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Lim EQ, Ahemad N, Yap MKK. High-throughput virtual screening, pharmacophore modelling and antagonist effects of small molecule inhibitors against cytotoxin-induced cytotoxicity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-15. [PMID: 38100546 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2293275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cobra venom cytotoxins (CTX) cause dermonecrosis in envenomed patients who suffered from limb amputations due to the limitation of serotherapy-based antivenoms. This study aimed to identify small molecule inhibitors against CTX. A structure-based high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS) was conducted based on a conserved CTX, using the Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS) screening library. The hits were valerenic acid, 1-oxo-2H-isoquinoline-4-carboxylic acid, acenaphthene, and 5-bromopyrrole-2-carboxamide, which interacted with contemporary antivenom binding site A and functional loops I-III of CTX, respectively, in molecular docking studies. Furthermore, molecular dynamic simulations were performed along with analysis of ligand fitness through their pharmacophore and pharmacokinetics properties. The antagonist effects of these hits on CTX-induced cytotoxicity were examined in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Despite having a low binding affinity (KD = 14.45 × 10-4 M), acenaphthene demonstrated a significant increase of cell viability at 6 h and 24 h in experimental envenomed HaCaT. It also demonstrated the highest neutralization potency against CTX with a median effective concentration (EC50) of 0.05 mL/mg. Acenaphthene interacted with the functional loop II, which is the crucial cytotoxic site of CTX. It has an aromatic ring as its primary pharmacophoric feature, commonly used for rational drug design. In conclusion, acenaphthene could be a promising lead compound as a small molecule inhibitor.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Qi Lim
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michelle Khai Khun Yap
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Tang P, Tan Z, Ehamparanathan V, Ren T, Hoffman L, Du C, Song Y, Tao L, Lewandowski A, Ghose S, Li ZJ, Liu S. Optimization and kinetic modeling of interchain disulfide bond reoxidation of monoclonal antibodies in bioprocesses. MAbs 2021; 12:1829336. [PMID: 33031716 PMCID: PMC7577745 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1829336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play a crucial role in folding and structural stabilization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Disulfide bond reduction may happen during the mAb manufacturing process, resulting in low molecular weight species and possible failure to meet product specifications. Although many mitigation strategies have been developed to prevent disulfide reduction, to the best of our knowledge, reforming disulfide bonds from the reduced antibody in manufacturing has not previously been reported. Here, we explored a novel rescue strategy in the downstream process to repair the broken disulfide bonds via in-vitro redox reactions on Protein A resin. Redox conditions including redox pair (cysteine/cystine ratio), pH, temperature, and reaction time were examined to achieve high antibody purity and a high reaction rate. Under the optimal redox condition, >90% reduced antibody could be reoxidized to form an intact antibody on Protein A resin in an hour. In addition, this study showed high flexibility on the range of the intact mAb fraction in the initial reduced mAb sample (the lower limit of intact mAb faction could be 14% based on the data reported in this study). Furthermore, a kinetic model based on elementary oxidative reactions was constructed to help optimize the reoxidation conditions and to predict product purity. Together, the deep understanding of interchain disulfide bond reoxidation, combined with the predictive kinetic model, provided a good foundation to implement a rescue strategy to generate high-purity antibodies with substantial cost savings in manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Tang
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA.,Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, The State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Vivekh Ehamparanathan
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Tingwei Ren
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Laurel Hoffman
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Cheng Du
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Yuanli Song
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Angela Lewandowski
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens, MA, USA
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, The State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry , Syracuse, NY, USA
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3
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Kato A, Ohashi H. Quick Refolding of High-Concentration Proteins via Microchannel Dialysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Kato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ohashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Paez-Valencia J, Otegui MS. Purification of Plant ESCRT Proteins for Polyclonal Antibody Production. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1998:227-238. [PMID: 31250306 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9492-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III proteins are not fully functional when expressed as fusion of fluorescent or epitope tags, frequently making the use of specific antibodies the only available method for their detection. Heterologous expression of ESCRT-III proteins in bacteria often results in the formation of insoluble aggregates or inclusion bodies that interfere with their purification. However, inclusion bodies are usually pure protein aggregates with high antigenicity. In addition, since proteins within inclusion bodies are presented in a range of folding states, immunization with inclusion bodies can potentially result in antibodies with specificity for different folding states of the protein under study. We describe here a protocol to isolate bacterial inclusion bodies of plant ESCRT-III proteins for production of polyclonal antibodies. We also describe a nitrocellulose-based immunoaffinity purification method that allows the immobilization of ESCRT-III proteins and the subsequent isolation of specific antibodies from a crude serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Paez-Valencia
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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5
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Mun M, Khoo S, Do Minh A, Dvornicky J, Trexler-Schmidt M, Kao YH, Laird MW. Air sparging for prevention of antibody disulfide bond reduction in harvested CHO cell culture fluid. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:734-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Mun
- Late Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco California 94080
| | - Stefanie Khoo
- Purification Development; Genentech, Inc.; San Francisco California
| | - Aline Do Minh
- Late Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco California 94080
| | - James Dvornicky
- Purification Development; Genentech, Inc.; San Francisco California
| | | | - Yung-Hsiang Kao
- Protein Analytical Chemistry; Genentech, Inc.; San Francisco California
| | - Michael W. Laird
- Late Stage Cell Culture; Genentech, Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco California 94080
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Meneses-Acosta A, Vizcaíno-Meza LR, Ayala-Castro HG, Contreras MA, Ortega-López J, Ramírez OT. Effect of controlled redox potential and dissolved oxygen on the in vitro refolding of an E. coli alkaline phosphatase and chicken lysozyme. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 52:312-8. [PMID: 23608498 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient purification strategies of recombinant active protein derived from inclusion bodies requires the knowledge of the effect of environmental variables, such as redox potential (RP) and dissolved oxygen tension (DOT), in order to control the protein folding process. However, that information is scarce and only few in vitro studies of the impact of such variables have been reported under constant controlled conditions. In this work, the effect of controlled RP and DOT on the refolding of E. coli alkaline phosphatase (AP) and chicken lysozyme (CL) enzymes were studied. Disulphide bonds of both enzymes were reduced in an instrumented vessel using 2-mercaptoethanol and nitrogen. In the latter case, guanidine hydrochloride was also used to denature the protein. Such conditions caused protein conformational changes, as determined by the intrinsic fluorescence spectra that correlated with a decrease on the activity in both cases. Reduced enzymes were then oxidized, under different constant and predetermined RP or DOT, by manipulating the gas composition in the vessel. Folding kinetics were followed as the recovery of enzyme activity. Results showed that the percentage of recovery and rate of increase of enzymatic activity directly depended on the RP and DOT. A higher folding efficiency was found under controlled DOT compared to controlled RP conditions. These results are useful for establishing protein folding strategies to improve the recovery of active protein from inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Meneses-Acosta
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1010, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62100, Mexico
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7
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Menzella HG. Comparison of two codon optimization strategies to enhance recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:15. [PMID: 21371320 PMCID: PMC3056764 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variations in codon usage between species are one of the major causes affecting recombinant protein expression levels, with a significant impact on the economy of industrial enzyme production processes. The use of codon-optimized genes may overcome this problem. However, designing a gene for optimal expression requires choosing from a vast number of possible DNA sequences and different codon optimization methods have been used in the past decade. Here, a comparative study of the two most common methods is presented using calf prochymosin as a model. RESULTS Seven sequences encoding calf prochymosin have been designed, two using the "one amino acid-one codon" method and five using a "codon randomization" strategy. When expressed in Escherichia coli, the variants optimized by the codon randomization approach produced significantly more proteins than the native sequence including one gene that produced an increase of 70% in the amount of prochymosin accumulated. On the other hand, no significant improvement in protein expression was observed for the variants designed with the one amino acid-one codon method. The use of codon-optimized sequences did not affect the quality of the recovered inclusion bodies. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this study indicate that the codon randomization method is a superior strategy for codon optimization. A significant improvement in protein expression was obtained for the largely established process of chymosin production, showing the power of this strategy to reduce production costs of industrial enzymes in microbial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G Menzella
- Genetic Engineering & Fermentation Technology, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531 Rosario 2000, Republica Argentina.
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8
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Rodríguez-Carmona E, Cano-Garrido O, Seras-Franzoso J, Villaverde A, García-Fruitós E. Isolation of cell-free bacterial inclusion bodies. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:71. [PMID: 20849629 PMCID: PMC2949796 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial inclusion bodies are submicron protein clusters usually found in recombinant bacteria that have been traditionally considered as undesirable products from protein production processes. However, being fully biocompatible, they have been recently characterized as nanoparticulate inert materials useful as scaffolds for tissue engineering, with potentially wider applicability in biomedicine and material sciences. Current protocols for inclusion body isolation from Escherichia coli usually offer between 95 to 99% of protein recovery, what in practical terms, might imply extensive bacterial cell contamination, not compatible with the use of inclusion bodies in biological interfaces. Results Using an appropriate combination of chemical and mechanical cell disruption methods we have established a convenient procedure for the recovery of bacterial inclusion bodies with undetectable levels of viable cell contamination, below 10-1 cfu/ml, keeping the particulate organization of these aggregates regarding size and protein folding features. Conclusions The application of the developed protocol allows obtaining bacterial free inclusion bodies suitable for use in mammalian cell cultures and other biological interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Escarlata Rodríguez-Carmona
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Boeris V, Spelzini D, Farruggia B, Picó G. Aqueous two-phase extraction and polyelectrolyte precipitation combination: A simple and economically technologies for pepsin isolation from bovine abomasum homogenate. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Successful production of recombinant buckwheat cysteine-rich aspartic protease in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2009. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc0906607m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the expression of recombinant cysteine-rich atypical buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) aspartic protease (FeAPL1) in five Escherichia coli strains differing in their expression capabilities is presented. It was shown that the expression success depended highly on the choice of FeAPL1 fusion partner. His6-FeAPL1 was produced in large quantities as an insoluble protein localized in inclusion bodies. On the other hand, MBP-FeAPL1 was localized in both the cytoplasm and inclusion bodies in BL21 and Rosetta-gami strains. Only purified soluble MBP-FeAPL1 from Rosetta-gami cells showed proteolytic activity at pH 3.0 with BSA as the substrate. The results also indicated that FeAPL1 contained a PRO segment that had to be removed for the enzyme activity to appear. The activity of FeAPL1 produced in the Rosetta-gami strain, which enables disulfide bond formation, indicated the importance of the twelve cysteine residues for correct folding and functionality.
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11
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Rudolph R, Lange C. Strategies for the Oxidative in vitro Refolding of Disulfide-bridge-containing Proteins. OXIDATIVE FOLDING OF PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847559265-00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Rudolph
- Institut für Biochemie and Biotechnologie Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Christian Lange
- Institut für Biochemie and Biotechnologie Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
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12
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Yang XM, Xing JL, Liao CG, Yao XY, Li Y, Chen ZN. High efficiency reconstitution of a human-mouse chimeric Fab of CAb-1 antibody specific to human colon cancer. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:12-21. [PMID: 18482205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) has been widely applied in the treatment of human diseases, especially in malignant tumours. However, most antibodies produced in mouse by hybridoma technology might induce severe human anti-mouse reactions. We had reported a murine mAb CAb-1 of therapeutic interest for its specifically binding to a cell surface glycoprotein of human colon cancer. Here, we attempted to generate a reconstituted human-mouse chimeric Fab (cFab) of CAb-1 in vitro to reduce its antigenicity and increase its capacity of penetration. First, the genes of heavy and light chain variable region (VH, VL) of CAb-1 were cloned. Then, the chimeric light chain (cL) and Fd (cFd) were constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. Finally, the reconstituted cFab was obtained by gradient dialysis of the mixture of cFd and cL. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis showed the reconstituted cFab with a recovery rate of 70.2% when the initial total concentration of cL and cFd proteins to be 100 microg/ml. The reconstituted cFab maintained the affinity and specificity to colon cancer cells compared with its parental antibody as determined by immunostaining analysis, FACS and ELISA. Our results established a foundation for further application of the cFab in diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-M Yang
- Cell Engineering Research Centre & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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13
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Improving the refolding of NTA protein by urea gradient and arginine gradient size-exclusion chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 70:1130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Liu XQ, Yang XQ, Xie FH, Song LY, Zhang GQ, Qian SJ. On-column refolding and purification of transglutaminase from Streptomyces fradiae expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 51:179-86. [PMID: 16935525 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since transglutaminase (TGase) have been widely used in industry, mass production of the enzyme is especially necessary. The mature TGase gene from Streptomyces fradiae was cloned into pET21a and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant TGase was formed as inclusion bodies, and its content was as high as 55% of the total protein content. The insoluble fractions were separated from cellular debris by centrifugation and solubilized with 8 M urea. With an on-column refolding procedure based on cation SP Fast Flow chromatography with dual-gradient, the active TGase protein was recovered efficiently from inclusion bodies. The final purified product was 95% pure detected by SDS-PAGE. Under appropriate experimental conditions, the protein yield and specific activity of the TGase were up to 53% and 21 U/mg, respectively. Furthermore, the refolded recombinant protein demonstrated nearly identical ability to polymerized BSA compared with that of native TGase. One hundred and five milligrams of refolded TGase protein was obtained from 3.2g wet weight cells in the 400 ml cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiu Liu
- State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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15
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Graumann K, Premstaller A. Manufacturing of recombinant therapeutic proteins in microbial systems. Biotechnol J 2006; 1:164-86. [PMID: 16892246 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200500051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant therapeutic proteins have gained enormous importance for clinical applications. The first recombinant products have been produced in E. coli more than 20 years ago. Although with the advent of antibody-based therapeutics mammalian expression systems have experienced a major boost, microbial expression systems continue to be widely used in industry. Their intrinsic advantages, such as rapid growth, high yields and ease of manipulation, make them the premier choice for expression of non-glycosylated peptides and proteins. Innovative product classes such as antibody fragments or alternative binding molecules will further expand the use of microbial systems. Even more, novel, engineered production hosts and integrated technology platforms hold enormous potential for future applications. This review summarizes current applications and trends for development, production and analytical characterization of recombinant therapeutic proteins in microbial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Graumann
- Novartis Biopharmaceutical Operations, Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria.
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Vincentelli R, Canaan S, Campanacci V, Valencia C, Maurin D, Frassinetti F, Scappucini-Calvo L, Bourne Y, Cambillau C, Bignon C. High-throughput automated refolding screening of inclusion bodies. Protein Sci 2005; 13:2782-92. [PMID: 15388864 PMCID: PMC2286565 DOI: 10.1110/ps.04806004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the main stumbling blocks encountered when attempting to express foreign proteins in Escherichia coli is the occurrence of amorphous aggregates of misfolded proteins, called inclusion bodies (IB). Developing efficient protein native structure recovery procedures based on IB refolding is therefore an important challenge. Unfortunately, there is no "universal" refolding buffer: Experience shows that refolding buffer composition varies from one protein to another. In addition, the methods developed so far for finding a suitable refolding buffer suffer from a number of weaknesses. These include the small number of refolding formulations, which often leads to negative results, solubility assays incompatible with high-throughput, and experiment formatting not suitable for automation. To overcome these problems, it was proposed in the present study to address some of these limitations. This resulted in the first completely automated IB refolding screening procedure to be developed using a 96-well format. The 96 refolding buffers were obtained using a fractional factorial approach. The screening procedure is potentially applicable to any nonmembrane protein, and was validated with 24 proteins in the framework of two Structural Genomics projects. The tests used for this purpose included the use of quality control methods such as circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, and crystallogenesis. Out of the 24 proteins, 17 remained soluble in at least one of the 96 refolding buffers, 15 passed large-scale purification tests, and five gave crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Vincentelli
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098, CNRS et Universités d'Aix-Marseille I et II, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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17
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Vallejo LF, Rinas U. Strategies for the recovery of active proteins through refolding of bacterial inclusion body proteins. Microb Cell Fact 2004; 3:11. [PMID: 15345063 PMCID: PMC517725 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in generating active proteins through refolding of bacterial inclusion body proteins are summarized in conjunction with a short overview on inclusion body isolation and solubilization procedures. In particular, the pros and cons of well-established robust refolding techniques such as direct dilution as well as less common ones such as diafiltration or chromatographic processes including size exclusion chromatography, matrix- or affinity-based techniques and hydrophobic interaction chromatography are discussed. Moreover, the effect of physical variables (temperature and pressure) as well as the presence of buffer additives on the refolding process is elucidated. In particular, the impact of protein stabilizing or destabilizing low- and high-molecular weight additives as well as micellar and liposomal systems on protein refolding is illustrated. Also, techniques mimicking the principles encountered during in vivo folding such as processes based on natural and artificial chaperones and propeptide-assisted protein refolding are presented. Moreover, the special requirements for the generation of disulfide bonded proteins and the specific problems and solutions, which arise during process integration are discussed. Finally, the different strategies are examined regarding their applicability for large-scale production processes or high-throughput screening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Vallejo
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ursula Rinas
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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18
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Crabbe M. Rennets: General and Molecular Aspects. CHEESE: CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS AND MICROBIOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-558x(04)80061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Cabrita LD, Bottomley SP. Protein expression and refolding--a practical guide to getting the most out of inclusion bodies. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2004; 10:31-50. [PMID: 15504702 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(04)10002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The release of sequence data, particularly from a number of medically and biotechnologically important genomes, is increasing in an exponential fashion. In light of this, elucidating the structure and function of proteins, particularly in a "high throughput" manner, is an important quest. The production of recombinant proteins however is not always straightforward, with a number of proteins falling prey to low expression problems, a high susceptibility to proteolysis and the often despised production of inclusion bodies. Whilst expression as inclusion bodies can often be advantageous, their solubilization and renaturation is often a time consuming and empirical process. In this review, we aim to outline some of the more common approaches that have been applied to a variety of proteins and address issues associated with their handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Cabrita
- Monash University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, P.O. Box 13D, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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