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Pizova K, Bajgar R, Fillerova R, Kriegova E, Cenklova V, Langova K, Konecny P, Kolarova H. C-MYC and C-FOS expression changes and cellular aspects of the photodynamic reaction with photosensitizers TMPyP and ClAlPcS2. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 142:186-96. [PMID: 25545333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the tumor-selective accumulation of photosensitizer followed by irradiation with light of an appropriate wavelength. After irradiation and in the presence of oxygen, photosensitizer induces cellular damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of two photosensitizers TMPyP and ClAlPcS2 on cell lines to obtain better insight into their mechanisms of action. We determined cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and changes in expression levels of two important early response genes, C-MYC and C-FOS, on tumor MCF7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and G361 (human melanoma) cell lines and non-tumor BJ cell line (human fibroblast) after photodynamic reaction with TMPyP and ClAlPcS2 as photosensitizers. In addition TMPyP and ClAlPcS2 cellular uptake and clearance and antioxidant capacity of the mentioned cell lines were investigated. We found appropriate therapeutic doses and confirmed that both tested photosensitizers are photodynamically efficient in treatment used cells in vitro. TMPyP is more efficient; it had higher ROS production and toxicity after irradiation by intermediate therapeutic doses than ClAlPcS2. We revealed that both TMPyP and ClAlPcS2-PDT increased C-FOS expression on tumor cell lines (G361 and MCF7), but not on non-tumor BJ cell line. Conversely, both TMPyP and ClAlPcS2-PDT decreased C-MYC expression on non-tumor BJ cell line but not on tumor cell lines. As first we tested these photosensitizers in such extent and we believe that it can help to better understand mechanisms of PDT and increase its efficiency and applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Pizova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 5, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Robert Bajgar
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 5, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Regina Fillerova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kriegova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Cenklova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 5, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Langova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Konecny
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 5, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolarova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 5, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Krieg RC, Messmann H, Schlottmann K, Endlicher E, Seeger S, Schölmerich J, Knuechel R. Intracellular Localization is a Cofactor for the Phototoxicity of Protoporphyrin IX in the Gastrointestinal Tract: In Vitro Study¶†. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780393iliacf2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Krieg RC, Messmann H, Schlottmann K, Endlicher E, Seeger S, Schölmerich J, Knuechel R. Intracellular Localization is a Cofactor for the Phototoxicity of Protoporphyrin IX in the Gastrointestinal Tract: In Vitro Study¶†. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 78:393-9. [PMID: 14626668 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0393:iliacf>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new treatment modality for solid tumors as well as for flat lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) shows important advantages over other photosensitizers, the main mechanisms of phototoxicity induced are still poorly understood. Three human colon carcinoma cell lines with variable degrees of differentiation and a normal colon fibroblast cell line were used to generate a suitable in vitro model for investigation of photosensitizer concentration as well as the applied light dose. Also, the effects of intracellular photosensitizer localization on efficiency of PDT were examined, and cellular parameters after PDT (morphology, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation) were analyzed to distinguish between PDT-induced apoptosis from necrosis. The fibroblast cell line was less affected by phototoxicity than the tumor cells to a variable degree. Well-differentiated tumor cells showed higher toxicity than less-differentiated cells. After irradiation, cell lines with cytosolic or mitochondrial PPIX localization indicate a loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential resulting in growth arrest, whereas membrane-bound PPIX induces a loss of membrane integrity and consequent necrosis. Although the absolute amount of intracellular photosensitizer concentration plays the main determining role for PDT efficiency, data indicate that intracellular localization has additional effects on the mode of cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- René C Krieg
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Lang K, Lehmann P, Bolsen K, Ruzicka T, Fritsch C. Aminolevulinic acid: pharmacological profile and clinical indication. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:1139-56. [PMID: 11772241 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.6.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The role of aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (ALA) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of in situ neoplasias and tumours of epithelial tumours is steadily increasing and it has been shown to be the drug with most clinical use in PDT. In dermatology, topical PDT with ALA is already postulated to be the treatment of choice for actinic keratoses and superficial basal cell carcinomas. In gastroenterology, pulmonology, uro- and nephrology, neurology and gynaecology ALA has an important role as a photosensitiser not only in the diagnosis of neoplastic tissue but as therapy; first experiences have been made with PDT in these organs. Besides the therapeutic efficacy of this technique, the fluorescence of ALA-induced porphyrins can be effectively used to detect and delineate epithelial and endothelial neoplasms. In dermatology, other indications for ALA-treatment are non-tumoural applications, especially psoriasis, viral-induced diseases, or acne vulgaris. ALA is an effective compound in the diagnosis or therapy of various epithelial and endothelial neoplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lang
- Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
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Doggrell SA. Migraine and beyond: cardiovascular therapeutic potential for CGRP modulators. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:1131-8. [PMID: 11772240 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.6.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CGRP is a potent vasodilator that has been shown to have a physiological and/or pathological role in neurogenic inflammation, headaches including migraine, thermal injury, circulatory shock, pregnancy and menopause, hypertension and heart failure and is known to be cardioprotective. CGRP is also a positive inotrope and increases heart rate. Clinical trials have shown beneficial effects of the vasodilatory action of CGRP in hypertension, angina, heart failure, Raynaud's disease and venous stasis ulcers. However, the clinical potential of CGRP is limited as it has to be given by infusion and is quickly broken down. Oral long acting CGRP-mimetics may have potential in disorders in which CGRP has been shown to be beneficial. CGRP-mimetics include capsaicin/vanilloid receptor agonists and gene transfer of an adenoviral vector that encodes prepro-CGRP. CGRP inhibitors have therapeutic potential in conditions in which excessive CGRP-mediated vasodilatation is present; neurogenic inflammation, migraine and other headaches, thermal injury, circulatory shock and flushing in menopause. CGRP inhibitors include capsaicin, antagonists at capsaicin/vanilloid receptors, civamide, CGRP receptor antagonists and 5-HT1D-receptor agonists. Drugs that are 5-HT1D-receptor agonists, the 'triptans' are already commonly used in migraine and the first small molecule CGRP antagonist, BIBN4096BS, is under clinical investigation for the treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Doggrell
- Doggrell Biomedical Communications, 47 Caronia Crescent, Lynfield, Auckland, New Zealand
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Berg K. Chapter 8 Basic principles of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy. COMPREHENSIVE SERIES IN PHOTOSCIENCES 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1568-461x(01)80112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Fuchs J, Weber S, Kaufmann R. Genotoxic potential of porphyrin type photosensitizers with particular emphasis on 5-aminolevulinic acid: implications for clinical photodynamic therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28:537-48. [PMID: 10719235 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses exogenously administered photosensitizers activated by light to induce cell death or modulation of immunological cascades, presumably via formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) mediated photosensitization is increasingly used for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer and other indications including benign skin disorders. Long-term side effects of this investigational modality are presently unknown. Just as tumor treatments such as ionizing radiation and chemotherapy can cause secondary tumor induction, PDT may potentially have a carcinogenic risk. Evaluation of the biological effects of ALA in absence of activating light and analysis of the mechanism of ALA-PDT and porphyrin-type photosensitizers mediated photosensitization indicate that this therapy has a pro-oxidant and genotoxic potential. However, porphyrin type molecules also possess antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. ALA-PDT delays photocarcinogenesis in mice, and topical ALA alone does not increase skin cancer incidence in these animals. Patients with increased tissue levels of ALA have an increased incidence of internal carcinoma, however, it is not clear whether this relationship is casual or causal. There is no evidence indicating higher rates of skin cancer in patients with photosensitivity diseases due to presence of high protoporphyrin IX (PP) levels in skin. Overall, the presently available data indicate that the risk for secondary skin carcinoma after topical ALA-PDT seems to be low, but further studies must be carried out to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of ALA-PDT in conditions predisposed to skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fuchs
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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