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Griffiths NM, Devilliers K, Laroche P, Van der Meeren A. A Simple, Rapid, Comparative Evaluation of Multiple Products for Decontamination of Actinide-contaminated Rat Skin Ex Vivo. HEALTH PHYSICS 2022; 122:371-382. [PMID: 34966085 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Decontamination of skin is an important medical countermeasure in order to limit potential internal contamination by radionuclides such as actinides. Minimizing skin surface contamination will ultimately prevent internal contamination and subsequent committed effective dose as well as contamination spreading. The decontamination agents tested on a rat skin ex vivo model ranged from water to hydrogel wound dressings. A surfactant-containing cleansing gel and calixarene nanoemulsion with chelation properties demonstrated marked decontamination efficacies as compared with water or the chelator DTPA. Based on efficacy to remove different actinide physicochemical forms from skin, the results demonstrate that all products can remove the more soluble forms, but a further component of emulsifying or tensioactive action is required for less soluble forms. This indicates that for practical purposes, successful decontamination will depend on identification of the actinide element, the physicochemical form, and possibly the solvent. This study offers a simple, quick, cheap, reproducible screening method for efficacy evaluation of multiple products for removal of a variety of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Griffiths
- Laboratory of RadioToxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Bruyères le Châtel, France
| | - Karine Devilliers
- Laboratory of RadioToxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Bruyères le Châtel, France
| | - Pierre Laroche
- Direction of Health, Security, Environment & Radioprotection, ORANO, Paris, France
| | - Anne Van der Meeren
- Laboratory of RadioToxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Bruyères le Châtel, France
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Zehringer M, Kammerer F, Pregler A. Applications of PERALS-Alpha Spectrometry for the Investigation of Radionuclides in Water Samples. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143787. [PMID: 34300706 PMCID: PMC8305370 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, experiences of the last 20 years with the PERALS-technique are described. PERALS stands for photo electron-rejecting alpha liquid scintillation. This liquid scintillation technique was developed by Jack McDowell in the 1970s and is a powerful technique for the analyses of many natural alpha nuclides and also the beta nuclide 90Sr. The principle is based on a selective extraction of the radionuclide from the water phase by means of a complexing or ion pair reagent. The extractant contains also a cocktail suitable for scintillation counting. Therefore, the extract can be analyzed directly after the extraction step. After removing quenchers, such as oxygen, and the proper setting of a pulse shape discriminator, alpha pulses can be counted with a photomultiplier. This paper describes the development of robust analysis schemes for the determination of traces of polonium, thorium, uranium and other actinides in water samples (groundwater, rain water, river water, drinking water, mineral water, sea water). For radon and radium, the enrichment in the extract is poor. Therefore, PERALS methods are not suitable for trace analyses of these analytes. In addition, the extraction of the beta-emitter 90Sr with a PERALS cocktail is discussed, even though its beta spectrum is not analyzed with a PERALS counter. Results from the survey of drinking water and mineral water in Switzerland are presented for every radio element.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franziska Kammerer
- State-Laboratory of Basel-City, Kannenfeldstrasse 2, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (F.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Anja Pregler
- State-Laboratory of Basel-City, Kannenfeldstrasse 2, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (F.K.); (A.P.)
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Yue YC, Li MH, Wang HB, Zhang BL, He W. The toxicological mechanisms and detoxification of depleted uranium exposure. Environ Health Prev Med 2018; 23:18. [PMID: 29769021 PMCID: PMC5956823 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-018-0706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) has been widely applied in industrial and military activities, and is often obtained from producing fuel for nuclear reactors. DU may be released into the environment, polluting air, soil, and water, and is considered to exert both radiological and chemical toxicity. In humans and animals, DU can induce multiple health effects, such as renal tubular necrosis and bone malignancies. This review summarizes the known information on DU’s routes of entry, mechanisms of toxicity, and health effects. In addition, we survey the chelating agents used in ameliorating DU toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Yue
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang-Le Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Compared in vivo efficiency of nanoemulsions unloaded and loaded with calixarene and soapy water in the treatment of superficial wounds contaminated by uranium. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 267:33-39. [PMID: 27913138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
No emergency decontamination treatment is currently available in the case of radiological skin contamination by uranium compounds. First responders in the workplace or during an industrial nuclear accident must be able to treat internal contamination through skin. For this purpose, a calixarene nanoemulsion was developed for the treatment of intact skin or superficial wounds contaminated by uranium, and the decontamination efficiency of this nanoemulsion was investigated in vitro and ex vivo. The present work addresses the in vivo decontamination efficiency of this nanoemulsion, using a rat model. This efficiency is compared to the radio-decontaminant soapy water currently used in France (Trait rouge®) in the workplace. The results showed that both calixarene-loaded nanoemulsion and non-loaded nanoemulsion allowed a significant decontamination efficiency compared to the treatment with soapy water. Early application of the nanoemulsions on contaminated excoriated rat skin allowed decreasing the uranium content by around 85% in femurs, 95% in kidneys and 93% in urines. For skin wounded by microneedles, mimicking wounds by microstings, nanoemulsions allowed approximately a 94% decrease in the uranium retention in kidneys. However, specific chelation of uranium by calixarene molecules within the nanoemulsion was not statistically significant, probably because of the limited calixarene-to-uranium molar ratio in these experiment conditions. Moreover, these studies showed that the soapy water treatment potentiates the transcutaneous passage of uranium, thus making it bioavailable, in particular when the skin is superficially wounded.
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Fattal E, Tsapis N, Phan G. Novel drug delivery systems for actinides (uranium and plutonium) decontamination agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:40-54. [PMID: 26144994 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of accidents in the nuclear industry or of nuclear terrorist attacks makes the development of new decontamination strategies crucial. Among radionuclides, actinides such as uranium and plutonium and their different isotopes are considered as the most dangerous contaminants, plutonium displaying mostly a radiological toxicity whereas uranium exhibits mainly a chemical toxicity. Contamination occurs through ingestion, skin or lung exposure with subsequent absorption and distribution of the radionuclides to different tissues where they induce damaging effects. Different chelating agents have been synthesized but their efficacy is limited by their low tissue specificity and high toxicity. For these reasons, several groups have developed smart delivery systems to increase the local concentration of the chelating agent or to improve its biodistribution. The aim of this review is to highlight these strategies.
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Belhomme-Henry C, Phan G, Huang N, Bouvier C, Rebière F, Agarande M, Fattal E. Texturing formulations for uranium skin decontamination. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 19:692-701. [PMID: 23937529 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.823991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Since no specific treatment exists in case of cutaneous contamination by radionuclides such as uranium, a nanoemulsion comprising calixarene molecules, known for their good chelation properties, was previously designed. However, this fluid topical form may be not suitable for optimal application on the skin or wounds. OBJECTIVE To develop a texturing pharmaceutical form for the treatment of wounded skins contaminated by uranium. MATERIALS AND METHODS The formulations consisted in oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions, loaded with calixarene molecules. The external phase of the initial liquid nanoemulsion was modified with a combination of thermosensitive gelifying polymers: Poloxamer and HydroxyPropylMethylcellulose (HPMC) or methylcellulose (MC). These new formulations were characterized then tested by ex vivo experiments on Franz cells to prevent uranyl ions diffusion through excoriated pig ear skin explants. RESULTS Despite strong changes in rheological properties, the physico-chemical characteristics of the new nanoemulsions, such as the size and the zeta potential as well as macroscopic aspect were preserved. In addition, on wounded skin, diffusion of uranyl ions, measured by ICP-MS, was limited to less than 5% for both HPMC and MC nanoemulsions. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that a hybrid formulation of nanoemulsion in hydrogel is efficient to treat uranium skin contamination.
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Shi Y, Dai X, Collins R, Kramer-Tremblay S. Rapid determination of uranium isotopes in urine by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. HEALTH PHYSICS 2011; 101:148-153. [PMID: 21709502 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e318213b9e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Following a radiological or nuclear emergency involving uranium exposure, rapid analytical methods are needed to analyze the concentration of uranium isotopes in human urine samples for early dose assessment. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique, with its high sample throughput and high sensitivity, has advantages over alpha spectrometry for uranium urinalysis after minimum sample preparation. In this work, a rapid sample preparation method using an anion exchange chromatographic column was developed to separate uranium from the urine matrix. A high-resolution sector field ICP-MS instrument, coupled with a high sensitivity desolvation sample introduction inlet, was used to determine uranium isotopes in the samples. The method can analyze up to 24 urine samples in two hours with the limits of detection of 0.0014, 0.10, and 2.0 pg mL(-1) for (234)U, (235)U, and (238)U, respectively, which meet the requirement for isotopic analysis of uranium in a radiation emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shi
- Chalk River Laboratories, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River, ON, Canada K0J 1J0.
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Boulet B, Joubert L, Cote G, Bouvier-Capely C, Cossonnet C, Adamo C. Theoretical Study of the Uranyl Complexation by Hydroxamic and Carboxylic Acid Groups. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:7983-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ic7018633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Boulet
- IRSN/DRPH/SDI/LRC, BP 17; 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France, and Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, UMR CNRS-ENSCP 7575 Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Laurent Joubert
- IRSN/DRPH/SDI/LRC, BP 17; 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France, and Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, UMR CNRS-ENSCP 7575 Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Gérard Cote
- IRSN/DRPH/SDI/LRC, BP 17; 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France, and Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, UMR CNRS-ENSCP 7575 Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Céline Bouvier-Capely
- IRSN/DRPH/SDI/LRC, BP 17; 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France, and Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, UMR CNRS-ENSCP 7575 Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Catherine Cossonnet
- IRSN/DRPH/SDI/LRC, BP 17; 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France, and Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, UMR CNRS-ENSCP 7575 Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- IRSN/DRPH/SDI/LRC, BP 17; 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France, and Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, UMR CNRS-ENSCP 7575 Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Boulet B, Bouvier‐Capely C, Cossonnet C, Cote G. Solvent Extraction of U(VI) by Calix[6]arenes. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07366290600646939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Boulet B, Joubert L, Cote G, Bouvier-Capely C, Cossonnet C, Adamo C. A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Conformational Behavior of a Calix[6]arene. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:5782-91. [PMID: 16640372 DOI: 10.1021/jp0565305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An experimental and theoretical study on the conformational behavior of the 1,3,5-OMe-2,4,6-OCH(2)CONHOH-p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene has been carried out. In particular, semiempirical (AM1) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed in order to identify the possible conformers. The obtained results show that the cone structure is the most stable conformer at any level of theory, even if significant differences have been obtained for the other species. The inclusion of solvent effect, through a continuum model, also points out the relevant role played by the solvent in the stabilization of the cone structure in solution. These latter results have been confirmed by NMR experiments, which clearly show the presence of only the cone conformer in a polar solvent, such as DMSO. Finally, (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra on model systems, i.e., two successive phenol rings (Ar(1)-CH(2)-Ar(2)), have been computed at the DFT level and compared with the experimental spectra of the complete molecule. The results show an overall good agreement with the experimental data, thus leading to an unambiguous assignment of the experimental spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Boulet
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, UMR CNRS-ENSCP 7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, France
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Bouvier-Capely C, Baglan N, Montègue A, Ritt J, Cossonnet C. Validation of uranium determination in urine by ICP-MS. HEALTH PHYSICS 2003; 85:216-219. [PMID: 12938969 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-200308000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A rapid procedure--dilution of urine+ICP-MS measurement--for the determination of uranium in urine was validated. Large ranges of concentration and isotopic composition were studied on urine samples excreted by occupationally exposed workers. The results were consistent with those obtained by fluorimetry and by alpha spectrometry after a purification procedure, two currently used techniques. However, the proposed procedure is limited for determination of the minor isotope 234U. Thus for worker monitoring, the conversion of 234U mass concentration into activity concentration can lead to an erroneous value of the effective dose, in particular for a contamination at very low level with highly enriched uranium. A solution to avoid this hazard is to perform a chemical purification prior to ICP-MS measurement to lower uncertainty and detection limit for 234U.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bouvier-Capely
- IRSN, Département de Protection de la santé de l'Homme et de Dosimétrie, Centre de Fontenay aux Roses, B. P. 17, F92 262 Fontenay aux Roses Cedex, France
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