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L McDevitt J, T Goldman D, J Bundy J, N Hage A, K Jairath N, J Gemmete J, N Srinivasa R, Chick JFB. Gianturco Z-stent placement for the treatment of chronic central venous occlusive disease: implantation of 208 stents in 137 symptomatic patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 27:72-78. [PMID: 33090095 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2020.19282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the technical successes, adverse events, and long-term stent patency rates of Gianturco Z-stents for management of chronic central venous occlusive disease. METHODS Overall, 137 patients, with mean age 48.6±16.1 years (range, 16-89 years), underwent placement of Gianturco Z-stents for chronic central venous occlusions. Presenting symptoms included lower extremity edema (n=66, 48.2%), superior vena cava syndrome (n=30, 21.9%), unilateral upper extremity swelling (n=20, 14.6%), hemodialysis fistula or catheter dysfunction (n=11, 8.0%), ascites (n=8, 5.8%), and both ascites and lower extremity edema (n=2, 1.5%). Most common etiologies of central venous occlusion were prior central venous access placement (n=58, 42.3%), extrinsic compression (n=29, 21.2%), and post-surgical anastomotic stenosis (n=27, 19.7%). Number of stents placed, stent implantation location, stent sizes, technical successes, adverse events, need for re-intervention, follow-up evaluation, stent patencies, and mortality were recorded. Technical success was defined as recanalization and stent reconstruction with restoration of in-line venous flow. Adverse events were defined by the Society of Interventional Radiology Adverse Event Classification criteria. Primary and primary-assisted stent patencies were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS In total, 208 Z-stents were placed. The three most common placement sites were the inferior vena cava (n=124, 59.6%), superior vena cava (n=44, 21.2%), and brachiocephalic veins (n=27, 13.0%). Technical success was achieved in 133 patients (97.1%). There were two (1.5%) severe adverse events (two cases of stent migration to the right atrium), one (0.7%) moderate adverse event, and one (0.7%) mild adverse event. Mean follow-up was 43.6±52.7 months. Estimated 1-, 3-, and 5-year primary stent patency was 84.2%, 84.2%, and 82.1%, respectively. Estimated 1-, 3-, and 5-year primary-assisted patency was 92.3%, 89.6%, and 89.6%, respectively. The 30- and 60- day mortality rates were 2.9% (n=4) and 5.1% (n=7), none of which were directly attributable to Z-stent placement. CONCLUSION Gianturco Z-stent placement is safe and effective for the treatment for chronic central venous occlusive disease with durable short- and long-term patencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L McDevitt
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA;Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Daryl T Goldman
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA;Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Gustave L Levy Place, New York, USA
| | - Jacob J Bundy
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA;Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Anthony N Hage
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA;Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Neil K Jairath
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph J Gemmete
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ravi N Srinivasa
- Department of Interventional Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Forris Beecham Chick
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Evaluation of Venous Stenosis Angioplasty in a Murine Arteriovenous Fistula Model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019; 30:1512-1521.e3. [PMID: 30902494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a clinically relevant model of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of venous stenosis in mice with arteriovenous fistula (AVF); to test the hypothesis that there is increased wall shear stress (WSS) after PTA; and to histologically characterize the vessels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen C57BL/6J male mice, 6-8 weeks old, underwent partial nephrectomy to create chronic kidney disease. Twenty-eight days later, an AVF was created from the right external jugular vein to the left carotid artery. Fourteen days later, an angioplasty or sham procedure was performed, and the mice were sacrificed 14 days later for histologic evaluation to identify the cells contributing to the vascular remodeling (α-SMA, FSP-1, CD31, and CD68), proliferation (Ki-67), cell death (TUNEL), and hypoxia staining (HIF-1α). Histomorphometric analysis was performed to assess lumen area, neointima+media area, and cellular density. Ultrasound was performed weekly after creation of the AVF. RESULTS Venous stenosis occurred 14 days after the creation of an AVF. PTA-treated vessels had significantly higher WSS; average peak systolic velocity, with increased lumen vessel area; and decreased neointima + media area compared to sham controls. There was a significant decrease in the staining of smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, HIF-1α, proliferation, and apoptosis and an increase in CD31-(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS A clinically relevant model of PTA of venous stenosis in mice was created. PTA-treated vessels had increased lumen vessel area and WSS. The alterations in tissue markers of vascular remodeling, tissue hypoxia, proliferation, and cell death may be implications for future design of drug and device development.
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Kang CH, Yang SB, Lee WH, Ahn JH, Goo DE, Han NJ, Ohm JY. Comparison of Open-Cell Stent and Closed-Cell Stent for Treatment of Central Vein Stenosis or Occlusion in Hemodialysis Patients. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY 2016; 13:e37994. [PMID: 27895880 PMCID: PMC5120236 DOI: 10.5812/iranjradiol.37994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Central vein stenosis or occlusion is a common complication that can lead to significant morbidity and dysfunction of access in the hemodialysis patient. More lesions can develop over time, and preserving access becomes a challenge as life expectancy of the hemodialysis patient increases. Objectives The goal was to compare long-term results and determine the outcomes of open-cell stent versus closed-cell stent for central vein stenosis or occlusion in hemodialysis patients. Patients and Methods From 1997 to 2015, in 401 hemodialysis patients, stent placement for central vein stenosis or occlusion was performed if balloon angioplasty was unsatisfactory, due to elastic recoil or occurrence of restenosis within 3 months. When thrombus was present, primary stenting was performed. A total of 257 open-cell stents and 144 closed-cell stents were used. Angiographic findings including lesion site, central vein stenosis or occlusion, and presence of thrombosis and complication were evaluated. Primary patency rate and mean patency rate of the stent were compared between two stent groups by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results For the open-cell stent group, 159 patients were diagnosed as central vein stenosis and 98 were occlusion. For the closed-cell stent group, 78 were stenosis and 66 were occlusion. There were two complications for central migration and two for procedure-related vein rupture. Open-cell stents and closed-cell stents had mean patency rates of 10.9 ± 0.80 months and 8.5 ± 10.87 months, respectively (P = 0.002). Conclusion The open-cell stent is effective and its performance is higher than that obtained with the closed-cell stent for treating central vein stenosis or occlusion in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Hoon Kang
- Department of Radiology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Seung Boo Yang
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Gumi, South Korea
- Corresponding author: Seung Boo Yang, Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Gumi, South Korea, E-mail:
| | - Woong Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Gumi, South Korea
| | - Jae Hong Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Dong Erk Goo
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Gumi, South Korea
| | - Nae Jin Han
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Gumi, South Korea
| | - Joon Young Ohm
- Department of Radiology, Department of Radiology, Chungnam National University Hosiptal, Daejeon, South Korea
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Abstract
Central vein stenosis (CVS) is commonly seen in patients receiving hemodialysis through an arteriovenous access, threatening the usability of arteriovenous access for dialysis. Subclavian and internal jugular catheters are prime reasons for the development of CVS, especially in the setting of long-term use of multiple catheters. CVS related to cardiac rhythm devices also is seen frequently. Idiopathic CVS can be encountered, although it is less common. Clinical features ultimately become sufficiently prominent to prompt angiographic evaluation. CVS should be evaluated carefully because management must be individualized. The primary method for treatment of CVS is endovascular intervention, including angioplasty and stent placement, whereas surgical options should be pursued in only refractory cases due to the invasiveness of the intervention. Early referral of patients for chronic kidney disease care; timely discussion of kidney replacement modality choices, including nonhemodialysis options such as peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation; placement of arteriovenous access prior to the onset of dialysis; and avoidance of catheters and other central vein instrumentation will prevent the development of CVS in most patients with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Agarwal
- Interventional Nephrology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Central venous disease in hemodialysis patients: an update. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012; 36:898-903. [PMID: 23073561 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-012-0498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Central venous occlusive disease (CVD) is a common concern among the hemodialysis patient population, with the potential to cause significant morbidity. Endovascular management of CVD, comprising percutaneous balloon angioplasty and bare-metal stenting, has been established as a safe alternative to open surgical treatment. However, these available treatments have poor long-term patency, requiring close surveillance and multiple repeat interventions. Recently, covered stents have been proposed and their efficacy assessed for the treatment of recalcitrant central venous stenosis and obstruction. Moreover, newly proposed algorithms for the surgical management of CVD warrant consideration. Here, we seek to provide an updated review of the current literature on the various treatment modalities for CVD.
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Kundu S. Central venous disease in hemodialysis patients: prevalence, etiology and treatment. J Vasc Access 2010; 11:1-7. [PMID: 20119911 DOI: 10.1177/112972981001100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A common problem in the management of hemodialysis patients is central venous occlusive disease. There has been extensive literature on the treatment of this important and prevalent problem. Treatment options to date include percutaneous balloon angioplasty, bare metal stents and surgical bypass. Unfortunately, all the available treatment options have poor long-term patency, requiring repetitive intervention. More recently, covered stents have been mentioned in the literature for the treatment of central venous stenosis and obstruction. There is very little data to date on this technology, and further randomized controlled trials will be needed to compare the efficacy of percutaneous balloon angioplasty, bare metal stents and covered stents. It appears prevention of this difficult problem is paramount, by limiting venous access or intervention of the central venous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Kundu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Scarborough Hospital, Scarborough, ON, Canada.
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Kundu S. Review of central venous disease in hemodialysis patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21:963-8. [PMID: 20418112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2010.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A common problem in the management of patients who are undergoing hemodialysis is central venous occlusive disease. There has been extensive literature on the treatment of this important and prevalent problem. Treatment options to date include percutaneous balloon angioplasty, bare metal stents, and surgical bypass. Unfortunately, all the available treatment options have poor long-term patency, requiring repeated interventions. More recently, covered stents have been mentioned in the literature for the treatment of central venous stenosis and obstruction. There are very few data to date on this technology, and further randomized controlled trials will be needed to compare the efficacy of percutaneous balloon angioplasty, bare metal stents, and covered stents. It appears that it is of paramount importance to prevent this difficult problem by limiting access to, or intervention in, the central venous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Kundu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Scarborough Hospital, 217 Davenport Road, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
A major challenge in the management of hemodialysis patients is central venous stenosis and obstruction. Placement of central venous catheters has been shown to result in a high incidence of central venous stenosis or obstruction. There has been extensive literature on the treatment of this important and prevalent problem. Treatment options include percutaneous balloon angioplasty and bare metal stents. Unfortunately, all the available treatment options have variable rates of patency, requiring repeated intervention. More recently, covered stents have been mentioned in the literature for the treatment of central venous stenosis and obstruction. There is very little data to date, and further randomized controlled trials will be needed to compare the efficacy of percutaneous balloon angioplasty, bare metal stents, and covered stents. It appears prevention of this difficult problem is paramount, by limiting use of central venous catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Kundu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Scarborough Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Rajan DK, Saluja JS. Use of nitinol stents following recanalization of central venous occlusions in hemodialysis patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007; 30:662-7. [PMID: 17533532 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-007-9083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To retrospectively review the patency of endovascular interventions with nitinol stent placement for symptomatic central venous occlusions in hemodialysis patients. METHODS A retrospective review of all patients who underwent endovascular interventions for dysfunctional hemodialysis grafts and fistulas was performed from April 2004 to August 2006. A total of 6 patients presented with arm and/or neck and facial swelling and left brachiocephalic vein occlusion. The study group consisted of 3 men and 3 women with a mean age of 79.5 years (SD 11.2 years). Of these 6 patients, 1 had a graft and 5 had fistulas in the left arm. The primary indication for nitinol stent placement was technical failure of angioplasty following successful traversal of occluded central venous segments. Patency was assessed from repeat fistulograms and central venograms performed when patients redeveloped symptoms or were referred for access dysfunction determined by the ultrasound dilution technique. No patients were lost to follow-up. RESULTS Nitinol stent placement to obtain technically successful recanalization of occluded venous segments was initially successful in 5 of 6 patients (83%). In 1 patient, incorrect stent positioning resulted in partial migration to the superior vena cava requiring restenting to prevent further migration. Clinical success was observed in all patients (100%). Over the follow-up period, 2 patients underwent repeat intervention with angioplasty alone. Primary patency was 83.3% (95% CI 0.5-1.2) at 3 months, and 66.7% at 6 and 12 months (0.2-1.1, 0.1-1.2). Secondary patency was 100% at 12 months with 3 patients censored over that time period. Mean primary patency was 10.4 months with a mean follow-up of 12.4 months. No complications related to recanalization of the occluded central venous segments were observed. CONCLUSION Our initial experience has demonstrated that use of nitinol stents for central venous occlusion in hemodialysis patients is associated with good mid-term patency and may exceed historical observations with prior use of Wallstents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj K Rajan
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network University of Toronto, M5G 2N2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Beathard GA. Does stenting prolong the patency of arteriovenous grafts after thrombectomy and angioplasty? NATURE CLINICAL PRACTICE. NEPHROLOGY 2006; 2:554-5. [PMID: 17003831 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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Sreenarasimhaiah VP, Margassery SK, Martin KJ, Bander SJ. Salvage of thrombosed dialysis access grafts with venous anastomosis stents. Kidney Int 2005; 67:678-84. [PMID: 15673316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombosis of arteriovenous (AV) grafts caused by stenosis at the venous anastomosis is a well-described problem. Surgical thrombectomy and conventional angioplasty with mechanical thrombectomy have provided good success rates in achieving immediate graft patency but with generally dismal graft survival rates in the range of 11% to 36% at 6 months' follow-up. The role of intravascular stents in patients who have failed angioplasty or surgical revision at the venous anastomosis has not been fully elucidated, particularly in older grafts that have previously undergone multiple procedures. METHODS In this series, 34 patients had self-expanding nitinol stents placed at the venous anastomosis following graft thrombectomy and angioplasty procedures. Patients were selected for stent placement if conventional angioplasty alone was unsuccessful due to immediate elastic recoil or residual stenosis. All patients were followed after stent placement and evaluated for duration of graft patency and need for repeated endovascular procedures. RESULTS The average graft age at the time of stent placement was 17.9 months. Eight-eight percent of grafts were functioning at 6 months' follow-up, and 63% of the entire group had survived without the need for additional procedures. Among those with need for repeat interventions, 81% had new lesions outside of the stent, and 57% had new lesions within the stent. In 38% of cases, new stenoses were located both outside and within the stent. Among grafts no longer being used, only 19% of the time was it due to disease recurring within the stent. CONCLUSION Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft longevity is improved when venous anastomosis stenoses are treated with stents in selected cases of older grafts that would have normally undergone abandonment or surgical revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay P Sreenarasimhaiah
- Division of Nephrology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W I Clark
- Section of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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McLennan G. The Molecular Basis of PTA Stenosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(04)70214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Kelly BS, Heffelfinger SC, Whiting JF, Miller MA, Reaves A, Armstrong J, Narayana A, Roy-Chaudhury P. Aggressive venous neointimal hyperplasia in a pig model of arteriovenous graft stenosis. Kidney Int 2002; 62:2272-80. [PMID: 12427156 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular access dysfunction is the most important cause of morbidity and hospitalization in the hemodialysis population in the United States at a cost of well over one billion dollars per annum. Venous neointimal hyperplasia characterized by stenosis and subsequent thrombosis, is the major cause of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dialysis graft failure. Despite the magnitude of the problem, there are currently no effective therapies for the prevention or treatment of venous neointimal hyperplasia in PTFE dialysis grafts. We believe that this is partly due to the lack of a validated large animal model of arteriovenous stenosis that could be used to test out novel interventions. METHODS Seven-centimeter PTFE loop grafts were placed between the femoral artery and vein of domestic pigs. The grafts were removed at 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days after surgery and subjected to a detailed histological and immunohistochemical examination. RESULTS Significant neointimal hyperplasia and venous stenosis developed by 28 days at the graft-vein anastomosis. There was minimal neointimal hyperplasia at the graft-artery anastomosis. Venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH) was characterized by (a) the presence of smooth muscle cells/myofibroblasts; (b) angiogenesis within both the neointima and adventitia; and (c) the presence of an active macrophage cell layer lining the PTFE graft material. These results are very similar to the human lesion previously described by us in dialysis patients. CONCLUSIONS We have developed and validated a pig model of venous neointimal hyperplasia that is very similar to the human lesion. We believe that this is an ideal model in which to test out novel interventions for the prevention and treatment of clinical hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burnett S Kelly
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ing
- Cardiology Division, Children's Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, California 92123, USA.
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Johnson MS, McLennan G, Lalka SG, Whitfield RM, Dreesen RG. The porcine hemodialysis access model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12:969-77. [PMID: 11487678 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To create a porcine hemodialysis access model that reliably reproduces intimal hyperplasia (IH) of the outflow vein similar to that which causes access failure in human patients undergoing dialysis treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surgical technique for creation of side-to-side iliac-artery-to-ipsilateral-iliac-vein (IAV) native fistulas and IAV conduits was optimized in three standard-bred pigs. Persistent patency of fistulas and conduits was demonstrated in two additional pigs allowed to survive for 1 week. IAV fistulas and contralateral 2-cm polytetrafluoroethylene IAV conduits were created in five additional pigs. Venous outflow from these fistulas and conduits was evaluated with venography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) immediately after creation (day 0) and at 2-week intervals for as long as 64 days. Animals were killed at 30 days (n = 1), 42 days (n = 2), or 64 days (n = 2), and the arteries, veins, and conduits were evaluated histologically. RESULTS IAV native fistulas remained patent until the animals' death and conduits remained patent for at least 14 days in four of five pigs; both the fistula and conduit likely occluded before 16-day follow-up in the fifth pig. At 42-64 days, venography demonstrated maximum fistula outflow vein diameter stenoses of 53%-76% and maximum conduit outflow vein stenoses of 44%-84%, and IVUS demonstrated maximum area stenoses of 64%-86% and 43%-82%, respectively. Three of five conduits occluded, one before 16-day follow-up, one between 14 and 28 days, and the other after 42 days. Histologic sections demonstrated IH predominantly affecting the veins at the anastomoses and central (cephalad) to the anastomoses in all pigs. CONCLUSION This porcine model reproduces IH in the fistula or conduit outflow vein with measurable stenosis. Such a model might allow relevant preclinical evaluation of interventional devices and techniques intended to reduce the effects of IH in human patients undergoing dialysis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Johnson
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, University Hospital 0279, 550 N. University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5253, USA.
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McLennan G, Trerotola SO, Forney M, Jellison B, Dreesen RG, Tennery J. Short-term patency and safety of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene encapsulated endoluminal device at the venous anastomosis of a canine arteriovenous graft model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12:227-34. [PMID: 11265888 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61830-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the safety and short-term patency of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-encapsulated carbon-lined endoluminal device (ED) deployed across the venous anastomosis of arteriovenous conduits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Arteriovenous grafts (n = 16) were created between femoral arteries and veins in eight female canines and allowed to mature 30 days +/- 5 (SD). Five were excluded before implantation because of thrombosis or intragraft stenosis. Deployment was conducted in the remaining 11 anastomoses. Fistulography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) were performed before and after the procedure and 1 month postimplantation. Stent migration, apposition, and stenosis were evaluated. The angle of the anastomosis was compared before and after deployment and at follow-up. Mural thrombus thickness, percentage of surface covering, and percentage of endothelialization within the device were measured histologically. RESULTS There was no significant migration. By explant, all devices were completely apposed. Stenosis occurred in three of nine grafts. The angle of the venous anastomosis decreased by 29.5 degrees (posteroanterior) and 32.4 degrees (oblique) after ED deployment. There was a further decrease of 6.1 degrees (posteroanterior) and 3.2 degrees (oblique) during the 4-week follow-up period. Hemostasis was difficult to achieve in this animal model. Five required more than 1 hour to achieve hemostasis manually. Six in three animals were closed with a Perclose device, achieving immediate hemostasis; however, three (one in each animal) re-bled intermittently 2 weeks after implantation for an average of 9.3 days. The puncture site of each graft that bled was radiographically shown abnormal. CONCLUSION The ED can be deployed without stent migration and is completely apposed and patent after 4 weeks. Although bleeding was a problem with this animal model, delayed bleeding complications associated with puncture site abnormalities were seen only in grafts closed with a percutaneous suturing device.
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Affiliation(s)
- G McLennan
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
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Trerotola SO, Carmody TJ, Timmerman RD, Bergan KA, Dreesen RG, Frost SV, Forney M. Brachytherapy for the prevention of stenosis in a canine hemodialysis graft model: preliminary observations. Radiology 1999; 212:748-54. [PMID: 10478242 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.212.3.r99se28748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether gamma brachytherapy can prevent in-stent stenosis in hemodialysis grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six-millimeter polytetrafluoroethylene arteriovenous grafts were created bilaterally in six dogs. After 1 month, Wallstents spanning the venous anastomosis were placed to accelerate restenosis. Gamma irradiation (12 Gy) was delivered endoluminally to one of the two grafts by using an iridium 192 source; thus, each animal served as its own control. Fistulography was performed monthly for 10 months or until graft thrombosis, with measurement of stenosis at each time point. At the conclusion of the study period, the treated area was examined histologically, and a computer model was used to calculate the volume of intimal hyperplasia. RESULTS Delayed stent migration resulted in exclusion of one dog. In the remaining five dogs; maximum stenosis across all time intervals was less for the treated side (P < .04), and the volume of intimal hyperplasia was less for the treated side (P < .045). In one animal studied at 1 year, this trend reversed in terms of percentage stenosis but not total neointimal volume. CONCLUSION Brachytherapy with 192Ir (gamma) delivered at the time of stent placement reduces restenosis in this hemodialysis graft model, but, depending on the parameter evaluated (stenosis vs total volume of neointima), the benefit may wane or even reverse with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Trerotola
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202-5253, USA.
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Chang TC, Zaleski GX, Lin BH, Funaki B, Leef J. Treatment of inferior vena cava obstruction in hemodialysis patients using Wallstents: early and intermediate results. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 171:125-8. [PMID: 9648775 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.171.1.9648775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Wallstents in treating inferior vena cava obstruction in hemodialysis patients. CONCLUSION For the short and intermediate term, percutaneous placement of inferior vena cava Wallstents, followed by balloon angioplasty, is a safe and valuable technique for preserving the often limited central venous access in hemodialysis patients. To maintain patency, recurrent stenosis within the Wallstent can be treated with additional angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Chang
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago Hospitals, IL 60637, USA
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Dolmatch BL, Tio FO, Li XD, Dong YH. Patency and tissue response related to two types of polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents in the dog. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996; 7:641-9. [PMID: 8897326 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(96)70822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A canine model was used to determine tissue response related to placement of two different designs of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) covered stents in the peripheral vascular system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two types of PTFE covered stents were implanted in the iliac arteries of 15 mongrel dogs. The tissue response within and beneath these endoprostheses was studied and compared to that for control Palmaz stents with angiographic and histologic examination at 1, 3, and 6 months. RESULTS The bare Palmaz stent endothelialized faster and with a thinner neointima than either covered stent design. Neointima formation proceeds from the ends toward the center of PTFE-covered stents regardless of design, with minimal transgraft tissue penetration. However, the pattern of neointimal response differed for the two designs and suggests that early thrombus formation at the stent-graft interface promotes neointimal development. CONCLUSION The bare Palmaz stent showed the least amount of luminal encroachment at all time points compared with either covered stent. Regarding the covered stents, the different patterns of tissue response with the covered stents may provide insight into the design of stent-grafts for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Dolmatch
- Department of Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA
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Trerotola SO, Davidson DD, Filo RS, Dreesen RG, Forney M. Preclinical in vivo testing of a rotational mechanical thrombolytic device. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996; 7:717-23. [PMID: 8897341 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(96)70838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish the safety and efficacy of the Arrow Trerotola mechanical percutaneous thrombolytic device (PTD) for restoring patency of thrombosed hemodialysis grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hindlimb model of dialysis grafts was created in six dogs. Animals had either unilateral (n = 4) or bilateral (n = 2) polytetrafluoroethylene grafts, totaling eight grafts. Grafts were deliberately clotted 48 hours before thrombolysis. Thrombolysis was performed with five different versions of the PTD constructed of stainless steel (n = 12) or nitinol (n = 26) and rotated with use of a hand-held motor drive. After thrombolysis, fistulography was performed. RESULTS Thirty-eight procedures were performed with the PTD, with 100% success. Thirty-day patency, evaluated in a subset of 15 procedures, was 100%. Complications included a single arterial embolus (2.6%) and eight device breakages (21%, all but two with the stainless steel version); none had any clinical consequences. A final modification of the nitinol device yielded 11 consecutive procedures without further breakage. No residual thrombus occurred in any procedure. Pathologic examination showed no significant injury to the vessels or neointima. CONCLUSION The PTD is highly effective for mechanical thrombolysis in an animal model of clotted dialysis grafts. Based on this animal model, the device appears safe in its final modified form.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Trerotola
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, University Hospital 0279, Indianapolis 46202-5253, USA
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Abstract
The aim of this report is to review the current state of the art with respect to noncoronary vascular stenting. A review of the literature was performed, examining the historical aspects of stent design and usage, as well as the currently available designs and their respective functions. When appropriate, we note our personal experience with stent placement in each anatomic site. Currently available stents take many forms: balloon-expandable, self-expanding, and shape-memory alloy. Varied design modifications have been made to maximize the open area, to limit the surface area of the prosthesis, to increase (or decrease) flexibility, and to increase (or decrease) stent plasticity and elasticity. Modifications to minimize thrombogenicity are also underway. The clinical uses of the currently available stents in multiple anatomic locations will be discussed. Intravascular stents are an addition to the arsenal available for prolonging blood vessel patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Sniderman
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto and The Toronto Hospital, Ontario, Canada
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Baijal SS, Roy S, Phadke RV, Agrawal DK, Kumar S, Choudhuri G. Management of idiopathic Budd-Chiari syndrome with primary stent placement: early results. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996; 7:545-53. [PMID: 8855534 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(96)70800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the utility of primary stent placement in the management of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) secondary to idiopathic inferior vena caval (IVC) obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS The case records of nine patients (four women, five men), ranging in age from 22 to 58 years (median, 26 years), with idiopathic IVC obstruction were reviewed. Hepatosplenomegaly, esophageal varices, and prominent collateral veins were found in all patients, while four also had ascites. Hepatic functional reserve was graded as Child class A in three patients and class B in the remaining six. All had at least one patent hepatic vein opening into the IVC below the site of occlusion. Percutaneous angioplasty of the IVC was performed, followed by the placement of double-skirt Gianturco-Rösch or hybrid Gianturco stents. Clinical follow-up was supplemented with duplex ultrasound (n = 8), endoscopy (n = 4), and cavography (n = 2). RESULTS Caval lesions were segmental. Revascularization was technically successful in all patients. The median pressure gradient across the lesion dropped from 38 mm Hg (range, 27-61 mm Hg) to 15 mm Hg (range, 10-20 mm Hg) (P = .008). Residual stenosis after stent placement ranged from 9% to 40% (median, 20%). One patient died of presumed pulmonary embolism; another patient experienced an episode of epistaxis. The procedure was followed by regression of signs and symptoms in the eight survivors. During the follow-up period (range, 3-31 months; median, 7 months) the IVC remained patent in all patients, and clinical features of BCS did not recur. CONCLUSION Primary stent placement could serve as the first line of treatment in patients with idiopathic BCS when the underlying lesion is not amenable to angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Baijal
- Department of Radiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Roy S. Gianturco Z stents for hemodialysis grafts. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995; 6:985. [PMID: 8850682 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(95)71227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Response. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(95)71228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Trerotola SO, Johnson WM, Winkler T, Dreesen RG. Percutaneous creation of arteriovenous hemodialysis grafts: work in progress. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995; 6:675-81. [PMID: 8541666 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(95)71162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a technique of percutaneous creation and/or revision of arteriovenous hemodialysis access grafts, and to study the feasibility of the technique in the acute setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS Arteriovenous shunts, consisting of silicone-covered Wallstents 6 (n = 10) or 8 (n = 1) mm in diameter and 11-17 cm in length, were created in 10 mongrel dogs. All shunts were created percutaneously except one, in which the carotid artery was exposed surgically and the jugular vein accessed percutaneously to create a straight external graft. All other grafts were femoral loops (femoral artery to femoral vein). Eight were tunneled subcutaneously and three were left external. All shunts were delivered through 10-F peel-away sheaths. RESULTS The 11 shunts were allowed to flow for a mean of 4 hours (range, 1.0-6.5 hours) before the animals were killed. Leakage around the "anastomoses" was not observed. Leaks in the silicone covering were observed, resulting in one early shunt failure. Two attempted survival experiments were aborted due to early shunt dislodgment at 1.5 and 3.5 hours. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous arteriovenous shunt creation is feasible through acceptably small sheaths. Peel-away sheath placement of the stent circumvents the technical problem of placing a closed device into both artery and vein. This technique may allow percutaneous revision of existing hemodialysis access grafts and possibly de novo creation of grafts in humans, but modification of the grafts will be needed to prevent dislodgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Trerotola
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202-5253, USA
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