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Parrella P, Elikan AB, Snow JW. Pathogen- and host-directed pharmacologic strategies for control of Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp. infection in honey bees. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024:e13026. [PMID: 38572630 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites of the Fungal Kingdom that cause widespread infections in nature, with important effects on invertebrates involved in food production systems. The two microsporidian species Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae (and the less common Vairimorpha (Nosema) apis) can cause individual disease in honey bees and contribute to colony collapse. The efficacy, safety, and availability of fumagillin, the only drug currently approved to treat microsporidia infection in bees, is uncertain. In this review, we will discuss some of the most promising alternative strategies for the mitigation of Vairimorpha spp. with an emphasis on infection by V. ceranae, now the dominant species infecting bees. We will focus on pharmacologic interventions where the mechanism of action is known and examine both pathogen-directed and host-directed approaches. As limiting toxicity to host cells has been especially emphasized in treating bees that are already facing numerous stressors, strategies that disrupt pathogen-specific targets may be especially advantageous. Therefore, efforts to increase the knowledge and tools for facilitating the discovery of such targets and pharmacologic agents directed against them should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker Parrella
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jonathan W Snow
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Ortigosa-Palomo A, Porras-Alcalá C, Quiñonero F, Moya-Utrera F, Ortiz R, López-Romero JM, Melguizo C, Sarabia F, Prados J. Antitumor activity of bengamide ii in a panel of human and murine tumor cell lines: In vitro and in vivo determination of effectiveness against lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115789. [PMID: 37924787 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the one that causes the most deaths worldwide, so there is a need for therapies that improve survival rates. Products derived from marine organisms are a source of novel and potent antitumor compounds, but they present the great obstacle of their obtaining from the natural environment and the problems associated with the synthesis and biological effects of chemical analogues. In this work, a Bengamide analogue (Bengamide II) was chemically synthesized and in vitro and in vivo studies were performed to determine its antitumor activity and mechanisms of action. It was shown to have potent antiproliferative activity in lung cancer lines in 2D and 3D models. In addition, Bengamide II-treated cells showed G2/M and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, together with a decrease in the proliferation marker Ki67. As for the mechanism of action, the treatment was associated with increased LC3-II expression and production of acidic vesicles signaling autophagy. In addition, Bengamide II treatment was associated with caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation related to apoptosis. Furthermore, a reduction of VEGFA expression, related to angiogenesis, was also observed. In vivo studies showed that Bengamide II markedly reduced tumor volume and metastases increasing survival. Additionally, it revealed no systemic toxicity in in vivo models at the therapeutic doses used, which is essential for its future clinical use. Taken together, the chemically synthesized bengamide analogue Bengamide II, is a promising drug for lung cancer treatment showing relevant antitumor activity and significant safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ortigosa-Palomo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Porras-Alcalá
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Quiñonero
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Moya-Utrera
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Raúl Ortiz
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan M López-Romero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Sarabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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3
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Watanabe N, Saito-Nakano Y, Kurisawa N, Otomo K, Suenaga K, Nakano K, Nozaki T. Fumagillin inhibits growth of the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica by covalently binding to and selectively inhibiting methionine aminopeptidase 2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0056023. [PMID: 37874291 PMCID: PMC10648944 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00560-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Metronidazole is currently the first-line drug despite adverse effects and concerns on the emergence of drug resistance. Fumagillin, a fungal metabolite from Aspergillus fumigatus, and its structurally related natural and synthetic compounds have been previously explored as potential anti-angiogenesis inhibitors for cancers, anti-microbial, and anti-obese compounds. Although fumagillin was used for human amebiasis in clinical trials in 1950s, the mode of action of fumagillin remains elusive until now. In this report, we showed that fumagillin covalently binds to methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) and non-covalently but abundantly binds to patatin family phospholipase A (PLA). Susceptibility against fumagillin of the amebic strains in which expression of E. histolytica MetAP2 (EhMetAP2) gene was silenced increased compared to control strain. Conversely, overexpression of EhMetAP2 mutants that harbors amino acid substitutions responsible for resistance to ovalicin, a fumagillin analog, in human MetAP2, also resulted in decrease in fumagillin susceptibility. In contrast, neither gene silencing nor overexpression of E. histolytica PLA (EhPLA) affected fumagillin susceptibility. These data suggest that EhPLA is not essential and not the target of fumagillin for its amebicidal activity. Taken together, our data have demonstrated that EhMetAP2 is the primary target for amebicidal activity of fumagillin, and EhMetAP2 represents a rational explorable target for the development of alternative therapeutic agents against amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoaki Kurisawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Otomo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyotake Suenaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakano
- Degree Programs in Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Restrepo-Leal JD, Belair M, Fischer J, Richet N, Fontaine F, Rémond C, Fernandez O, Besaury L. Differential carbohydrate-active enzymes and secondary metabolite production by the grapevine trunk pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum Bt-67 grown on host and non-host biomass. Mycologia 2023; 115:579-601. [PMID: 37358885 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2216122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Neofusicoccum parvum is one of the most aggressive Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with grapevine trunk diseases. This species may secrete enzymes capable of overcoming the plant barriers, leading to wood colonization. In addition to their roles in pathogenicity, there is an interest in taking advantage of N. parvum carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), related to plant cell wall degradation, for lignocellulose biorefining. Furthermore, N. parvum produces toxic secondary metabolites that may contribute to its virulence. In order to increase knowledge on the mechanisms underlying pathogenicity and virulence, as well as the exploration of its metabolism and CAZymes for lignocellulose biorefining, we evaluated the N. parvum strain Bt-67 capacity in producing lignocellulolytic enzymes and secondary metabolites when grown in vitro with two lignocellulosic biomasses: grapevine canes (GP) and wheat straw (WS). For this purpose, a multiphasic study combining enzymology, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses was performed. Enzyme assays showed higher xylanase, xylosidase, arabinofuranosidase, and glucosidase activities when the fungus was grown with WS. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the lignocellulosic biomass degradation caused by the secreted enzymes. Transcriptomics indicated that the N. parvum Bt-67 gene expression profiles in the presence of both biomasses were similar. In total, 134 genes coding CAZymes were up-regulated, where 94 of them were expressed in both biomass growth conditions. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), glucosidases, and endoglucanases were the most represented CAZymes and correlated with the enzymatic activities obtained. The secondary metabolite production, analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/visible spectophotometry-mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV/Vis-MS), was variable depending on the carbon source. The diversity of differentially produced metabolites was higher when N. parvum Bt-67 was grown with GP. Overall, these results provide insight into the influence of lignocellulosic biomass on virulence factor expressions. Moreover, this study opens the possibility of optimizing the enzyme production from N. parvum with potential use for lignocellulose biorefining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián D Restrepo-Leal
- AFERE Chair, Fractionnement des Agroressources et Environnement (FARE) UMR A 614, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
- MALDIVE Chair, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes (RIBP) USC 1488, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Marie Belair
- AFERE Chair, Fractionnement des Agroressources et Environnement (FARE) UMR A 614, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Jochen Fischer
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas Richet
- Plateau Technique Mobile de Cytométrie Environnementale (MOBICYTE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne/Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), 51100 Reims, France
| | - Florence Fontaine
- MALDIVE Chair, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes (RIBP) USC 1488, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Caroline Rémond
- AFERE Chair, Fractionnement des Agroressources et Environnement (FARE) UMR A 614, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Olivier Fernandez
- MALDIVE Chair, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes (RIBP) USC 1488, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Ludovic Besaury
- AFERE Chair, Fractionnement des Agroressources et Environnement (FARE) UMR A 614, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
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5
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Liu M, Martyn AP, Quinn RJ. Natural product-based PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs). Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2292-2307. [PMID: 36196977 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00038e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: upto 2022Natural products have an embedded recognition of protein surfaces. They possess this property as they are produced by biosynthetic enzymes and are substrates for one or more enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway. The inherent advantages, compared to synthetic compound libraries, is this ligand-protein binding which is, in many cases, a function of the 3-dimensional properties. Protein degradation is a recent novel therapeutic approach with several compounds now in the clinic. This review highlights the potential of PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) in the area of natural products. The approach will complement existing approaches such as the direct use of a bioactive natural product or its analogues, pharmacophore development and drug-antibody conjugates. The chemical synthesis and challenges of using natural product-based PROTACs are summarised. The review also highlights methods to detect the ternary complexes necessary for PROTAC mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Liu
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Alexander P Martyn
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program (CARP), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health (CGPH), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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6
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The Development of the Bengamides as New Antibiotics against Drug-Resistant Bacteria. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060373. [PMID: 35736176 PMCID: PMC9228497 DOI: 10.3390/md20060373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The bengamides comprise an interesting family of natural products isolated from sponges belonging to the prolific Jaspidae family. Their outstanding antitumor properties, coupled with their unique mechanism of action and unprecedented molecular structures, have prompted an intense research activity directed towards their total syntheses, analogue design, and biological evaluations for their development as new anticancer agents. Together with these biological studies in cancer research, in recent years, the bengamides have been identified as potential antibiotics by their impressive biological activities against various drug-resistant bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus. This review reports on the new advances in the chemistry and biology of the bengamides during the last years, paying special attention to their development as promising new antibiotics. Thus, the evolution of the bengamides from their initial exploration as antitumor agents up to their current status as antibiotics is described in detail, highlighting the manifold value of these marine natural products as valid hits in medicinal chemistry.
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7
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Drula R, Iluta S, Gulei D, Iuga C, Dima D, Ghiaur G, Buzoianu AD, Ciechanover A, Tomuleasa C. Exploiting the ubiquitin system in myeloid malignancies. From basic research to drug discovery in MDS and AML. Blood Rev 2022; 56:100971. [PMID: 35595613 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2022.100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the crucial homeostatic mechanism responsible for the degradation and turnover of proteins. As such, alterations at this level are often associated with oncogenic processes, either through accumulation of undegraded pathway effectors or, conversely, excessive degradation of tumor-suppressing factors. Therefore, investigation of the ubiquitin- proteasome system has gained much attraction in recent years, especially in the context of hematological malignancies, giving rise to efficient therapeutics such as bortezomib for multiple myeloma. Current investigations are now focused on manipulating protein degradation via fine-tuning of the ubiquitination process through inhibition of deubiquitinating enzymes or development of PROTAC systems for stimulation of ubiquitination and protein degradation. On the other hand, the efficiency of Thalidomide derivates in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), such as Lenalidomide, acted as the starting point for the development of targeted leukemia-associated protein degradation molecules. These novel molecules display high efficiency in overcoming the limitations of current therapeutic regimens, such as refractory diseases. Therefore, in this manuscript we will address the therapeutic opportunities and strategies based on the ubiquitin-proteasome system, ranging from the modulation of deubiquitinating enzymes and, conversely, describing the potential of modern targeted protein degrading molecules and their progress into clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rares Drula
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - MedFUTURE, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sabina Iluta
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - MedFUTURE, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Iuga
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - MedFUTURE, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anca Dana Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - MedFUTURE, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - MedFUTURE, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
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8
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Cruite JT, Dann GP, Che J, Donovan KA, Ferrao S, Ficarro SB, Fischer ES, Gray NS, Huerta F, Kong NR, Liu H, Marto JA, Metivier RJ, Nowak RP, Zerfas BL, Jones LH. Cereblon covalent modulation through structure-based design of histidine targeting chemical probes. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1105-1110. [PMID: 36128501 PMCID: PMC9428674 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00078d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic re-engineering of a surface histidine residue on cereblon using sulfonyl exchange chemistry yielded potent irreversible modulators of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, including a molecular glue degrader of the novel neosubstrate NTAQ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. Cruite
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geoffrey P. Dann
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianwei Che
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine A. Donovan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silas Ferrao
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott B. Ficarro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncologic Pathology, and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric S. Fischer
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, ChEM-H, Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fidel Huerta
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikki R. Kong
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hu Liu
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jarrod A. Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncologic Pathology, and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Radosław P. Nowak
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Breanna L. Zerfas
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lyn H. Jones
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Methionine aminopeptidase‑2 is a pivotal regulator of vasculogenic mimicry. Oncol Rep 2021; 47:31. [PMID: 34913067 PMCID: PMC8717127 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is the formation of a blood supply system that confers aggressive and metastatic properties to tumors and correlates with a poor prognosis in cancer patients. Thus, the inhibition of VM is considered an effective approach for cancer treatment, although such a mechanism remains poorly described. In the present study, we examined methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2), a key factor of angiogenesis, and demonstrated that it is pivotal for VM, using pharmacological and genetic approaches. Fumagillin and TNP-470, angiogenesis inhibitors that target MetAP2, significantly suppressed VM in various human cancer cell lines. We established MetAP2-knockout (KO) human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and found that VM was attenuated in these cells. Furthermore, re-expression of wild-type MetAP2 restored VM in the MetAP2-KO HT1080 cells, but the substitution of D251, a conserved amino acid in MetAP2, failed to rescue the VM. Collectively, our results demonstrate that MetAP2 is critical for VM in human cancer cells and suggest fumagillin and TNP-470 as potent VM-suppressing agents.
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10
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Goya Grocin A, Kallemeijn WW, Tate EW. Targeting methionine aminopeptidase 2 in cancer, obesity, and autoimmunity. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:870-882. [PMID: 34446297 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For over three decades, methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) has been a tentative drug target for the treatment of cancer, obesity, and autoimmune diseases. Currently, no MetAP2 inhibitors (MetAP2i) have reached the clinic yet, despite considerable investment by major pharmaceutical companies. Here, we summarize the key series of MetAP2i developed to date and discuss their clinical development, progress, and issues. We coalesce the currently disparate knowledge regarding MetAP2i mechanism of action and discuss discrepancies across varied studies. Finally, we highlight the current knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to enable successful development of MetAP2 inhibitors in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Goya Grocin
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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11
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Zhang HW, Lv C, Zhang LJ, Guo X, Shen YW, Nagle DG, Zhou YD, Liu SH, Zhang WD, Luan X. Application of omics- and multi-omics-based techniques for natural product target discovery. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111833. [PMID: 34175822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products continue to be an unparalleled source of pharmacologically active lead compounds because of their unprecedented structures and unique biological activities. Natural product target discovery is a vital component of natural product-based medicine translation and development and is required to understand and potentially reduce mechanisms that may be associated with off-target side effects and toxicity. Omics-based techniques, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics, have become recognized as effective tools needed to construct innovative strategies to discover natural product targets. Although considerable progress has been made, the successful discovery of natural product targets remains a challenging time-consuming process that has come to increasingly rely on the effective integration of multi-omics-based technologies to create emerging panomics (a.k.a., integrative omics, pan-omics, multiomics)-based strategies. This review summarizes a series of successful studies regarding the application of integrative omics-based methods in natural product target discovery. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed, with a particular focus on the systematic integration of multi-omics strategies. Further, emerging micro-scale single-cell-based techniques are introduced, especially to deal with minute natural product samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chao Lv
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Wen Shen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dale G Nagle
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University-1848, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Yu-Dong Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - San-Hong Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xin Luan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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12
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Yılmaz Ö, Bayer B, Bekçi H, Uba AI, Cumaoğlu A, Yelekçi K, Küçükgüzel ŞG. Synthesis, Anticancer Activity on Prostate Cancer Cell Lines and Molecular Modeling Studies of Flurbiprofen-Thioether Derivatives as Potential Target of MetAP (Type II). Med Chem 2021; 16:735-749. [PMID: 31203805 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190613162322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is still one of the serious causes of mortality and morbidity in men. Despite recent advances in anticancer therapy, there is a still need of novel agents with more efficacy and specificity in the treatment of prostate cancer. Because of its function on angiogenesis and overexpression in the prostate cancer, methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) has been a potential target for novel drug design recently. OBJECTIVE A novel series of Flurbiprofen derivatives N-(substituted)-2-(2-(2-fluoro-[1,1'- biphenyl]-4-il)propanoyl)hydrazinocarbothioamide (3a-c), 4-substituted-3-(1-(2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]- 4-yl)ethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione (4a-d), 3-(substitutedthio)-4-(substituted-phenyl)- 5-(1-(2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole (5a-y) were synthesized. The purpose of the research was to evaluate these derivatives against MetAP-2 in vitro and in silico to obtain novel specific and effective anticancer agents against prostate cancer. METHODS The chemical structures and purities of the compounds were defined by spectral methods (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HR-MS and FT-IR) and elemental analysis. Anticancer activities of the compounds were evaluated in vitro by using MTS method against PC-3 and DU-143 (androgenindependent human prostate cancer cell lines) and LNCaP (androgen-sensitive human prostate adenocarcinoma) prostate cancer cell lines. Cisplatin was used as a positive sensitivity reference standard. RESULTS Compounds 5b and 5u; 3c, 5b and 5y; 4d and 5o showed the most potent biological activity against PC3 cancer cell line (IC50= 27.1 μM, and 5.12 μM, respectively), DU-145 cancer cell line (IC50= 11.55 μM, 6.9 μM and 9.54 μM, respectively) and LNCaP cancer cell line (IC50= 11.45 μM and 26.91 μM, respectively). Some compounds were evaluated for their apoptotic caspases protein expression (EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway) by Western blot analysis in androgen independent- PC3 cells. BAX, caspase 9, caspsase 3 and anti-apoptotic BcL-2 mRNA levels of some compounds were also investigated. In addition, molecular modeling studies of the compounds on MetAP-2 enzyme active site were evaluated in order to get insight into binding mode and energy. CONCLUSION A series of Flurbiprofen-thioether derivatives were synthesized. This study presented that some of the synthesized compounds have remarkable anticancer and apoptotic activities against prostate cancer cells. Also, molecular modeling studies exhibited that there is a correlation between molecular modeling and anticancer activity results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Yılmaz
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Materials Institute, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Burak Bayer
- Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Haydarpaşa 34668 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hatice Bekçi
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Talas 38280 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdullahi I Uba
- Kadir Has University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, 34083 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cumaoğlu
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Talas 38280 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kemal Yelekçi
- Kadir Has University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, 34083 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ş Güniz Küçükgüzel
- Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Haydarpaşa 34668 İstanbul, Turkey
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13
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Rani V, Prabhu A. Combining Angiogenesis Inhibitors with Radiation: Advances and Challenges in Cancer Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:919-931. [PMID: 33006535 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201002145454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation therapy is a widely employed modality that is used to destroy cancer cells, but it also tends to induce changes in the tumor microenvironment and promote angiogenesis. Radiation, when used as a sole means of therapeutic approach to treat cancer, tends to trigger the angiogenic pathways, leading to the upregulation of several angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF, bFGF, PDGF and angiogenin. This uncontrolled angiogenesis leads to certain angiogenic disorders like vascular outgrowth and an increase in tumor progression that can pose a serious threat to patients. OBJECTIVE This review emphasizes on various components of the tumor microenvironment, angiogenic growth factors and biological effects of radiation on tumors in provoking the relapse. It also describes the angiogenic mechanisms that trigger the tumor relapse after radiation therapy and how angiogenesis inhibitors can help in overcoming this phenomenon. It gives an overview of various angiogenesis inhibitors in pre-clinical as well as in clinical trials. CONCLUSION The review focuses on the beneficial effects of the combinatorial therapeutic approach of anti-angiogenesis therapy and radiation in tumor management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinitha Rani
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore - 575 018, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwini Prabhu
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore - 575 018, Karnataka, India
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14
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Lam AYF, Vuong D, Jex AR, Piggott AM, Lacey E, Emery-Corbin SJ. TriTOX: A novel Trichomonas vaginalis assay platform for high-throughput screening of compound libraries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 15:68-80. [PMID: 33601283 PMCID: PMC7897990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a neglected urogenital parasitic protist that causes 170 million cases of trichomoniasis annually, making it the most prevalent non-viral, sexually transmitted disease. Trichomoniasis treatment relies on nitroheterocyclics, such as metronidazole. However, with increasing drug-resistance, there is an urgent need for novel anti-trichomonals. Little progress has been made to translate anti-trichomonal research into commercialised therapeutics, and the absence of a standardised compound-screening platform is the immediate stumbling block for drug-discovery. Herein, we describe a simple, cost-effective growth assay for T. vaginalis and the related Tritrichomonas foetus. Tracking changes in pH were a valid indicator of trichomonad growth (T. vaginalis and T. foetus), allowing development of a miniaturised, chromogenic growth assay based on the phenol red indicator in 96- and 384-well microtiter plate formats. The outputs of this assay can be quantitatively and qualitatively assessed, with consistent dynamic ranges based on Z' values of 0.741 and 0.870 across medium- and high-throughput formats, respectively. We applied this high-throughput format within the largest pure-compound microbial metabolite screen (812 compounds) for T. vaginalis and identified 43 hit compounds. We compared these identified compounds to mammalian cell lines, and highlighted extensive overlaps between anti-trichomonal and anti-tumour activity. Lastly, observing nanomolar inhibition of T. vaginalis by fumagillin, and noting this compound has reported activity in other protists, we performed in silico analyses of the interaction of fumagillin with its molecular target methionine aminopeptidase 2 for T. vaginalis, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica, highlighting potential for fumagillin as a broad-spectrum anti-protistal against microaerophilic protists. Together, this new platform will accelerate drug-discovery efforts, underpin drug-resistance screening in trichomonads, and contributing to a growing body of evidence highlighting the potential of microbial natural products as novel anti-protistals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y F Lam
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Vuong
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Smithfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew M Piggott
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Smithfield, NSW, Australia; Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha J Emery-Corbin
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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15
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Zhang Y, Koehler AV, Wang T, Gasser RB. Enterocytozoon bieneusi of animals-With an 'Australian twist'. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 111:1-73. [PMID: 33482973 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian microorganism that causes intestinal disease in animals including humans. E. bieneusi is an obligate intracellular pathogen, typically causing severe or chronic diarrhoea, malabsorption and/or wasting. Currently, E. bieneusi is recognised as a fungus, although its exact classification remains contentious. The transmission of E. bieneusi can occur from person to person and/or animals to people. Transmission is usually via the faecal-oral route through E. bieneusi spore-contaminated water, environment or food, or direct contact with infected individuals. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes are usually identified and classified by PCR-based sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. To date, ~600 distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi have been recorded in ~170 species of animals, including various orders of mammals and reptiles as well as insects in >40 countries. Moreover, E. bieneusi has also been found in recreational water, irrigation water, and treated raw- and waste-waters. Although many studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of E. bieneusi, prevalence surveys of animals and humans are scant in some countries, such as Australia, and transmission routes of individual genotypes and related risk factors are poorly understood. This article/chapter reviews aspects of the taxonomy, biology and epidemiology of E. bieneusi; the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of microsporidiosis; critically appraises the naming system for E. bieneusi genotypes as well as the phylogenetic relationships of these genotypes; provides new insights into the prevalence and genetic composition of E. bieneusi populations in animals in parts of Australia using molecular epidemiological tools; and proposes some areas for future research in the E. bieneusi/microsporidiosis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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16
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Wang J, Feng D, Gao B. An Overview of Potential Therapeutic Agents Targeting WNT/PCP Signaling. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 269:175-213. [PMID: 34463852 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the proto-oncogene Wnt1 (Int1) in 1982, WNT signaling has been identified as one of the most important pathways that regulates a wide range of fundamental developmental and physiological processes in multicellular organisms. The canonical WNT signaling pathway depends on the stabilization and translocation of β-catenin and plays important roles in development and homeostasis. The WNT/planar cell polarity (WNT/PCP) signaling, also known as one of the β-catenin-independent WNT pathways, conveys directional information to coordinate polarized cell behaviors. Similar to WNT/β-catenin signaling, disruption or aberrant activation of WNT/PCP signaling also underlies a variety of developmental defects and cancers. However, the pharmacological targeting of WNT/PCP signaling for therapeutic purposes remains largely unexplored. In this review, we briefly discuss WNT/PCP signaling in development and disease and summarize the known drugs/inhibitors targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Di Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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17
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Scholz N, Kurian KM, Siebzehnrubl FA, Licchesi JDF. Targeting the Ubiquitin System in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:574011. [PMID: 33324551 PMCID: PMC7724090 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.574011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults with poor overall outcome and 5-year survival of less than 5%. Treatment has not changed much in the last decade or so, with surgical resection and radio/chemotherapy being the main options. Glioblastoma is highly heterogeneous and frequently becomes treatment-resistant due to the ability of glioblastoma cells to adopt stem cell states facilitating tumor recurrence. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. The ubiquitin system, in particular E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes, have emerged as a promising source of novel drug targets. In addition to conventional small molecule drug discovery approaches aimed at modulating enzyme activity, several new and exciting strategies are also being explored. Among these, PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) aim to harness the endogenous protein turnover machinery to direct therapeutically relevant targets, including previously considered "undruggable" ones, for proteasomal degradation. PROTAC and other strategies targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system offer new therapeutic avenues which will expand the drug development toolboxes for glioblastoma. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes in the context of glioblastoma and their involvement in core signaling pathways including EGFR, TGF-β, p53 and stemness-related pathways. Finally, we offer new insights into how these ubiquitin-dependent mechanisms could be exploited therapeutically for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Scholz
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kathreena M. Kurian
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Florian A. Siebzehnrubl
- Cardiff University School of Biosciences, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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18
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Identification and biochemical characterisation of a novel methionine aminopeptidase from the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 12:101554. [PMID: 33002807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs), which remove the initiator methionine from nascent peptides, are essential in all organisms and considered to be a valuable targets for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, malaria, and bacterial infections. However, MetAPs have not been reported in hard ticks (family Ixodidae), and their bioinformatics characterisation in tick's genome sequences is limited. In this study, we cloned, identified, and characterised a novel MetAP from Ixodes persulcatus, a vector for pathogens causing Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis. The sequence analysis showed that I. persulcatus MetAP was a type 1 enzyme carrying C-terminal motifs conserved in the M24A family of metallopeptidases. Protein-protein docking simulations using human MetAP revealed conservation of substrate and metal-binding residues in the catalytic site cleft of the novel enzyme, which was designated IpMetAP. Recombinant IpMetAP expressed in Escherichia coli revealed its significant enzymatic activity with the synthetic substrate H-Met-4-methyl-coumaryl-7-amide at pH 7.5 with Km of 0.014 mM, kcat of 0.25 s-1, and overall catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of 18.36 mM-1 s-1. The activity of IpMetAP was enhanced by the addition of divalent cations Mn2+ and Co2+ and significantly inhibited by EDTA and bestatin. Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved amino acids indicated that the substitution of metal-binding residues D226 and H288 completely abolished the IpMetAP enzymatic activity, whereas that of the other sites had only moderate effects on substrate hydrolysis. The catalytic properties of IpMetAP suggest that the enzyme behaves similar to other MetAPs and such characterization expands our knowledge of aminopeptidases and protein metabolism of tick.
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Ekpenyong O, Gao X, Ma J, Cooper C, Nguyen L, Olaleye OA, Liang D, Xie H. Pre-Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Physicochemical Studies of CLBQ14, a Novel Methionine Aminopeptidase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:1263-1277. [PMID: 32280198 PMCID: PMC7127848 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s238148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CLBQ14, a derivative of 8-hydroxyquinoline, exerts its chemotherapeutic effect by inhibiting methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP), the enzyme responsible for the post-translational modification of several proteins and polypeptides. MetAP is a novel target for infectious diseases. CLBQ14 is selective and highly potent against replicating and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis making it an appealing lead for further development. METHODS The physicochemical properties (solubility, pH stability and lipophilicity), in vitro plasma stability and metabolism, pre-clinical pharmacokinetics, plasma protein binding and tissue distribution of CLBQ14 in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were characterized. RESULTS At room temperature, CLBQ14 is practically insoluble in water (<0.07 mg/mL) but freely soluble in dimethyl acetamide (>80 mg/mL); it has a log P value of 3.03 ± 0.04. CLBQ14 exhibits an inverse Z-shaped pH decomposition profile; it is stable at acidic pH but is degraded at a faster rate at basic pH. It is highly bound to plasma proteins (>91%), does not partition to red blood cells (B/P ratio: 0.83 ± 0.03), and is stable in mouse, rat, monkey and human plasma. CLBQ14 exhibited a bi-exponential pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration in rats, bioavailability of 39.4 and 90.0%, respectively from oral and subcutaneous route. We observed a good correlation between predicted and observed rat clearance, 1.90 ± 0.17 L/kg/h and 1.67 ± 0.08 L/kg/h, respectively. Human hepatic clearance predicted from microsomal stability data and from the single species scaling were 0.80 L/hr/kg and 0.69 L/h/kg, respectively. CLBQ14 is extensively distributed in rats; following a 5 mg/kg intravenous administration, lowest and highest concentrations of 15.6 ± 4.20 ng/g of heart and 405.9 ± 77.11 ng/g of kidneys, respectively, were observed. In vitro CYP reaction phenotyping demonstrates that CLBQ14 is metabolized primarily by CYP 1A2. CONCLUSION CLBQ14 possess appealing qualities of a drug candidate. The studies reported herein are imperative to the development of CLBQ14 as a new chemical entity for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Ekpenyong
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiuqing Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Candace Cooper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Omonike A Olaleye
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huan Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Wang K, Zhu H, Zhao H, Zhang K, Tian Y. Application of carbamyl in structural optimization. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103757. [PMID: 32217370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbamyl is considered a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. It has a wide range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-epilepsy, for which the best evidence is a number of marketed carbamyl-containing drugs. Carbamyl is formed of primary amine and carbonyl moieties that act as hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen acceptors with residues of targets respectively, which are benefit for improving pharmacological activities. In other cases, the introduced carbamyl improves drug-like properties including oral bioavailability. In this review, we introduce the carbamyl-containing drugs and the application of carbamyl in structural optimization as a result of enhancing activities or/and drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuanglei Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hongxi Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Hongqian Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Yongshou Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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21
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Guruceaga X, Perez-Cuesta U, Abad-Diaz de Cerio A, Gonzalez O, Alonso RM, Hernando FL, Ramirez-Garcia A, Rementeria A. Fumagillin, a Mycotoxin of Aspergillus fumigatus: Biosynthesis, Biological Activities, Detection, and Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:E7. [PMID: 31861936 PMCID: PMC7020470 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumagillin is a mycotoxin produced, above all, by the saprophytic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. This mold is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause invasive aspergillosis, a disease that has high mortality rates linked to it. Its ability to adapt to environmental stresses through the production of secondary metabolites, including several mycotoxins (gliotoxin, fumagillin, pseurotin A, etc.) also seem to play an important role in causing these infections. Since the discovery of the A. fumigatus fumagillin in 1949, many studies have focused on this toxin and in this review we gather all the information currently available. First of all, the structural characteristics of this mycotoxin and the different methods developed for its determination are given in detail. Then, the biosynthetic gene cluster and the metabolic pathway involved in its production and regulation are explained. The activity of fumagillin on its target, the methionine aminopeptidase type 2 (MetAP2) enzyme, and the effects of blocking this enzyme in the host are also described. Finally, the applications that this toxin and its derivatives have in different fields, such as the treatment of cancer and its microsporicidal activity in the treatment of honeybee hive infections with Nosema spp., are reviewed. Therefore, this work offers a complete review of all the information currently related to the fumagillin mycotoxin secreted by A. fumigatus, important because of its role in the fungal infection process but also because it has many other applications, notably in beekeeping, the treatment of infectious diseases, and in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Guruceaga
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (X.G.); (U.P.-C.); (A.A.-D.d.C.); (F.L.H.)
| | - Uxue Perez-Cuesta
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (X.G.); (U.P.-C.); (A.A.-D.d.C.); (F.L.H.)
| | - Ana Abad-Diaz de Cerio
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (X.G.); (U.P.-C.); (A.A.-D.d.C.); (F.L.H.)
| | - Oskar Gonzalez
- FARMARTEM Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (O.G.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Rosa M. Alonso
- FARMARTEM Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (O.G.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Fernando Luis Hernando
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (X.G.); (U.P.-C.); (A.A.-D.d.C.); (F.L.H.)
| | - Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (X.G.); (U.P.-C.); (A.A.-D.d.C.); (F.L.H.)
| | - Aitor Rementeria
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (X.G.); (U.P.-C.); (A.A.-D.d.C.); (F.L.H.)
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22
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Siddik MAB, Das BC, Weiss L, Dhurandhar NV, Hegde V. A MetAP2 inhibitor blocks adipogenesis, yet improves glucose uptake in cells. Adipocyte 2019; 8:240-253. [PMID: 31264515 PMCID: PMC6768232 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2019.1636627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue expansion involves angiogenesis to remodel its capillary network. The enzymemethionine aminopeptidase 2(MetAP2) promotes angiogenesis.MetAP2 inhibitors suppress angiogenesis and have potential anti-obesity effect. However, impairment in adipose tissue expansion is also linked with impaired glycemic control.This study investigated the effect of BL6, a MetAP2 inhibitor, on adipogenesis and glucose disposal.To test effect on angiogenesis, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells(HUVECs) were treated with BL6 for 24h to determine tube formation. Further, to test effect on adipogenesis and glucose disposal,3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were treated with BL6(0 µM, 20µM, 50 µM or 100µM) during differentiation. Differentiated cells were stained with Oil Red O for determining lipid accumulation, and glucose uptake assay. Protein levels and RNA expression for key genes involved in the adipogenic cascade were determined.BL6 treatment of HUVECs dose dependently blocked angiogenesis. During differentiation of pre-adipocytes, 50μM and 100µM BL6 significantly reduced lipid accumulation. Treatment with 100µM BL6 significantly decreased expression of adipogenic genes. Interestingly, BL6 treatment dose dependently increased glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 cells.MetAP2 inhibitor blocks angiogenesis, attenuates adipogenesis, yet increases cellular glucose uptake. Collectively this proof of concept study supports a possible role for MetAP2 inhibitor BL6, as a putative anti-obesity therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhaskar C. Das
- The Icahn School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Louis Weiss
- Department of Pathology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Vijay Hegde
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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23
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Quan DH, Nagalingam G, Luck I, Proschogo N, Pillalamarri V, Addlagatta A, Martinez E, Sintchenko V, Rutledge PJ, Triccas JA. Bengamides display potent activity against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14396. [PMID: 31591407 PMCID: PMC6779907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects over 10 million people annually and kills more people each year than any other human pathogen. The current tuberculosis (TB) vaccine is only partially effective in preventing infection, while current TB treatment is problematic in terms of length, complexity and patient compliance. There is an urgent need for new drugs to combat the burden of TB disease and the natural environment has re-emerged as a rich source of bioactive molecules for development of lead compounds. In this study, one species of marine sponge from the Tedania genus was found to yield samples with exceptionally potent activity against M. tuberculosis. Bioassay-guided fractionation identified bengamide B as the active component, which displayed activity in the nanomolar range against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis. The active compound inhibited in vitro activity of M. tuberculosis MetAP1c protein, suggesting the potent inhibitory action may be due to interference with methionine aminopeptidase activity. Tedania-derived bengamide B was non-toxic against human cell lines, synergised with rifampicin for in vitro inhibition of bacterial growth and reduced intracellular replication of M. tuberculosis. Thus, bengamides isolated from Tedania sp. show significant potential as a new class of compounds for the treatment of drug-resistant M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Quan
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Luck
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Proschogo
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Addlagatta
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Secunderabad, India
| | - Elena Martinez
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter J Rutledge
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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24
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Santos GDA, Dhoke GV, Davari MD, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U. Directed Evolution of P450 BM3 towards Functionalization of Aromatic O-Heterocycles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3353. [PMID: 31288417 PMCID: PMC6651506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The O-heterocycles, benzo-1,4-dioxane, phthalan, isochroman, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, benzofuran, and dibenzofuran are important building blocks with considerable medical application for the production of pharmaceuticals. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) Bacillus megaterium 3 (BM3) wild type (WT) from Bacillus megaterium has low to no conversion of the six O-heterocycles. Screening of in-house libraries for active variants yielded P450 BM3 CM1 (R255P/P329H), which was subjected to directed evolution and site saturation mutagenesis of four positions. The latter led to the identification of position R255, which when introduced in the P450 BM3 WT, outperformed all other variants. The initial oxidation rate of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) consumption increased ≈140-fold (WT: 8.3 ± 1.3 min-1; R255L: 1168 ± 163 min-1), total turnover number (TTN) increased ≈21-fold (WT: 40 ± 3; R255L: 860 ± 15), and coupling efficiency, ≈2.9-fold (WT: 8.8 ± 0.1%; R255L: 25.7 ± 1.0%). Computational analysis showed that substitution R255L (distant from the heme-cofactor) does not have the salt bridge formed with D217 in WT, which introduces flexibility into the I-helix and leads to a heme rearrangement allowing for efficient hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaurao V Dhoke
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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25
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Oukoloff K, Lucero B, Francisco KR, Brunden KR, Ballatore C. 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines in drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:332-346. [PMID: 30703745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (TP) heterocycle, in spite of its relatively simple structure, has proved to be remarkably versatile as evidenced by its use in many different applications reported over the years in different areas of drug design. For example, as the ring system of TPs is isoelectronic with that of purines, this heterocycle has been proposed as a possible surrogate of the purine ring. However, depending on the choice of substituents, the TP ring has also been described as a potentially viable bio-isostere of the carboxylic acid functional group and of the N-acetyl fragment of ε-N-acetylated lysine. In addition, the metal-chelating properties of the TP ring have also been exploited to generate candidate treatments for cancer and parasitic diseases. In the present review article, we discuss recent applications of the TP scaffold in medicinal chemistry, and provide an overview of its properties and methods of synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian Oukoloff
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bobby Lucero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Karol R Francisco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kurt R Brunden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - Carlo Ballatore
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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26
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microsporidia have been increasingly reported to infect humans. The most common presentation of microsporidiosis is chronic diarrhea, a significant mortality risk in immune-compromised patients. Albendazole, which inhibits tubulin, and fumagillin, which inhibits methionine aminopeptidase type 2 (MetAP2), are the two main therapeutic agents used for treatment of microsporidiosis. In addition, to their role as emerging pathogens in humans, microsporidia are important pathogens in insects, aquaculture, and veterinary medicine. New therapeutic targets and therapies have become a recent focus of attention for medicine, veterinary, and agricultural use. Areas covered: Herein, we discuss the detection and symptoms of microsporidiosis in humans and the therapeutic targets that have been utilized for the design of new drugs for the treatment of this infection, including triosephosphate isomerase, tubulin, MetAP2, topoisomerase IV, chitin synthases, and polyamines. Expert opinion: Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common microsporidia in human infection. Fumagillin has a broader anti-microsporidian activity than albendazole and is active against both Ent. bieneusi and Encephaliozoonidae. Microsporidia lack methionine aminopeptidase type 1 and are, therefore, dependent on MetAP2, while mammalian cells have both enzymes. Thus, MetAP2 is an essential enzyme in microsporidia and new inhibitors of this pathway have significant promise as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Department of Pathology, Division of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Division of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str. 11 44227- Dortmund Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str. 11 44227- Dortmund Germany
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät Chemie, Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 Dortmund 44221 Germany
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28
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Esvaran VG, Gupta T, Nayaka ARN, Sivaprasad V, Ponnuvel KM. Molecular characterization of Nosema bombycis methionine aminopeptidase 2 ( MetAP2) gene and evaluation of anti-microsporidian activity of Fumagilin-B in silkworm Bombyx mori. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:386. [PMID: 30175023 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosema bombycis is a spore-forming parasite causing microsporidiosis in silkworm Bombyx mori. Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2), an essential gene of N. bombycis, is a target for the anti-microsporidian drug Fumagillin, an antibiotic derived from Aspergillus fumigatus. In this study, a 1077 bp full-length cDNA of the MetAP2 gene of N. bombycis was cloned and characterized. Furthermore, the expression study of the MetAP2 gene revealed a ubiquitous expression during all the developmental stages of the silkworm B. mori. The phylogenetic analysis of the MetAP2 gene of N. bombycis revealed the MetAP2 gene sequences to be highly conserved in nature. The present study also includes the validation of the anti-microsporidian drug Fumagillin against the MetAP2 gene of N. bombycis. The findings revealed that Fumagilin-B could also suppress the N. bombycis multiplication in the silkworm B. mori, thereby proving the therapeutic role of Fumagillin against microsporidian infection. This is the first-ever report regarding the characterization of the MetAP2 gene in the Indian isolate of N. bombycis and also towards the usage of Fumagillin in the control of microsporidiosis in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Gowri Esvaran
- Genomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Carmelaram-Post, Kodathi, Bangalore, 560035 India
| | - Tania Gupta
- Genomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Carmelaram-Post, Kodathi, Bangalore, 560035 India
| | - A R Narasimha Nayaka
- Silkworm Pathology Division, Central Sericulture Training and Research Institute, Mysore, 570008 India
| | - Vankadara Sivaprasad
- Silkworm Pathology Division, Central Sericulture Training and Research Institute, Mysore, 570008 India
| | - Kangayam M Ponnuvel
- Genomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Carmelaram-Post, Kodathi, Bangalore, 560035 India
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29
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A simple, sensitive and reliable LC-MS/MS method for the determination of 7-bromo-5-chloroquinolin-8-ol (CLBQ14), a potent and selective inhibitor of methionine aminopeptidases: Application to pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1097-1098:35-43. [PMID: 30199748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CLBQ14 is an 8-hydroxyquinoline analogue that inhibits methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP), an enzyme responsible for the post-translational modification of several proteins and polypeptides. MetAP has been validated as druggable target for some infectious diseases, and its inhibitors have been investigated as potential therapeutic agents. In this study, we developed and validated a liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of CLBQ14 in solution, and in rat plasma and urine. This method was applied to the pharmacokinetic evaluation of CLBQ14 in adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system equipped with Waters XTerra MS C18 column (3.5 μm, 125 Å, 2.1 × 50 mm) using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile/water gradient system as mobile phase. Chromatographic analysis was performed with a 4000 QTRAP® mass spectrometer using MRM in positive mode for CLBQ14 transition [M + H]+m/z 257.919 → m/z 151.005, and IS (clioquinol) transition [M + H]+m/z 305.783 → m/z 178.917. CLBQ14 was extracted from plasma and urine samples by protein precipitation. The retention times for CLBQ14 and IS were 1.31 and 1.40 min respectively. The standard curves were linear for CLBQ14 concentration ranging from 1 to 1000 ng/mL. The intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision were found to be within 15% of the nominal concentration. Extraction recoveries were >96.3% and 96.6% from rat plasma and urine respectively, and there was no significant matrix effect from the biological matrices. CLBQ14 is stable in samples subjected to expected storage, preparation, and handling conditions. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that CLBQ14 has a bi-exponential disposition in SD rats, is extensively distributed with a long plasma half-life and is eliminated primarily by liver metabolism.
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30
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Węglarz-Tomczak E, Talma M, Giurg M, Westerhoff HV, Janowski R, Mucha A. Neutral metalloaminopeptidases APN and MetAP2 as newly discovered anticancer molecular targets of actinomycin D and its simple analogs. Oncotarget 2018; 9:29365-29378. [PMID: 30034623 PMCID: PMC6047675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potent transcription inhibitor Actinomycin D is used with several cancers. Here, we report the discovery that this naturally occurring antibiotic inhibits two human neutral aminopeptidases, the cell-surface alanine aminopeptidase and intracellular methionine aminopeptidase type 2. These metallo-containing exopeptidases participate in tumor cell expansion and motility and are targets for anticancer therapies. We show that the peptide portions of Actinomycin D and Actinomycin X2 are not required for effective inhibition, but the loss of these regions changes the mechanism of interaction. Two structurally less complex Actinomycin D analogs containing the phenoxazone chromophores, Questiomycin A and Actinocin, appear to be competitive inhibitors of both aminopeptidases, with potencies similar to the non-competitive macrocyclic parent compound (Ki in the micromolar range). The mode of action for all four compounds and both enzymes was demonstrated by molecular modeling and docking in the corresponding active sites. This knowledge gives new perspectives to Actinomycin D's action on tumors and suggests new avenues and molecules for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Węglarz-Tomczak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland.,Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michał Talma
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mirosław Giurg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hans V Westerhoff
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Janowski
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Artur Mucha
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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31
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Itoh Y. Chemical Protein Degradation Approach and its Application to Epigenetic Targets. CHEM REC 2018; 18:1681-1700. [PMID: 29893461 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to traditional drugs, such as enzyme inhibitors, receptor agonists/antagonists, and protein-protein interaction inhibitors as well as genetic technology, such as RNA interference and the CRISPR/Cas9 system, protein knockdown approaches using proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have attracted much attention. PROTACs, which induce selective degradation of their target protein via the ubiquitin-proteasome system, are useful for the down-regulation of various proteins, including disease-related proteins and epigenetic proteins. Recent reports have shown that chemical protein knockdown is possible not only in cells, but also in vivo and this approach is expected to be used as the therapeutic strategy for several diseases. Thus, this approach may be a significant technique to complement traditional drugs and genetic ablation and will be more widely used for drug discovery and chemical biology studies in the future. In this personal account, a history of chemical protein knockdown is introduced, and its features, recent progress in the epigenetics field, and future outlooks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-0823, Japan
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32
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Singh PK, Silakari O. The Current Status of O-Heterocycles: A Synthetic and Medicinal Overview. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1071-1087. [PMID: 29603634 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
O-Heterocycles have been explored in the field of medicinal chemistry for a long time, but their significance has not been duly recognised and they are often shunned in favour of N-heterocycles. The design of bioactive molecules for nearly every pathophysiological condition is primarily focused on novel N-heterocycles. The main reasons for such bias include the ease of synthesis and possible mimicking of physiological molecules by N-heterocycles. But considering only this criterion rarely provides breakthrough molecules for a given disease condition, and instead the risks of toxicity or side effects are increased with such molecules. On the other hand, owing to improved synthetic feasibility, O-heterocycles have established themselves as equally potent lead molecules for a wide range of pathophysiological conditions. In the last decade there have been hundreds of reports validating the fact that equally potent molecules can be designed and developed by using O-heterocycles, and these are also expected to have comparably low toxicity. Even so, researchers tend to remain biased toward the use of N-heterocycles over O-heterocycles. Thus, this review provides a critical analysis of the synthesis and medicinal attributes of O-heterocycles, such as pyrones, oxazolones, furanones, oxetanes, oxazolidinones, and dioxolonones, and others, reported in the last five years, underlining the need for and the advantages guiding researchers toward them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
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33
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MetAP1 and MetAP2 drive cell selectivity for a potent anti-cancer agent in synergy, by controlling glutathione redox state. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63306-63323. [PMID: 27542228 PMCID: PMC5325365 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumagillin and its derivatives are therapeutically useful because they can decrease cancer progression. The specific molecular target of fumagillin is methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2), one of the two MetAPs present in the cytosol. MetAPs catalyze N-terminal methionine excision (NME), an essential pathway of cotranslational protein maturation. To date, it remains unclear the respective contribution of MetAP1 and MetAP2 to the NME process in vivo and why MetAP2 inhibition causes cell cycle arrest only in a subset of cells. Here, we performed a global characterization of the N-terminal methionine excision pathway and the inhibition of MetAP2 by fumagillin in a number of lines, including cancer cell lines. Large-scale N-terminus profiling in cells responsive and unresponsive to fumagillin treatment revealed that both MetAPs were required in vivo for M[VT]X-targets and, possibly, for lower-level M[G]X-targets. Interestingly, we found that the responsiveness of the cell lines to fumagillin was correlated with the ability of the cells to modulate their glutathione homeostasis. Indeed, alterations to glutathione status were observed in fumagillin-sensitive cells but not in cells unresponsive to this agent. Proteo-transcriptomic analyses revealed that both MetAP1 and MetAP2 accumulated in a cell-specific manner and that cell sensitivity to fumagillin was related to the levels of these MetAPs, particularly MetAP1. We suggest that MetAP1 levels could be routinely checked in several types of tumor and used as a prognostic marker for predicting the response to treatments inhibiting MetAP2.
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34
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Coleman KG, Crews CM. Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras: Harnessing the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System to Induce Degradation of Specific Target Proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig M. Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology; Department of Chemistry; and Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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35
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Han J, Tang Y, Lu M, Hua H. Comprehensive comparison of MetAP2 tissue and cellular expression pattern in lean and obese rodents. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018; 11:565-577. [PMID: 30319281 PMCID: PMC6167978 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s171109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) cleaves the initiator methionine from nascent peptides during translation. In both preclinical and clinical studies, the pharmacological inhibition of MetAP2 in obese subjects results in the suppression of food intake and body weight loss. However, the mechanism of action of body weight loss caused by MetAP2 inhibition remains to be elucidated, and the sites of action by pharmacological MetAP2 inhibition remain unknown. METHODS In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of the MetAP2 expression pattern in mice was performed. RESULTS Except for the relatively low expression in adipose tissues, MetAP2 protein was well-expressed in tissues important for metabolism, including liver, whole brain, skeletal muscle and intestine tissues. In comparison to lean mice, MetAP2 mRNA level was elevated in the intestines of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. At the cellular level, MetAP2 exhibited a distinct high expression in central and peripheral neurons, as well as in epithelial cells lining both the small intestine and colon. In the liver of lean mice, MetAP2 protein exhibited punctate staining, which was enriched in zone three hepatocytes surrounding the central veins. In contrast, MetAP2 expression was diffuse in the liver of DIO mice. Furthermore, MetAP2 was highly expressed in immune cells that infiltrated DIO livers. CONCLUSION Overall, these results delineate the MetAP2 expression at both tissue and cellular levels and highlight the altered MetAP2 expression under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Lilly China Research and Development Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Yang Tang
- Lilly China Research and Development Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Mingjian Lu
- Lilly China Research and Development Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Haiqing Hua
- Lilly China Research and Development Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
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36
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Wang S, Liu HY, Xu RF, Sun J. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of diacylhydrazine derivatives possessing 1,4-benzodioxan moiety as potential anticancer agents. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217110238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Peng CT, Liu L, Li CC, He LH, Li T, Shen YL, Gao C, Wang NY, Xia Y, Zhu YB, Song YJ, Lei Q, Yu LT, Bao R. Structure-Function Relationship of Aminopeptidase P from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2385. [PMID: 29259588 PMCID: PMC5723419 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PepP is a virulence-associated gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, making it an attractive target for anti-P. aeruginosa drug development. The encoded protein, aminopeptidases P (Pa-PepP), is a type of X-prolyl peptidase that possesses diverse biological functions. The crystal structure verified its canonical pita-bread fold and functional tetrameric assembly, and the functional studies measured the influences of different metal ions on the activity. A trimetal manganese cluster was observed at the active site, elucidating the mechanism of inhibition by metal ions. Additionally, a loop extending from the active site appeared to be important for specific large-substrate binding. Based on the structural comparison and bacterial invasion assays, we showed that this non-conserved surface loop was critical for P. aeruginosa virulence. Taken together, these findings can extend our understanding of the catalytic mechanism and virulence-related functions of Pa-PepP and provide a solid foundation for the design of specific inhibitors against pathogenic-bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Ting Peng
- Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liu
- Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang-Cheng Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Hui He
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Lin Shen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning-Yu Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China,School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Bo Zhu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying-Jie Song
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Lei
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Luo-Ting Yu
- Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Rui Bao, Luo-Ting Yu,
| | - Rui Bao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Rui Bao, Luo-Ting Yu,
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38
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Lin M, Zhang X, Jia B, Guan S. Suppression of glioblastoma growth and angiogenesis through molecular targeting of methionine aminopeptidase-2. J Neurooncol 2017; 136:243-254. [PMID: 29116484 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs) have been pharmacologically linked to cell growth, angiogenesis, and tumor progression, which make it an attractive target for cancer therapy. We investigated MetAP2's biological role in glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive tumor characterized by massive neovascularization. We examined the effect of anti-MetAP2 RNA interference on proliferation and angiogenesis in GBM cell line. The biological effects of MetAP2 knockdown were assessed by comparing the proliferation, tumorigenecity, and angiogenesis of parental cells and MetAP2 knockdown cells. We generated MetAP2 knockdown cells using lentiviral short hairpin RNAs against MetAP2 in SNB19 GBM cells, which normally express high levels of MetAP2. MetAP2 knockdown cells were less proliferative and less tumorigenic when compared to the parental cells. MetAP2 knockdown decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Decreased VEGF expression in MetAP2 knockdown cells correlated very well with decreased vessel formation in a tube formation assay. We showed that VEGF suppression in MetAP2 knockdown cells was mediated by the von Hippel-Lindau protein. In in vivo animal studies using an intracranial SNB19 tumor model, MetAP2 knockdown also reduced the tumor growth rate and angiogenesis, which in turn prolonged the survival of mice in xenograft model. Our results show that MetAP2 regulates angiogenesis in GBM and identify MetAP2-specific substrates that may serve as candidates for clinical assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510089, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Jia
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, 382 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Guan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, 382 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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39
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Docquier JD, Mangani S. An update on β-lactamase inhibitor discovery and development. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 36:13-29. [PMID: 29499835 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance, and the emergence of pan-resistant clinical isolates, seriously threatens our capability to treat bacterial diseases, including potentially deadly hospital-acquired infections. This growing issue certainly requires multiple adequate responses, including the improvement of both diagnosis methods and use of antibacterial agents, and obviously the development of novel antibacterial drugs, especially active against Gram-negative pathogens, which represent an urgent medical need. Considering the clinical relevance of both β-lactam antibiotics and β-lactamase-mediated resistance, the discovery and development of combinations including a β-lactamase inhibitor seems to be particularly attractive, despite being extremely challenging due to the enormous diversity, both structurally and mechanistically, of the potential β-lactamase targets. This review will cover the evolution of currently available β-lactamase inhibitors along with the most recent research leading to new β-lactamase inhibitors of potential clinical interest or already in the stage of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Denis Docquier
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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40
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41
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Roy KK. Targeting the active sites of malarial proteases for antimalarial drug discovery: approaches, progress and challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 50:287-302. [PMID: 28668681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease causing vast mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although antimalarial drugs are effective in several parts of the world, there is a serious threat to malaria control as malaria parasites are continuously developing widespread resistance against currently available antimalarial drugs, including artemisinin. Such widespread antimalarial drug resistance confirms the need to improve the efficacy of existing or new drugs as well as to develop alternative treatments through the identification of novel drug targets and the development of candidate drugs. Similar to proteases in other parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, Chagas disease and African sleeping sickness, malarial proteases constitute the major virulence factors in malaria. Malarial proteases belong to several classes and many of them have been targeted for the design and discovery of antimalarial agents. This review summarises the approaches, progress and challenges in the design of small-molecule inhibitors as antimalarial drugs targeting the inhibition of various malarial proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep K Roy
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
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42
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Chang YH. Common therapeutic target for both cancer and obesity. World J Biol Chem 2017; 8:102-107. [PMID: 28588753 PMCID: PMC5439161 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v8.i2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and cancer are two interrelated conditions of high epidemiological need, with studies showing that obesity is responsible for nearly 25% of the relative contribution to cancer incidence. Given the connection between these conditions, a drug that can operate on both obesity and cancer is highly desirable. Such a drug is accomplishable through the development of potent anti-angiogenesis agents due to the shared underlying role of angiogenesis in the development of both diseases. Prior research has demonstrated a key role of type-2 methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP2) for angiogenesis, which has led to the development of numerous of novel inhibitors. Several irreversible MetAP2 inhibitors have entered clinical trials without great success. Though this lack of success could be attributed to off-target adverse effects, the underlying causes remain unclear. More promising reversible inhibitors have been recently developed with excellent pre-clinical results. However, due to insufficient knowledge of the biological functions of N-terminal protein processing, it is hard to predict whether these novel inhibitors would successfully pass clinical trials and thereby benefit cancer and obesity patients. Significantly more efforts are needed to advance our understanding of the regulation of methionine aminopeptidases and the processes by which they govern the function of proteins.
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43
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Phi TD, Doan Thi Mai H, Tran VH, Truong BN, Tran TA, Vu VL, Chau VM, Pham VC. Design, synthesis and cytotoxicity of bengamide analogues and their epimers. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:445-451. [PMID: 30108762 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00587j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Starting from d-glycero-d-gulo-heptonic acid γ-lactone and amino acids, a number of diastereoisomeric bengamide analogues were synthesized. Optimization of the reaction conditions revealed that microwave irradiation assistance is a powerful method for the preparation of aminolactams, as well as for the coupling reactions of the lactone 5 with aminolactams. Cytotoxic activity evaluation against six cancer cell lines (KB, HepG2, LU1, MCF7, HL60, and Hela) demonstrated that the configuration of C-2' seems to be critical for the cytotoxic activity of compounds 8b (2'R) and 8a (2'S). Additionally, comparison of cytotoxicity of the protected acetonide compounds with that of their corresponding deprotected bengamide analogues suggested that the flexibility of the ketide side chain should be required for their cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Dao Phi
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry , Institute of Marine Biochemistry , VAST , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet , Caugiay , Hanoi , Vietnam . ; ; Tel: +84437917049.,Graduate University of Science and Technology , VAST , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet , Caugiay , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Huong Doan Thi Mai
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry , Institute of Marine Biochemistry , VAST , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet , Caugiay , Hanoi , Vietnam . ; ; Tel: +84437917049
| | - Van Hieu Tran
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry , Institute of Marine Biochemistry , VAST , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet , Caugiay , Hanoi , Vietnam . ; ; Tel: +84437917049
| | - Bich Ngan Truong
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry , Institute of Marine Biochemistry , VAST , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet , Caugiay , Hanoi , Vietnam . ; ; Tel: +84437917049
| | - Tuan Anh Tran
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry , Institute of Marine Biochemistry , VAST , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet , Caugiay , Hanoi , Vietnam . ; ; Tel: +84437917049.,University of Science and Technology of Hanoi , VAST , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet , Caugiay , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Van Loi Vu
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry , Institute of Marine Biochemistry , VAST , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet , Caugiay , Hanoi , Vietnam . ; ; Tel: +84437917049
| | - Van Minh Chau
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry , Institute of Marine Biochemistry , VAST , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet , Caugiay , Hanoi , Vietnam . ; ; Tel: +84437917049
| | - Van Cuong Pham
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry , Institute of Marine Biochemistry , VAST , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet , Caugiay , Hanoi , Vietnam . ; ; Tel: +84437917049
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Abstract
Small-molecule drug discovery has traditionally focused on occupancy of a binding site that directly affects protein function, and this approach typically precludes targeting proteins that lack such amenable sites. Furthermore, high systemic drug exposures may be needed to maintain sufficient target inhibition in vivo, increasing the risk of undesirable off-target effects. Induced protein degradation is an alternative approach that is event-driven: upon drug binding, the target protein is tagged for elimination. Emerging technologies based on proteolysis-targeting chimaeras (PROTACs) that exploit cellular quality control machinery to selectively degrade target proteins are attracting considerable attention in the pharmaceutical industry owing to the advantages they could offer over traditional small-molecule strategies. These advantages include the potential to reduce systemic drug exposure, the ability to counteract increased target protein expression that often accompanies inhibition of protein function and the potential ability to target proteins that are not currently therapeutically tractable, such as transcription factors, scaffolding and regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig M. Crews
- Departments of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology; Chemistry; Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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45
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Identification of methionine aminopeptidase 2 as a molecular target of the organoselenium drug ebselen and its derivatives/analogues: Synthesis, inhibitory activity and molecular modeling study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5254-5259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Saleh M, Kumar G, Abdel-Baki AA, Dkhil MA, El-Matbouli M, Al-Quraishy S. In Vitro Gene Silencing of the Fish Microsporidian Heterosporis saurida by RNA Interference. Nucleic Acid Ther 2016; 26:250-6. [PMID: 27228357 PMCID: PMC4982949 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2016.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterosporis saurida, a microsporidian parasite of lizardfish, Saurida undosquamis, causes severe economic losses in marine aquaculture. Among the novel approaches being explored for treatment of parasitic infections in aquaculture is small interfering RNA molecules. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficiency of using siRNA to knock down expression of specific genes of H. saurida in vitro. For this purpose, siRNAs specific for ATP/ADP antiporter 1 and methionine aminopeptidase II genes were designed and tested using a previously developed in vitro cultivation model. Silencing of H. saurida target genes was assessed and the efficacy of using siRNA for inhibition of gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Silencing of ATP/ADP antiporter 1 or methionine aminopeptidase II by siRNA reduced H. saurida infection levels in EK-1 cells 40% and 60%, respectively, as measured by qRT-PCR and spore counts. Combined siRNA treatment of both ATP/ADP antiporter 1 and methionine aminopeptidase II siRNAs was more effective against H. saurida infection as seen by the 16S rRNA level and spore counts. Our study concluded that siRNA could be used to advance development of novel approaches to inhibit H. saurida and provide an alternative approach to combat microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- 1 Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna, Austria
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- 1 Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna, Austria
| | - Abdel-Azeem Abdel-Baki
- 2 Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia .,3 Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Dkhil
- 2 Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia .,4 Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University , Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- 1 Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna, Austria
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- 2 Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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47
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Hamilton JL, Nagao M, Levine BR, Chen D, Olsen BR, Im HJ. Targeting VEGF and Its Receptors for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis and Associated Pain. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:911-24. [PMID: 27163679 PMCID: PMC4863467 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels are associated with osteoarthritis (OA) progression. Indeed, VEGF appears to be involved in OA-specific pathologies including cartilage degeneration, osteophyte formation, subchondral bone cysts and sclerosis, synovitis, and pain. Moreover, a wide range of studies suggest that inhibition of VEGF signaling reduces OA progression. This review highlights both the potential significance of VEGF in OA pathology and pain, as well as potential benefits of inhibition of VEGF and its receptors as an OA treatment. With the emergence of the clinical use of anti-VEGF therapy outside of OA, both as high-dose systemic treatments and low-dose local treatments, these particular therapies are now more widely understood. Currently, there is no established disease-modifying drug available for patients with OA, which warrants continued study of the inhibition of VEGF signaling in OA, as stand-alone or adjuvant therapy. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Hamilton
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Masashi Nagao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brett R Levine
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bjorn R Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Internal Medicine Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs, Chicago, IL, USA
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48
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Cheruvallath Z, Tang M, McBride C, Komandla M, Miura J, Ton-Nu T, Erikson P, Feng J, Farrell P, Lawson JD, Vanderpool D, Wu Y, Dougan DR, Plonowski A, Holub C, Larson C. Discovery of potent, reversible MetAP2 inhibitors via fragment based drug discovery and structure based drug design-Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2774-2778. [PMID: 27155900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) is an enzyme that cleaves an N-terminal methionine residue from a number of newly synthesized proteins. Pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that MetAP2 inhibitors could be used as a novel treatment for obesity. Herein we describe our use of fragment screening methods and structural biology to quickly identify and elaborate an indazole fragment into a series of reversible MetAP2 inhibitors with <10nM potency, excellent selectivity, and favorable in vitro safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingnam Tang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Takeda California, United States
| | | | | | - Joanne Miura
- Medicinal Chemistry, Takeda California, United States
| | - Thu Ton-Nu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Takeda California, United States
| | - Phil Erikson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Takeda California, United States
| | - Jun Feng
- Medicinal Chemistry, Takeda California, United States
| | | | - J David Lawson
- Computational Sciences, Takeda California, United States
| | | | - Yiqin Wu
- Biological Sciences, Takeda California, United States
| | | | | | - Corine Holub
- Biological Sciences, Takeda California, United States
| | - Chris Larson
- Biological Sciences, Takeda California, United States
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Morgen M, Jöst C, Malz M, Janowski R, Niessing D, Klein CD, Gunkel N, Miller AK. Spiroepoxytriazoles Are Fumagillin-like Irreversible Inhibitors of MetAP2 with Potent Cellular Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1001-11. [PMID: 26686773 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs) are responsible for the cotranslational cleavage of initiator methionines from nascent proteins. The MetAP2 subtype is up-regulated in many cancers, and selective inhibition of MetAP2 suppresses both vascularization and growth of tumors in animal models. The natural product fumagillin is a selective and potent irreversible inhibitor of MetAP2, and semisynthetic derivatives of fumagillin have shown promise in clinical studies for the treatment of cancer, and, more recently, for obesity. Further development of fumagillin derivatives has been complicated, however, by their generally poor pharmacokinetics. In an attempt to overcome these limitations, we developed an easily diversifiable synthesis of a novel class of MetAP2 inhibitors that were designed to mimic fumagillin's molecular scaffold but have improved pharmacological profiles. These substances were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of MetAP2, as demonstrated in biochemical enzymatic assays against three MetAP isoforms. Inhibitors with the same relative and absolute stereoconfiguration as fumagillin displayed significantly higher activity than their diastereomeric and enantiomeric isomers. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that the inhibitors covalently modify His231 in the MetAP2 active site via ring-opening of a spiroepoxide. Biochemically active substances inhibited the growth of endothelial cells and a MetAP2-sensitive cancer cell line, while closely related inactive isomers had little effect on the proliferation of either cell type. These effects correlated with altered N-terminal processing of the protein 14-3-3-γ. Finally, selected substances were found to have improved stabilities in mouse plasma and microsomes relative to the clinically investigated fumagillin derivative beloranib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Morgen
- Cancer
Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neunheimer
Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Jöst
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mona Malz
- Cancer
Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neunheimer
Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Janowski
- Institute
of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dierk Niessing
- Institute
of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Biomedical Center of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian D. Klein
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolas Gunkel
- Cancer
Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neunheimer
Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aubry K. Miller
- Cancer
Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neunheimer
Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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N-Terminal methionine processing by the zinc-activated Plasmodium falciparum methionine aminopeptidase 1b. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7091-102. [PMID: 27023914 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The methionine aminopeptidase 1b from Plasmodium falciparum (PfMetAP 1b) was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized. Surprisingly, and in contrast to other methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs) that require heavy-metal cofactors such as cobalt, the enzyme is reliably activated by zinc ions. Immobilization of the enzyme is possible by His-tag metal chelation to iminodiacetic acid-agarose and by covalent binding to chloroacetamido-hexyl-agarose. The covalently immobilized enzyme shows long-term stability, allowing a continuous, heterogenous processing of N-terminal methionines, for example, in recombinant proteins. Activation by zinc, instead of cobalt as for other MetAPs, avoids the introduction of heavy metals with toxicological liabilities and oxidative potential into biotechnological processes. The PfMetAP 1b therefore represents a useful tool for the enzymatic, posttranslational processing of recombinant proteins.
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