pathway mapping of the observed pattern of changes identifies ribosomal proteins as a particular hotspot, pointing amongst others toward a role of Cpa in ribosome adaptation during starvation. Cells use proteins to carry out the biological processes necessary for life. If a protein becomes damaged or is no longer needed, cells must dispose of it, just as we might take out the trash. The cell’s main ‘garbage disposal unit’ is the proteasome, a barrel-shaped molecular machine that breaks down unwanted proteins. The proteasome binds to other molecules called regulators, which select the proteins to be dismantled. The proteasomes of mycobacteria – a group that includes the bacteria that cause tuberculosis – help them to survive hostile or rapidly changing environments. Mycobacteria contain a molecule called Cpa whose structure is like a regulator that is found in many non-bacterial cells. Ziemski et al. therefore set out to investigate whether Cpa performs a similar role in bacteria. The results of biochemical experiments performed in test tubes revealed that Cpa forms rings made up of six copies of itself. These rings can bind to proteasomes. Ziemski et al. also created genetically modified mycobacteria that could not produce Cpa and studied how they coped with starvation. These modified bacteria stopped growing sooner than their similarly starved genetically normal counterparts. The two groups of bacteria also produced different amounts of some proteins. Ziemski et al. used a technique that pulled Cpa out of the starving genetically normal cells to analyse the proteins that Cpa physically interacts with. These proteins included building blocks of the ribosome, the cellular machinery that produces new proteins. It therefore appears that Cpa helps mycobacteria to cope with starvation by reducing the amount of protein made by the cell. Cpa may also help mycobacteria to survive in other stressful conditions, such as those that the bacteria experience when they infect the human body. Developing drugs that prevent Cpa from working could therefore potentially lead to new treatments for a number of diseases caused by mycobacteria, such as tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Ziemski
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ahmad Jomaa
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Mayer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, ETH Zurich, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Rutz
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Giese
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Veprintsev
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, ETH Zurich, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Eilika Weber-Ban
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Engilberge S, Riobé F, Di Pietro S, Lassalle L, Coquelle N, Arnaud CA, Pitrat D, Mulatier JC, Madern D, Breyton C, Maury O, Girard E. Crystallophore: a versatile lanthanide complex for protein crystallography combining nucleating effects, phasing properties, and luminescence. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5909-5917. [PMID: 29619195 PMCID: PMC5859728 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00758b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular crystallography suffers from two major issues: getting well-diffracting crystals and solving the phase problem inherent to large macromolecules. Here, we describe the first example of a lanthanide complex family named "crystallophore" (Xo4), which contributes to tackling both bottlenecks. This terbium complex, Tb-Xo4, is an appealing agent for biocrystallography, combining the exceptional phasing power of the Tb(iii) heavy atom with powerful nucleating properties, providing ready-to-use crystals for structure determination. Furthermore, protein/Tb-Xo4 co-crystals can be easily detected and discriminated from other crystalline by-products using luminescence. We demonstrate the potential of this additive for the crystallisation and structure determination of eight proteins, two of whose structures were unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - François Riobé
- Univ Lyon , Ens de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182 , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Laboratoire de Chimie , F-69342 Lyon , France .
| | - Sebastiano Di Pietro
- Univ Lyon , Ens de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182 , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Laboratoire de Chimie , F-69342 Lyon , France .
| | - Louise Lassalle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA , CNRS , IBS , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Nicolas Coquelle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA , CNRS , IBS , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
| | | | - Delphine Pitrat
- Univ Lyon , Ens de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182 , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Laboratoire de Chimie , F-69342 Lyon , France .
| | - Jean-Christophe Mulatier
- Univ Lyon , Ens de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182 , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Laboratoire de Chimie , F-69342 Lyon , France .
| | - Dominique Madern
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA , CNRS , IBS , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Cécile Breyton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA , CNRS , IBS , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Olivier Maury
- Univ Lyon , Ens de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182 , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Laboratoire de Chimie , F-69342 Lyon , France .
| | - Eric Girard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA , CNRS , IBS , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
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12
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Akhter Y, Thakur S. Targets of ubiquitin like system in mycobacteria and related actinobacterial species. Microbiol Res 2017; 204:9-29. [PMID: 28870295 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein turnover and recycling is a prerequisite in all living organisms to maintain normal cellular physiology. Many bacteria are proteasome deficient but they possess typical protease enzymes for carrying out protein turnover. However, several groups of actinobacteria such as mycobacteria harbor both proteasome and proteases. In these bacteria, for cellular protein turnover the target proteins undergo post-translational modification referred as pupylation in which a small protein Pup (prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein) is tagged to the specific lysine residues of the target proteins and after that those target proteins undergo proteasomal degradation. Thus, Pup serves as a degradation signal, helps in directing proteins toward the bacterial proteasome for a turnover. Although the Pup-proteasome system has a multifaceted role in environmental stresses, pathogenicity and regulation of cellular signaling, but the fate of all types of pupylation such as mono and polypupylation on the proteins is still not completely understood. In this review, we present the mechanisms involved in the activation and conjugation of Pup to the target proteins, describing the structural sketch of pupylation and fundamental differences between the eukaryotic ubiquitin-proteasome and bacterial Pup-proteasome systems. We are also presenting a concise classification and cataloging of the complete battery of experimentally identified Pup-substrates from various species of actinobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Akhter
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, District-Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India.
| | - Shweta Thakur
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, District-Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
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13
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Barandun J, Damberger FF, Delley CL, Laederach J, Allain FHT, Weber-Ban E. Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein remains intrinsically disordered when covalently attached to proteasomal target proteins. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:1. [PMID: 28143508 PMCID: PMC5286830 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-017-0072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The post-translational modification pathway referred to as pupylation marks proteins for proteasomal degradation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other actinobacteria by covalently attaching the small protein Pup (prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein) to target lysine residues. In contrast to the functionally analogous eukaryotic ubiquitin, Pup is intrinsically disordered in its free form. Its unfolded state allows Pup to adopt different structures upon interaction with different binding partners like the Pup ligase PafA and the proteasomal ATPase Mpa. While the disordered behavior of free Pup has been well characterized, it remained unknown whether Pup adopts a distinct structure when attached to a substrate. Results Using a combination of NMR experiments and biochemical analysis we demonstrate that Pup remains unstructured when ligated to two well-established pupylation substrates targeted for proteasomal degradation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, malonyl transacylase (FabD) and ketopantoyl hydroxylmethyltransferase (PanB). Isotopically labeled Pup was linked to FabD and PanB by in vitro pupylation to generate homogeneously pupylated substrates suitable for NMR analysis. The single target lysine of PanB was identified by a combination of mass spectroscopy and mutational analysis. Chemical shift comparison between Pup in its free form and ligated to substrate reveals intrinsic disorder of Pup in the conjugate. Conclusion When linked to the proteasomal substrates FabD and PanB, Pup is unstructured and retains the ability to interact with its different binding partners. This suggests that it is not the conformation of Pup attached to these two substrates which determines their delivery to the proteasome, but the availability of the degradation complex and the depupylase. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12900-017-0072-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Barandun
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland.,Present address: Laboratory of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fred F Damberger
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille L Delley
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Laederach
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric H T Allain
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Eilika Weber-Ban
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland.
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14
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An Extended Loop of the Pup Ligase, PafA, Mediates Interaction with Protein Targets. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:4143-4153. [PMID: 27497689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pupylation, the bacterial equivalent of ubiquitylation, involves the conjugation of a prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) to protein targets. In contrast to the ubiquitin system, where many ubiquitin ligases exist, a single bacterial ligase, PafA, catalyzes the conjugation of Pup to a wide array of protein targets. As mediators of target recognition by PafA have not been identified, it would appear that PafA alone determines pupylation target selection. Previous studies indicated that broad specificity and promiscuity are indeed inherent PafA characteristics that probably dictate which proteins are selected for degradation by the Pup-proteasome system. Nonetheless, despite the canonical role played by PafA in the Pup-proteasome system, the molecular mechanism that dictates target binding by PafA remains uncharacterized since the discovery of this enzyme about a decade ago. In this study, we report the identification of PafA residues involved in the binding of protein targets. Initially, docking analysis predicted the residues on PafA with high potential for target binding. Mutational and biochemical approaches subsequently confirmed these predictions and identified a series of additional residues located on an extended loop at the edge of the PafA active site. Mutating residues in this loop rendered PafA defective in the pupylation of a wide variety of protein targets but not in its catalytic mechanism, suggesting an important role for this extended loop in the binding of protein targets. As such, these findings pave the way toward an understanding of the molecular determinants that dictate the broad substrate specificity of PafA.
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15
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Abstract
Pantothenate is vitamin B5 and is the key precursor for the biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), a universal and essential cofactor involved in a myriad of metabolic reactions, including the synthesis of phospholipids, the synthesis and degradation of fatty acids, and the operation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. CoA is also the only source of the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group for enzymes that shuttle intermediates between the active sites of enzymes involved in fatty acid, nonribosomal peptide, and polyketide synthesis. Pantothenate can be synthesized de novo and/or transported into the cell through a pantothenatepermease. Pantothenate uptake is essential for those organisms that lack the genes to synthesize this vitamin. The intracellular levels of CoA are controlled by the balance between synthesis and degradation. In particular, CoA is assembled in five enzymatic steps, starting from the phosphorylation of pantothenate to phosphopantothenatecatalyzed by pantothenate kinase, the product of the coaA gene. In some bacteria, the production of phosphopantothenate by pantothenate kinase is the rate limiting and most regulated step in the biosynthetic pathway. CoA synthesis additionally networks with other vitamin-associated pathways, such as thiamine and folic acid.
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16
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Tomita H, Imanaka T, Atomi H. Identification and characterization of an archaeal ketopantoate reductase and its involvement in regulation of coenzyme A biosynthesis. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:307-21. [PMID: 23941541 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes is regulated primarily by feedback inhibition towards pantothenate kinase (PanK). As most archaea utilize a modified route for CoA biosynthesis and do not harbour PanK, the mechanisms governing regulation of CoA biosynthesis are unknown. Here we performed genetic and biochemical studies on the ketopantoate reductase (KPR) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis. KPR catalyses the second step in CoA biosynthesis, the reduction of 2-oxopantoate to pantoate. Gene disruption of TK1968, whose product was 20-29% identical to previously characterized KPRs from bacteria/eukaryotes, resulted in a strain with growth defects that were complemented by addition of pantoate. The TK1968 protein (Tk-KPR) displayed reductase activity specific for 2-oxopantoate and preferred NADH as the electron donor, distinct to the bacterial/eukaryotic NADPH-dependent enzymes. Tk-KPR activity decreased dramatically in the presence of CoA and KPR activity in cell-free extracts was also inhibited by CoA. Kinetic studies indicated that CoA inhibits KPR by competing with NADH. Inhibition of ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase, the first enzyme of the pathway, by CoA was not observed. Our results suggest that CoA biosynthesis in T. kodakarensis is regulated by feedback inhibition of KPR, providing a feasible regulation mechanism of CoA biosynthesis in archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Tomita
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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17
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Ofer N, Forer N, Korman M, Vishkautzan M, Khalaila I, Gur E. Allosteric transitions direct protein tagging by PafA, the prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) ligase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11287-93. [PMID: 23471967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.435842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein degradation via prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) tagging is conserved in bacteria belonging to the phyla Actinobacteria and Nitrospira. The physiological role of this novel proteolytic pathway is not yet clear, although in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the world's most threatening bacterial pathogen, Pup tagging is important for virulence. PafA, the Pup ligase, couples ATP hydrolysis with Pup conjugation to lysine side chains of protein substrates. PafA is the sole Pup ligase in M. tuberculosis and apparently, in other bacteria. Thus, whereas PafA is a key player in the Pup tagging (i.e. pupylation) system, control of its activity and interactions with target protein substrates remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined the mechanism of protein pupylation by PafA in Mycobacterium smegmatis, a model mycobacterial organism. We report that PafA is an allosteric enzyme that binds its target substrates cooperatively and find that PafA allostery is controlled by the binding of target protein substrates, yet is unaffected by Pup binding. Analysis of PafA pupylation using engineered substrates differing in the number of pupylation sites points to PafA acting as a dimer. These findings suggest that protein pupylation can be regulated at the level of PafA allostery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Ofer
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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18
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Hassan S, Debnath A, Mahalingam V, Hanna LE. Computational structural analysis of proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a resource for identifying off-targets. J Mol Model 2012; 18:3993-4004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Wang W, Mazurkewich S, Kimber MS, Seah SYK. Structural and kinetic characterization of 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate/4-carboxy-4-hydroxy-2-oxoadipate aldolase, a protocatechuate degradation enzyme evolutionarily convergent with the HpaI and DmpG pyruvate aldolases. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:36608-15. [PMID: 20843800 PMCID: PMC2978589 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.159509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate/4-carboxy-4-hydroxy-2-oxoadipate (HMG/CHA) aldolase from Pseudomonas putida F1 catalyzes the last step of the bacterial protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage pathway. The preferred substrates of the enzyme are 2-keto-4-hydroxy acids with a 4-carboxylate substitution. The enzyme also exhibits oxaloacetate decarboxylation and pyruvate α-proton exchange activity. Sodium oxalate is a competitive inhibitor of the aldolase reaction. The pH dependence of k(cat)/K(m) and k(cat) for the enzyme is consistent with a single deprotonation with pK(a) values of 8.0 ± 0.1 and 7.0 ± 0.1 for free enzyme and enzyme substrate complex, respectively. The 1.8 Å x-ray structure shows a four-layered α-β-β-α sandwich structure with the active site at the interface of two adjacent subunits of a hexamer; this fold resembles the RNase E inhibitor, RraA, but is novel for an aldolase. The catalytic site contains a magnesium ion ligated by Asp-124 as well as three water molecules bound by Asp-102 and Glu-199'. A pyruvate molecule binds the magnesium ion through both carboxylate and keto oxygen atoms, completing the octahedral geometry. The carbonyl oxygen also forms hydrogen bonds with the guanadinium group of Arg-123, which site-directed mutagenesis confirms is essential for catalysis. A mechanism for HMG/CHA aldolase is proposed on the basis of the structure, kinetics, and previously established features of other aldolase mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wang
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Scott Mazurkewich
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew S. Kimber
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stephen Y. K. Seah
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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20
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Chen C, Sun Q, Narayanan B, Nuss DL, Herzberg O. Structure of oxalacetate acetylhydrolase, a virulence factor of the chestnut blight fungus. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26685-96. [PMID: 20558740 PMCID: PMC2924111 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.117804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxalacetate acetylhydrolase (OAH), a member of the phosphoenolpyruvate mutase/isocitrate lyase superfamily, catalyzes the hydrolysis of oxalacetate to oxalic acid and acetate. This study shows that knock-out of the oah gene in Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus, reduces the ability of the fungus to form cankers on chestnut trees, suggesting that OAH plays a key role in virulence. OAH was produced in Escherichia coli and purified, and its catalytic rates were determined. Oxalacetate is the main OAH substrate, but the enzyme also acts as a lyase of (2R,3S)-dimethyl malate with approximately 1000-fold lower efficacy. The crystal structure of OAH was determined alone, in complex with a mechanism-based inhibitor, 3,3-difluorooxalacetate (DFOA), and in complex with the reaction product, oxalate, to a resolution limit of 1.30, 1.55, and 1.65 A, respectively. OAH assembles into a dimer of dimers with each subunit exhibiting an (alpha/beta)(8) barrel fold and each pair swapping the 8th alpha-helix. An active site "gating loop" exhibits conformational disorder in the ligand-free structure. To obtain the structures of the OAH.ligand complexes, the ligand-free OAH crystals were soaked briefly with DFOA or oxalacetate. DFOA binding leads to ordering of the gating loop in a conformation that sequesters the ligand from the solvent. DFOA binds in a gem-diol form analogous to the oxalacetate intermediate/transition state. Oxalate binds in a planar conformation, but the gating loop is largely disordered. Comparison between the OAH structure and that of the closely related enzyme, 2,3-dimethylmalate lyase, suggests potential determinants of substrate preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, and
| | - Qihong Sun
- the Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Buvaneswari Narayanan
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, and
| | - Donald L. Nuss
- the Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Osnat Herzberg
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, and
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21
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Lou Z, Zhang X. Protein targets for structure-based anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug discovery. Protein Cell 2010; 1:435-42. [PMID: 21203958 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which belongs to the genus Mycobacterium, is the pathogenic agent for most tuberculosis (TB). As TB remains one of the most rampant infectious diseases, causing morbidity and death with emergence of multi-drug-resistant and extensively-drug-resistant forms, it is urgent to identify new drugs with novel targets to ensure future therapeutic success. In this regards, the structural genomics of M. tuberculosis provides important information to identify potential targets, perform biochemical assays, determine crystal structures in complex with potential inhibitor(s), reveal the key sites/residues for biological activity, and thus validate drug targets and discover novel drugs. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress on novel targets for structure-based anti-M. tuberculosis drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Lou
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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22
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The mycobacterial Mpa-proteasome unfolds and degrades pupylated substrates by engaging Pup's N-terminus. EMBO J 2010; 29:1262-71. [PMID: 20203624 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, along with other actinobacteria, harbours proteasomes in addition to members of the general bacterial repertoire of degradation complexes. In analogy to ubiquitination in eukaryotes, substrates are tagged for proteasomal degradation with prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) that is recognized by the N-terminal coiled-coil domain of the ATPase Mpa (also called ARC). Here, we reconstitute the entire mycobacterial proteasome degradation system for pupylated substrates and establish its mechanistic features with respect to substrate recruitment, unfolding and degradation. We show that the Mpa-proteasome complex unfolds and degrades Pup-tagged proteins and that this activity requires physical interaction of the ATPase with the proteasome. Furthermore, we establish the N-terminal region of Pup as the structural element required for engagement of pupylated substrates into the Mpa pore. In this process, Mpa pulls on Pup to initiate unfolding of substrate proteins and to drag them toward the proteasome chamber. Unlike the eukaryotic ubiquitin, Pup is not recycled but degraded with the substrate. This assigns a dual function to Pup as both the Mpa recognition element as well as the threading determinant.
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23
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Liao CJ, Chin KH, Lin CH, Tsai PSF, Lyu PC, Young CC, Wang AHJ, Chou SH. Crystal structure of DFA0005 complexed with alpha-ketoglutarate: a novel member of the ICL/PEPM superfamily from alkali-tolerant Deinococcus ficus. Proteins 2008; 73:362-71. [PMID: 18433062 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the DFA0005 protein complexed with alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) from an alkali-tolerant bacterium Deinococcus ficus has been determined to a resolution of 1.62 A. The monomer forms an incomplete alpha7/beta8 barrel with a protruding alpha8 helix that interacts extensively with another subunit to form a stable dimer of two complete alpha8/beta8 barrels. The dimer is further stabilized by four glycerol molecules situated at the interface. One unique AKG ligand binding pocket per subunit is detected. Fold match using the DALI and SSE servers identifies DFA0005 as belonging to the isocitrate lyase/phosphoenolpyruvate mutase (ICL/PEPM) superfamily. However, further detailed structural and sequence comparison with other members in this superfamily and with other families containing AKG ligand indicate that DFA0005 protein exhibits considerable distinguishing features of its own and can be considered a novel member in this ICL/PEPM superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jen Liao
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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24
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Abstract
Pantothenic acid, a precursor of coenzyme A (CoA), is essential for the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Since the structure of pantothenic acid was determined, many analogues of this essential metabolite have been prepared. Several have been demonstrated to exert an antimicrobial effect against a range of microorganisms by inhibiting the utilization of pantothenic acid, validating pantothenic acid utilization as a potential novel antimicrobial drug target. This review commences with an overview of the mechanisms by which various microorganisms acquire the pantothenic acid they require for growth, and the universal CoA biosynthesis pathway by which pantothenic acid is converted into CoA. A detailed survey of studies that have investigated the inhibitory activity of analogues of pantothenic acid and other precursors of CoA follows. The potential of inhibitors of both pantothenic acid utilization and biosynthesis as novel antibacterial, antifungal and antimalarial agents is discussed, focusing on inhibitors and substrates of pantothenate kinase, the enzyme catalysing the rate-limiting step of CoA biosynthesis in many organisms. The best strategies are considered for identifying inhibitors of pantothenic acid utilization and biosynthesis that are potent and selective inhibitors of microbial growth and that may be suitable for use as chemotherapeutic agents in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Spry
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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25
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Narayanan BC, Niu W, Han Y, Zou J, Mariano PS, Dunaway-Mariano D, Herzberg O. Structure and function of PA4872 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a novel class of oxaloacetate decarboxylase from the PEP mutase/isocitrate lyase superfamily. Biochemistry 2008; 47:167-82. [PMID: 18081320 PMCID: PMC2892964 DOI: 10.1021/bi701954p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA4872 was identified by sequence analysis as a structurally and functionally novel member of the PEP mutase/isocitrate lyase superfamily and therefore targeted for investigation. Substrate screens ruled out overlap with known catalytic functions of superfamily members. The crystal structure of PA4872 in complex with oxalate (a stable analogue of the shared family alpha-oxyanion carboxylate intermediate/transition state) and Mg2+ was determined at 1.9 A resolution. As with other PEP mutase/isocitrate lyase superfamily members, the protein assembles into a dimer of dimers with each subunit adopting an alpha/beta barrel fold and two subunits swapping their barrel's C-terminal alpha-helices. Mg2+ and oxalate bind in the same manner as observed with other superfamily members. The active site gating loop, known to play a catalytic role in the PEP mutase and lyase branches of the superfamily, adopts an open conformation. The Nepsilon of His235, an invariant residue in the PA4872 sequence family, is oriented toward a C(2) oxygen of oxalate analogous to the C(3) of a pyruvyl moiety. Deuterium exchange into alpha-oxocarboxylate-containing compounds was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Having ruled out known activities, the involvement of a pyruvate enolate intermediate suggested a decarboxylase activity of an alpha-oxocarboxylate substrate. Enzymatic assays led to the discovery that PA4872 decarboxylates oxaloacetate (kcat = 7500 s(-1) and Km = 2.2 mM) and 3-methyloxaloacetate (kcat = 250 s(-1) and Km = 0.63 mM). Genome context of the fourteen sequence family members indicates that the enzyme is used by select group of Gram-negative bacteria to maintain cellular concentrations of bicarbonate and pyruvate; however the decarboxylation activity cannot be attributed to a pathway common to the various bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buvaneswari C. Narayanan
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Weiling Niu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jiwen Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Patrick S Mariano
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Osnat Herzberg
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland
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26
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Han Y, Joosten HJ, Niu W, Zhao Z, Mariano PS, McCalman M, van Kan J, Schaap PJ, Dunaway-Mariano D. Oxaloacetate hydrolase, the C-C bond lyase of oxalate secreting fungi. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:9581-9590. [PMID: 17244616 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608961200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxalate secretion by fungi is known to be associated with fungal pathogenesis. In addition, oxalate toxicity is a concern for the commercial application of fungi in the food and drug industries. Although oxalate is generated through several different biochemical pathways, oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase (OAH)-catalyzed hydrolytic cleavage of oxaloacetate appears to be an especially important route. Below, we report the cloning of the Botrytis cinerea oahA gene and the demonstration that the disruption of this gene results in the loss of oxalate formation. In addition, through complementation we have shown that the intact B. cinerea oahA gene restores oxalate production in an Aspergillus niger mutant strain, lacking a functional oahA gene. These observations clearly indicate that oxalate production in A. niger and B. cinerea is solely dependent on the hydrolytic cleavage of oxaloacetate catalyzed by OAH. In addition, the B. cinera oahA gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the purified OAH was used to define catalytic efficiency, substrate specificity, and metal ion activation. These results are reported along with the discovery of the mechanism-based, tight binding OAH inhibitor 3,3-difluorooxaloacetate (K(i) = 68 nM). Finally, we propose that cellular uptake of this inhibitor could reduce oxalate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Henk-Jan Joosten
- Laboratory of Microbiology Section Fungal Genomics, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Weiling Niu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Patrick S Mariano
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Melisa McCalman
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Microbiology Section Fungal Genomics, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Pearce MJ, Arora P, Festa RA, Butler-Wu SM, Gokhale RS, Darwin KH. Identification of substrates of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteasome. EMBO J 2006; 25:5423-32. [PMID: 17082771 PMCID: PMC1636610 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The putative proteasome-associated proteins Mpa (Mycobaterium proteasomal ATPase) and PafA (proteasome accessory factor A) of the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are essential for virulence and resistance to nitric oxide. However, a direct link between the proteasome protease and Mpa or PafA has never been demonstrated. Furthermore, protein degradation by bacterial proteasomes in vitro has not been accomplished, possibly due to the failure to find natural degradation substrates or other necessary proteasome co-factors. In this work, we identify the first bacterial proteasome substrates, malonyl Co-A acyl carrier protein transacylase and ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase, enzymes that are required for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and polyketides that are essential for the pathogenesis of Mtb. Maintenance of the physiological levels of these enzymes required Mpa and PafA in addition to proteasome protease activity. Mpa levels were also regulated in a proteasome-dependent manner. Finally, we found that a conserved tyrosine of Mpa was essential for function. Thus, these results suggest that Mpa, PafA, and the Mtb proteasome degrade bacterial proteins that are important for virulence in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pearce
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pooja Arora
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Richard A Festa
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan M Butler-Wu
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rajesh S Gokhale
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - K Heran Darwin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Medical Sciences Building Room 236, New York, NY 10016, USA. Tel.: +1 212 263 2624; Fax: +1 212 263 8276; E-mail:
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Arcus VL, Lott JS, Johnston JM, Baker EN. The potential impact of structural genomics on tuberculosis drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:28-34. [PMID: 16478688 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in humans, is a devastating infectious organism that kills approximately two million people annually. The current suite of antibiotics used to treat TB faces two main difficulties: (i) the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of M. tuberculosis, and (ii) the persistent state of the bacterium, which is less susceptible to antibiotics and causes very long antibiotic treatment regimes. The complete genome sequences of a laboratory strain (H37Rv) and a clinical strain (CDC1551) of M. tuberculosis and the concurrent identification of all the open reading frames that encode proteins within this organism, present structural biologists with a wide array of protein targets for structure determination. Comparative genomics of the species that make up the M. tuberculosis complex has also added an array of genomic information to our understanding of these organisms. In response to this, structural genomics consortia have been established for targeting proteins from M. tuberculosis. This review looks at the progress of these major initiatives and the potential impact of large scale structure determination efforts on the development of inhibitors to many proteins. Increasing sophistication in structure-based drug design approaches, in combination with increasing numbers of protein structures and inhibitors for TB proteins, will have a significant impact on the downstream development of TB antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickery L Arcus
- AgResearch Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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