1
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Cardoza RE, McCormick SP, Martínez-Reyes N, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Busman M, Proctor RH, Gutiérrez S. Analysis of substrate specificity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in trichothecene toxin biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:1-21. [PMID: 38183477 PMCID: PMC10771604 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a structurally diverse family of toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain species of multiple fungal genera. All trichothecene analogs share a core 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) structure but differ in presence, absence and types of substituents attached to various positions of EPT. Formation of some of the structural diversity begins early in the biosynthetic pathway such that some producing species have few trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates in common. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) play critical roles in formation of trichothecene structural diversity. Within some species, relaxed substrate specificities of P450s allow individual orthologs of the enzymes to modify multiple trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates. It is not clear, however, whether the relaxed specificity extends to biosynthetic intermediates that are not produced by the species in which the orthologs originate. To address this knowledge gap, we used a mutant complementation-heterologous expression analysis to assess whether orthologs of three trichothecene biosynthetic P450s (TRI11, TRI13 and TRI22) from Fusarium sporotrichioides, Trichoderma arundinaceum, and Paramyrothecium roridum can modify trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates that they do not encounter in the organism in which they originated. The results indicate that TRI13 and TRI22 could not modify the intermediates that they do not normally encounter, whereas TRI11 could modify an intermediate that it does not normally encounter. These findings indicate that substrate promiscuity varies among trichothecene biosynthetic P450s. One structural feature that likely impacts the ability of the P450s to use biosynthetic intermediates as substrates is the presence and absence of an oxygen atom attached to carbon atom 3 of EPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E Cardoza
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain
| | - Susan P McCormick
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Natalia Martínez-Reyes
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain
| | | | - Mark Busman
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain.
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2
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Huang P, Yu X, Liu H, Ding M, Wang Z, Xu JR, Jiang C. Regulation of TRI5 expression and deoxynivalenol biosynthesis by a long non-coding RNA in Fusarium graminearum. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1216. [PMID: 38332031 PMCID: PMC10853542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45502-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most frequently detected mycotoxin in cereal grains and processed food or feed. Two transcription factors, Tri6 and Tri10, are essential for DON biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. In this study we conduct stranded RNA-seq analysis with tri6 and tri10 mutants and show that Tri10 acts as a master regulator controlling the expression of sense and antisense transcripts of TRI6 and over 450 genes with diverse functions. TRI6 is more specific for regulating TRI genes although it negatively regulates TRI10. Two other TRI genes, including TRI5 that encodes a key enzyme for DON biosynthesis, also have antisense transcripts. Both Tri6 and Tri10 are essential for TRI5 expression and for suppression of antisense-TRI5. Furthermore, we identify a long non-coding RNA (named RNA5P) that is transcribed from the TRI5 promoter region and is also regulated by Tri6 and Tri10. Deletion of RNA5P by replacing the promoter region of TRI5 with that of TRI12 increases TRI5 expression and DON biosynthesis, indicating that RNA5P suppresses TRI5 expression. However, ectopic constitutive overexpression of RNA5P has no effect on DON biosynthesis and TRI5 expression. Nevertheless, elevated expression of RNA5P in situ reduces TRI5 expression and DON production. Our results indicate that TRI10 and TRI6 regulate each other's expression, and both are important for suppressing the expression of RNA5P, a long non-coding RNA with cis-acting inhibitory effects on TRI5 expression and DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mingyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zeyi Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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3
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Gao M, Zhang M, Zhang J, Yang X, Abdallah MF, Wang J. Phylogenetic Variation of Tri1 Gene and Development of PCR-RFLP Analysis for the Identification of NX Genotypes in Fusarium graminearum Species Complex. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:692. [PMID: 38133196 PMCID: PMC10747927 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
NX toxins have been described as a novel group of type A trichothecenes produced by members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC). Differences in structure between NX toxins and the common type B trichothecenes arise from functional variation in the trichothecene biosynthetic enzyme Tri1 in the FGSC. The identified highly conserved changes in the Tri1 gene can be used to develop specific PCR-based assays to identify the NX-producing strains. In this study, the sequences of the Tri1 gene from type B trichothecene- and NX-producing strains were analyzed to identify DNA polymorphisms between the two different kinds of trichothecene producers. Four sets of Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods were successfully developed to distinguish the common type B trichothecene producers and NX producers within FGSC. These promising diagnostic methods can be used for high-throughput genotype detection of Fusarium strains as a step forward for crop disease management and mycotoxin control in agriculture. Additionally, it was found that the Tri1 gene phylogeny differs from the species phylogeny, which is consistent with the previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Gao
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xianli Yang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
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4
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Luo K, Guo J, He D, Li G, Ouellet T. Deoxynivalenol accumulation and detoxification in cereals and its potential role in wheat- Fusarium graminearum interactions. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:155-171. [PMID: 37581023 PMCID: PMC10423186 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a prominent mycotoxin showing significant accumulation in cereal plants during infection by the phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum. It is a virulence factor that is important in the spread of F. graminearum within cereal heads, and it causes serious yield losses and significant contamination of cereal grains. In recent decades, genetic and genomic studies have facilitated the characterization of the molecular pathways of DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum and the environmental factors that influence DON accumulation. In addition, diverse scab resistance traits related to the repression of DON accumulation in plants have been identified, and experimental studies of wheat-pathogen interactions have contributed to understanding detoxification mechanisms in host plants. The present review illustrates and summarizes the molecular networks of DON mycotoxin production in F. graminearum and the methods of DON detoxification in plants based on the current literature, which provides molecular targets for crop improvement programs. This review also comprehensively discusses recent advances and challenges related to genetic engineering-mediated cultivar improvements to strengthen scab resistance. Furthermore, ongoing advancements in genetic engineering will enable the application of these molecular targets to develop more scab-resistant wheat cultivars with DON detoxification traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000 China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000 China
| | - Dejia He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000 China
| | - Guangwei Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000 China
| | - Thérèse Ouellet
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
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5
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Proctor RH, Hao G, Kim HS, Whitaker BK, Laraba I, Vaughan MM, McCormick SP. A Novel Trichothecene Toxin Phenotype Associated with Horizontal Gene Transfer and a Change in Gene Function in Fusarium. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:12. [PMID: 36668832 PMCID: PMC9864338 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium trichothecenes are among the mycotoxins of most concern to food and feed safety. Production of these mycotoxins and presence of the trichothecene biosynthetic gene (TRI) cluster have been confirmed in only two multispecies lineages of Fusarium: the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti (Incarnatum) and F. sambucinum (Sambucinum) species complexes. Here, we identified and characterized a TRI cluster in a species that has not been formally described and is represented by Fusarium sp. NRRL 66739. This fungus is reported to be a member of a third Fusarium lineage: the F. buharicum species complex. Cultures of NRRL 66739 accumulated only two trichothecenes, 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin and 7-hydroxyisotrichodermol. Although these are not novel trichothecenes, the production profile of NRRL 66739 is novel, because in previous reports 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin and 7-hydroxyisotrichodermol were components of mixtures of 6-8 trichothecenes produced by several Fusarium species in Sambucinum. Heterologous expression analysis indicated that the TRI13 gene in NRRL 66739 confers trichothecene 7-hydroxylation. This contrasts the trichothecene 4-hydroxylation function of TRI13 in other Fusarium species. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that NRRL 66739 acquired the TRI cluster via horizontal gene transfer from a close relative of Incarnatum and Sambucinum. These findings provide insights into evolutionary processes that have shaped the distribution of trichothecene production among Fusarium species and the structural diversity of the toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Guixia Hao
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Briana K. Whitaker
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Imane Laraba
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Martha M. Vaughan
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Susan P. McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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6
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Kumar P, Mahato DK, Gupta A, Pandey S, Paul V, Saurabh V, Pandey AK, Selvakumar R, Barua S, Kapri M, Kumar M, Kaur C, Tripathi AD, Gamlath S, Kamle M, Varzakas T, Agriopoulou S. Nivalenol Mycotoxin Concerns in Foods: An Overview on Occurrence, Impact on Human and Animal Health and Its Detection and Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080527. [PMID: 36006189 PMCID: PMC9413460 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that infect a wide range of foods worldwide. Nivalenol (NIV), a type B trichothecene produced by numerous Fusarium species, has the ability to infect a variety of foods both in the field and during post-harvest handling and management. NIV is frequently found in cereal and cereal-based goods, and its strong cytotoxicity poses major concerns for both human and animal health. To address these issues, this review briefly overviews the sources, occurrence, chemistry and biosynthesis of NIV. Additionally, a brief overview of several sophisticated detection and management techniques is included, along with the implications of processing and environmental factors on the formation of NIV. This review’s main goal is to offer trustworthy and current information on NIV as a mycotoxin concern in foods, with potential mitigation measures to assure food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (D.K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Akansha Gupta
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Surabhi Pandey
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Veena Paul
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Vivek Saurabh
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (V.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Arun Kumar Pandey
- Food Science and Technology, MMICT & BM(HM) Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India;
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Sreejani Barua
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Mandira Kapri
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology (CRDT), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (V.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Abhishek Dutt Tripathi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Shirani Gamlath
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (D.K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (S.A.)
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7
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Wei X, Wang WG, Matsuda Y. Branching and converging pathways in fungal natural product biosynthesis. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2022; 9:6. [PMID: 35255990 PMCID: PMC8902786 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-022-00135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn nature, organic molecules with great structural diversity and complexity are synthesized by utilizing a relatively small number of starting materials. A synthetic strategy adopted by nature is pathway branching, in which a common biosynthetic intermediate is transformed into different end products. A natural product can also be synthesized by the fusion of two or more precursors generated from separate metabolic pathways. This review article summarizes several representative branching and converging pathways in fungal natural product biosynthesis to illuminate how fungi are capable of synthesizing a diverse array of natural products.
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8
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Chtioui W, Balmas V, Delogu G, Migheli Q, Oufensou S. Bioprospecting Phenols as Inhibitors of Trichothecene-Producing Fusarium: Sustainable Approaches to the Management of Wheat Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020072. [PMID: 35202101 PMCID: PMC8875213 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium spp. are ubiquitous fungi able to cause Fusarium head blight and Fusarium foot and root rot on wheat. Among relevant pathogenic species, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum cause significant yield and quality loss and result in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins, mainly type B trichothecenes, which are a major health concern for humans and animals. Phenolic compounds of natural origin are being increasingly explored as fungicides on those pathogens. This review summarizes recent research activities related to the antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic activity of natural phenolic compounds against Fusarium, including studies into the mechanisms of action of major exogenous phenolic inhibitors, their structure-activity interaction, and the combined effect of these compounds with other natural products or with conventional fungicides in mycotoxin modulation. The role of high-throughput analysis tools to decipher key signaling molecules able to modulate the production of mycotoxins and the development of sustainable formulations enhancing potential inhibitors’ efficacy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Chtioui
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-079-229-297
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9
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Chen L, Yang J, Wang H, Yang X, Zhang C, Zhao Z, Wang J. NX toxins: New threat posed by Fusarium graminearum species complex. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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10
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Nichea MJ, Proctor RH, Probyn CE, Palacios SA, Cendoya E, Sulyok M, Chulze SN, Torres AM, Ramirez ML. Fusarium chaquense, sp. nov, a novel type A trichothecene-producing species from native grasses in a wetland ecosystem in Argentina. Mycologia 2021; 114:46-62. [PMID: 34871141 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1987102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Chaco wetland is among the most biologically diverse regions in Argentina. In collections of fungi from asymptomatic native grasses (Poaceae) from the wetlands, we identified isolates of Fusarium that were morphologically similar to F. armeniacum, but distinct from it by their production of abundant microconidia. All the isolates had identical, or nearly identical, partial sequences of TEF1 and RPB2. But they were distinct from reference sequences from F. armeniacum and Fusarium species closely related to it. Phylogenetic analysis of 34 full-length housekeeping gene sequences retrieved from whole genome sequences of three Chaco wetland isolates, 29 genes resolved the isolates as an exclusive clade within the F. sambucinum species complex. Based on results of the morphological and phylogenetic analysis, we concluded that the Chaco wetland isolates are a distinct and novel species, herein described as Fusarium chaquense, sp. nov., which is closely related to F. armeniacum. F. chaquense in culture can produce the trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and monoacetoxyscirpenol, as well as beauvericin and the pigment aurofusarin. Genome sequence analysis also revealed the presence of three previously described loci required for trichothecene biosynthesis. This research represents the first study of Fusarium in a natural ecosystem in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Nichea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Robert H Proctor
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | - Crystal E Probyn
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | - Sofía A Palacios
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Sofía N Chulze
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Adriana M Torres
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - María L Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
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Accumulation of 4-Deoxy-7-hydroxytrichothecenes, but Not 4,7-Dihydroxytrichothecenes, in Axenic Culture of a Transgenic Nivalenol Chemotype Expressing the NX-Type FgTri1 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111428. [PMID: 34768859 PMCID: PMC8583793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum species complex produces type B trichothecenes oxygenated at C-7. In axenic liquid culture, F. graminearum mainly accumulates one of the three types of trichothecenes, namely 3-acetyldeoxyinvalenol, 15-acetyldeoxyinvalenol, or mixtures of 4,15-diacetylnivalenol/4-acetylnivalenol, depending on each strain's genetic background. The acetyl groups of these trichothecenes are slowly deacetylated to give deoxynivalenol (DON) or nivalenol (NIV) on solid medium culture. Due to the evolution of F. graminearum FgTri1, encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase responsible for hydroxylation at both C-7 and C-8, new derivatives of DON, designated as NX-type trichothecenes, have recently emerged. To assess the risks of emergence of new NX-type trichothecenes, we examined the effects of replacing FgTri1 in the three chemotypes with FgTri1_NX chemotype, which encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that can only hydroxylate C-7 of trichothecenes. Similar to the transgenic DON chemotypes, the transgenic NIV chemotype strain accumulated NX-type 4-deoxytrichothecenes in axenic liquid culture. C-4 oxygenated trichothecenes were marginal, despite the presence of a functional FgTri13 encoding a C-4 hydroxylase. At present, outcrossing of the currently occurring NX chemotype with NIV chemotype strains of F. graminearum in the natural environment likely will not yield a new strain that produces a C-4 oxygenated NX-type trichothecene.
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Oufensou S, Balmas V, Azara E, Fabbri D, Dettori MA, Schüller C, Zehetbauer F, Strauss J, Delogu G, Migheli Q. Naturally Occurring Phenols Modulate Vegetative Growth and Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29407-29415. [PMID: 33225172 PMCID: PMC7676359 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To assess the in vitro activity of five naturally occurring phenolic compounds (ferulic acid, apocynin, magnolol, honokiol, and thymol) on mycelial growth and type B trichothecene mycotoxin accumulation by Fusarium graminearum, three complementary approaches were adopted. First, a high-throughput photometric continuous reading array allowed a parallel quantification of F. graminearum hyphal growth and reporter TRI5 gene expression directly on solid medium. Second, RT-qPCR confirmed the regulation of TRI5 expression by the tested compounds. Third, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis allowed quantification of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated forms released upon treatment with the phenolic compounds. Altogether, the results confirmed the activity of thymol and an equimolar mixture of thymol-magnolol at 0.5 mM, respectively, in inhibiting DON production without affecting vegetative growth. The medium pH buffering capacity after 72-96 h of incubation is proposed as a further element to highlight compounds displaying trichothecene inhibitory capacity with no significant fungicidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università
degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università
degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Emanuela Azara
- Istituto CNR di
Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Davide Fabbri
- Istituto CNR di
Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Christoph Schüller
- Bioactive Microbial
Metabolites (BiMM) Research Platform, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Zehetbauer
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department
of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Bioactive Microbial
Metabolites (BiMM) Research Platform, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department
of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di
Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università
degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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13
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Zhu M, Cen Y, Ye W, Li S, Zhang W. Recent Advances on Macrocyclic Trichothecenes, Their Bioactivities and Biosynthetic Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E417. [PMID: 32585939 PMCID: PMC7354583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic trichothecenes are an important group of trichothecenes bearing a large ring. Despite the fact that many of trichothecenes are of concern in agriculture, food contamination, health care and building protection, the macrocyclic ones are becoming the research hotspot because of their diversity in structure and biologic activity. Several researchers have declared that macrocyclic trichothecenes have great potential to be developed as antitumor agents, due to the plenty of their compounds and bioactivities. In this review we summarize the newly discovered macrocyclic trichothecenes and their bioactivities over the last decade, as well as identifications of genes tri17 and tri18 involved in the trichothecene biosynthesis and putative biosynthetic pathway. According to the search results in database and phylogenetic trees generated in the review, the species of the genera Podostroma and Monosporascus would probably be great sources for producing macrocyclic trichothecenes. Moreover, we propose that the macrocyclic trichothecene roridin E could be formed via acylation or esterification of the long side chain linked with C-4 to the hydroxyl group at C-15, and vice versa. More assays and evidences are needed to support this hypothesis, which would promote the verification of the proposed pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weimin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.Z.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.); (S.L.)
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14
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Gargouri S, Balmas V, Burgess L, Paulitz T, Laraba I, Kim HS, Proctor RH, Busman M, Felker FC, Murray T, O'Donnell K. An endophyte of Macrochloa tenacissima (esparto or needle grass) from Tunisia is a novel species in the Fusarium redolens species complex. Mycologia 2020; 112:792-807. [PMID: 32552568 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1767493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report on the morphological, molecular, and chemical characterization of a novel Fusarium species recovered from the roots and rhizosphere of Macrochloa tenacissima (halfa, esparto, or needle grass) in central Tunisia. Formally described here as F. spartum, this species is a member of the Fusarium redolens species complex but differs from the other two species within the complex, F. redolens and F. hostae, by its endophytic association with M. tenacissima and its genealogical exclusivity based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses. To assess their sexual reproductive mode, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was designed and used to screen the three strains of F. spartum, 51 of F. redolens, and 14 of F. hostae for mating type (MAT) idiomorph. Genetic architecture of the MAT locus in the former two species suggests that if they reproduce sexually, it is via obligate outcrossing. By comparison, results of the PCR assay indicated that 13/14 of the F. hostae strains possessed MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs and thus might be self-fertile or homothallic. However, when the F. hostae strains were selfed, 11 failed to produce perithecia and one only produced several small abortive perithecia. Cirrhi with ascospores, however, were only produced by 8/28 and 4/84 of the variable size perithecia, respectively, of F. hostae NRRL 29888 and 29890. The potential for the three F. redolens clade species to produce mycotoxins, pigments, and phytohormones was assessed by screening whole genome sequence data and by analyzing extracts on cracked maize kernel cultures via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Protection des végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari , Sassari, Italy
| | - Lester Burgess
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney , Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Timothy Paulitz
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington 99164-6430
| | - Imane Laraba
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Mark Busman
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Frederick C Felker
- Functional Food Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Timothy Murray
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164-6430
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
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15
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Maeda K, Tanaka Y, Matsuyama M, Sato M, Sadamatsu K, Suzuki T, Matsui K, Nakajima Y, Tokai T, Kanamaru K, Ohsato S, Kobayashi T, Fujimura M, Nishiuchi T, Takahashi-Ando N, Kimura M. Substrate specificities of Fusarium biosynthetic enzymes explain the genetic basis of a mixed chemotype producing both deoxynivalenol and nivalenol-type trichothecenes. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 320:108532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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16
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Proctor RH, McCormick SP, Gutiérrez S. Genetic bases for variation in structure and biological activity of trichothecene toxins produced by diverse fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5185-5199. [PMID: 32328680 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpene toxins produced by diverse but relatively few fungal species in at least three classes of Ascomycetes: Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. Approximately 200 structurally distinct trichothecene analogs have been described, but a given fungal species typically produces only a small subset of analogs. All trichothecenes share a core structure consisting of a four-ring nucleus known as 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene. This structure can be substituted at various positions with hydroxyl, acyl, or keto groups to give rise to the diversity of trichothecene structures that has been described. Over the last 30 years, the genetic and biochemical pathways required for trichothecene biosynthesis in several species of the fungi Fusarium and Trichoderma have been elucidated. In addition, phylogenetic and functional analyses of trichothecene biosynthetic (TRI) genes from fungi in multiple genera have provided insights into how acquisition, loss, and changes in functions of TRI genes have given rise to the diversity of trichothecene structures. These analyses also suggest both divergence and convergence of TRI gene function during the evolutionary history of trichothecene biosynthesis. What has driven trichothecene structural diversification remains an unanswered question. However, insight into the role of trichothecenes in plant pathogenesis of Fusarium species and into plant glucosyltransferases that detoxify the toxins by glycosylating them point to a possible driver. Because the glucosyltransferases can have substrate specificity, changes in trichothecene structures produced by a fungus could allow it to evade detoxification by the plant enzymes. Thus, it is possible that advantages conferred by evading detoxification have contributed to trichothecene structural diversification. KEY POINTS : • TRI genes have evolved by diverse processes: loss, acquisition and changes in function. • Some TRI genes have acquired the same function by convergent evolution. • Some other TRI genes have evolved divergently to have different functions. • Some TRI genes were acquired or resulted from diversification in function of other genes. • Substrate specificity of plant glucosyltransferases could drive trichothecene diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Proctor
- United States Department of Agriculture, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, 61604-3902, USA.
| | - S P McCormick
- United States Department of Agriculture, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, 61604-3902, USA
| | - S Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, 24400, Ponferrada, Spain.
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17
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Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So Far Away. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Gain and loss of a transcription factor that regulates late trichothecene biosynthetic pathway genes in Fusarium. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 136:103317. [PMID: 31841670 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are among the mycotoxins of most concern to food and feed safety and are produced by species in two lineages of Fusarium: the F. incarnatum-equiseti (FIESC) and F. sambucinum (FSAMSC) species complexes. Previous functional analyses of the trichothecene biosynthetic gene (TRI) cluster in members of FSAMSC indicate that the transcription factor gene TRI6 activates expression of other TRI cluster genes. In addition, previous sequence analyses indicate that the FIESC TRI cluster includes TRI6 and another uncharacterized transcription factor gene (hereafter TRI21) that was not reported in FSAMSC. Here, gene deletion analysisindicated that in FIESC TRI6 functions in a manner similar to FSAMSC, whereas TRI21 activated expression of some genes that function late in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway but not early-pathway genes. Consistent with this finding, TRI21 was required for formation of diacetoxyscripenol, a late-trichothecene-pathway product, but not for isotrichodermin, an early-pathway product. Although intact homologs of TRI21 were not detected in FSAMSC or other trichothecene-producing fungal genera, TRI21 fragments were detected in some FSAMSC species. This suggests that the gene was acquired by Fusarium after divergence from other trichothecene-producing fungi, was subsequently lost in FSAMSC, but was retained in FIESC. Together, our results indicate fundamental differences in regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis in FIESC and FSAMSC.
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19
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Foroud NA, Baines D, Gagkaeva TY, Thakor N, Badea A, Steiner B, Bürstmayr M, Bürstmayr H. Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains - An Update. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E634. [PMID: 31683661 PMCID: PMC6891312 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins produced by fungi from the order Hypocreales, including members of the Fusarium genus that infect cereal grain crops. Different trichothecene-producing Fusarium species and strains have different trichothecene chemotypes belonging to the Type A and B class. These fungi cause a disease of small grain cereals, called Fusarium head blight, and their toxins contaminate host tissues. As potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis, trichothecenes pose a health risk to human and animal consumers of infected cereal grains. In 2009, Foroud and Eudes published a review of trichothecenes in cereal grains for human consumption. As an update to this review, the work herein provides a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary review of the Fusarium trichothecenes covering topics in chemistry and biochemistry, pathogen biology, trichothecene toxicity, molecular mechanisms of resistance or detoxification, genetics of resistance and breeding strategies to reduce their contamination of wheat and barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Danica Baines
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Tatiana Y Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), St. Petersburg, Pushkin 196608, Russia.
| | - Nehal Thakor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Ana Badea
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada.
| | - Barbara Steiner
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Maria Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Hermann Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
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20
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Villani A, Proctor RH, Kim HS, Brown DW, Logrieco AF, Amatulli MT, Moretti A, Susca A. Variation in secondary metabolite production potential in the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex revealed by comparative analysis of 13 genomes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:314. [PMID: 31014248 PMCID: PMC6480918 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) comprises 33 phylogenetically distinct species that have been recovered from diverse biological sources, but have been most often isolated from agricultural plants and soils. Collectively, members of FIESC can produce diverse mycotoxins. However, because the species diversity of FIESC has been recognized only recently, the potential of species to cause mycotoxin contamination of crop plants is unclear. In this study, therefore, we used comparative genomics to investigate the distribution of and variation in genes and gene clusters responsible for the synthesis of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites (SMs) in FIESC. Results We examined genomes of 13 members of FIESC that were selected based primarily on their phylogenetic diversity and/or occurrence on crops. The presence and absence of SM biosynthetic gene clusters varied markedly among the genomes. For example, the trichothecene mycotoxin as well as the carotenoid and fusarubin pigment clusters were present in all genomes examined, whereas the enniatin, fusarin, and zearalenone mycotoxin clusters were present in only some genomes. Some clusters exhibited discontinuous patterns of distribution in that their presence and absence was not correlated with the phylogenetic relationships of species. We also found evidence that cluster loss and horizontal gene transfer have contributed to such distribution patterns. For example, a combination of multiple phylogenetic analyses suggest that five NRPS and seven PKS genes were introduced into FIESC from other Fusarium lineages. Conclusion Our results suggest that although the portion of the genome devoted to SM biosynthesis has remained similar during the evolutionary diversification of FIESC, the ability to produce SMs could be affected by the different distribution of related functional and complete gene clusters. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5567-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Villani
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Department of Agriculture Peoria, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S., Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Department of Agriculture Peoria, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S., Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Daren W Brown
- Department of Agriculture Peoria, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S., Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Amatulli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.,Thales Alenia Space Italia, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
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21
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Selection of Fusarium Trichothecene Toxin Genes for Molecular Detection Depends on TRI Gene Cluster Organization and Gene Function. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010036. [PMID: 30646506 PMCID: PMC6357111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food security is a global concern. Fusarium are among the most economically important fungal pathogens because they are ubiquitous, disease management remains a challenge, they produce mycotoxins that affect food and feed safety, and trichothecene mycotoxin production can increase the pathogenicity of some Fusarium species depending on the host species. Although trichothecenes may differ in structure by their patterns of hydroxylation or acetylation, these small changes have a significant impact on toxicity and the biological activity of these compounds. Therefore, detecting and identifying which chemotype is present in a given population are important to predicting the specific toxins that may be produced and, therefore, to evaluating the risk of exposure. Due to the challenges of inducing trichothecene production by Fusarium isolates in vitro for subsequent chemical analysis, PCR assays using gene-specific primers, either singly or in combination, designed against specific genes of the trichothecene gene cluster of multiple species of Fusarium have been developed. The establishment of TRI genotypes that potentially correspond to a specific chemotype requires examination of an information and knowledge pipeline whose critical aspects in sequential order are: (i) understanding the TRI gene cluster organization which differs according to Fusarium species under study; (ii) knowledge of the re-arrangements to the core TRI gene cluster over evolutionary time, which also differs according to Fusarium species; (iii) the functions of the TRI genes in the biosynthesis of trichothecene analogs; and (iv) based on (i)⁻(iii), selection of appropriate target TRI gene(s) for primer design in PCR amplification for the Fusarium species under study. This review, therefore, explains this pipeline and its connection to utilizing TRI genotypes as a possible proxy to chemotype designation.
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22
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Marček T, Vuletić MV, Španić V. Biochemical changes in ears of wheat genotypes subjected to Fusarium spp. attack. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2018; 69:493-504. [PMID: 30587019 DOI: 10.1556/018.69.2018.4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In wheat, Fusarium fungus promotes the appearance of destructive disease named as Fusarium head blight (FHB) that can cause grain yield reduction and mycotoxin accumulation. The focus of this research was to verify the influence of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum on wheat genotypes with different susceptibility to FHB: "Super Žitarka" (susceptible), "Lucija" (moderately resistant) and "Apache" (resistant). The experiment was performed under field conditions by artificial spore inoculation of ears at the flowering stage. The effectiveness of antioxidative enzymes, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were observed at several sampling points after Fusarium inoculation (3, 15 and 24 hours). "Lucija" responded to pathogen by increase of guaiacol peroxidase (POD) activity, high H2O2 and MDA content in the early post-inoculation times (3 and 15 hours), compared to control. "Super Žitarka" displayed inhibition of catalase (CAT) activity throughout the whole time course of the experiment. Infected plants of "Apache" showed notable decline in MDA content over time. Moreover, in "Apache" increased H2O2 accumulation was observed immediately after Fusarium exposure (3 and 15 hours), compared to 24 hours. Rapid overproduction of H2O2 under Fusarium stress marked "Apache" as FHB-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Marček
- Department of Food and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Valentina Španić
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Južno predgrađe 17, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
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23
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Chadha S, Mehetre ST, Bansal R, Kuo A, Aerts A, Grigoriev IV, Druzhinina IS, Mukherjee PK. Genome-wide analysis of cytochrome P450s of Trichoderma spp.: annotation and evolutionary relationships. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2018; 5:12. [PMID: 29881631 PMCID: PMC5985579 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450s form an important group of enzymes involved in xenobiotics degradation and metabolism, both primary and secondary. These enzymes are also useful in industry as biotechnological tools for bioconversion and a few are reported to be involved in pathogenicity. Trichoderma spp. are widely used in industry and agriculture and are known for their biosynthetic potential of a large number of secondary metabolites. For realising the full biosynthetic potential of an organism, it is important to do a genome-wide annotation and cataloguing of these enzymes. Results Here, we have studied the genomes of seven species (T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. citrinoviride, T. longibrachiatum, T. reesei , T. harzianum and T. virens) and identified a total of 477 cytochrome P450s. We present here the classification, evolution and structure as well as predicted function of these proteins. This study would pave the way for functional characterization of these groups of enzymes and will also help in realization of their full economic potential. Conclusion Our CYPome annotation and evolutionary studies of the seven Trichoderma species now provides opportunities for exploration of research-driven strategies to select Trichoderma species for various applications especially in relation to secondary metabolism and degradation of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Chadha
- 1Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Sayaji T Mehetre
- 1Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Ravindra Bansal
- 1Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Alan Kuo
- 2U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Andrea Aerts
- 2U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- 2U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- 3Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- 1Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085 India
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Maeda K, Ichikawa H, Nakajima Y, Motoyama T, Ohsato S, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Nishiuchi T, Osada H, Kimura M. Identification and Characterization of Small Molecule Compounds That Modulate Trichothecene Production by Fusarium graminearum. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1260-1269. [PMID: 29565558 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
From the RIKEN Natural Products Depository (NPDepo) chemical library, we identified small molecules that alter trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) production by Fusarium graminearum. Among trichothecene production activators, a furanocoumarin NPD12671 showed the strongest stimulatory activity on 15-ADON production by the fungus cultured in a 24-well plate. NPD12671 significantly increased the transcription of Tri6, a transcription factor gene necessary for trichothecene biosynthesis, in both trichothecene-inducing and noninducing culture conditions. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was identified as the most effective inhibitor of trichothecene production in 24-well plate culture; DHA inhibited trichothecene production (>50% inhibition at 1 μM) without affecting fungal mass by suppressing Tri6 expression. To determine the effect of DHA on trichothecene pathway Tri gene expression, we generated a constitutively Tri6-overexpressing strain that produced 15-ADON in YG_60 medium in Erlenmeyer flasks, conditions under which no trichothecenes are produced by the wild-type. While 5 μM DHA failed to inhibit trichothecene biosynthesis by the overexpressor in trichothecene-inducing YS_60 culture, trichothecene production was suppressed in the YG_60 culture. Regardless of a high Tri6 transcript level in the constitutive overexpressor, the YG_60 culture showed reduced accumulation of Tri5 and Tri4 mRNA upon treatment with 5 μM DHA. Deletion mutants of FgOs2 were also generated and examined; both NPD12671 and DHA modulated trichothecene production as they did in the wild-type strain. These results are discussed in light of the mode of actions of these chemicals on trichothecene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hinayo Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohsato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Evolution of structural diversity of trichothecenes, a family of toxins produced by plant pathogenic and entomopathogenic fungi. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006946. [PMID: 29649280 PMCID: PMC5897003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a family of terpenoid toxins produced by multiple genera of fungi, including plant and insect pathogens. Some trichothecenes produced by the fungus Fusarium are among the mycotoxins of greatest concern to food and feed safety because of their toxicity and frequent occurrence in cereal crops, and trichothecene production contributes to pathogenesis of some Fusarium species on plants. Collectively, fungi produce over 150 trichothecene analogs: i.e., molecules that share the same core structure but differ in patterns of substituents attached to the core structure. Here, we carried out genomic, phylogenetic, gene-function, and analytical chemistry studies of strains from nine fungal genera to identify genetic variation responsible for trichothecene structural diversity and to gain insight into evolutionary processes that have contributed to the variation. The results indicate that structural diversity has resulted from gain, loss, and functional changes of trichothecene biosynthetic (TRI) genes. The results also indicate that the presence of some substituents has arisen independently in different fungi by gain of different genes with the same function. Variation in TRI gene duplication and number of TRI loci was also observed among the fungi examined, but there was no evidence that such genetic differences have contributed to trichothecene structural variation. We also inferred ancestral states of the TRI cluster and trichothecene biosynthetic pathway, and proposed scenarios for changes in trichothecene structures during divergence of TRI cluster homologs. Together, our findings provide insight into evolutionary processes responsible for structural diversification of toxins produced by pathogenic fungi. Toxins produced by pathogens can contribute to infection and/or colonization of hosts. Some toxins consist of a family of metabolites with similar but distinct chemical structures. This structural variation can affect biological activity, which in turn likely contributes to adaptation to different environments, including to different hosts. Trichothecene toxins consist of over 150 structurally distinct molecules produced by certain fungi, including some plant and insect pathogens. In multiple systems that have been examined, trichothecenes contribute to pathogenesis on plants. To elucidate the evolutionary processes that have given rise to trichothecene structural variation, we conducted comparative analyses of nine fungal genera, most of which produce different trichothecene structures. Using genomic, molecular biology, phylogenetic, and analytical chemistry approaches, we obtained evidence that trichothecene structural variation has arisen primarily from gain, loss, and functional changes of trichothecene biosynthetic genes. Our results also indicate that some structural changes have arisen independently in different fungi. Our findings provide insight into genetic and biochemical changes that can occur in toxin biosynthetic pathways as fungi with the pathways adapt to different environmental conditions.
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Shin J, Kim JE, Lee YW, Son H. Fungal Cytochrome P450s and the P450 Complement (CYPome) of Fusarium graminearum. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E112. [PMID: 29518888 PMCID: PMC5869400 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs), heme-containing monooxygenases, play important roles in a wide variety of metabolic processes important for development as well as biotic/trophic interactions in most living organisms. Functions of some CYP enzymes are similar across organisms, but some are organism-specific; they are involved in the biosynthesis of structural components, signaling networks, secondary metabolisms, and xenobiotic/drug detoxification. Fungi possess more diverse CYP families than plants, animals, or bacteria. Various fungal CYPs are involved in not only ergosterol synthesis and virulence but also in the production of a wide array of secondary metabolites, which exert toxic effects on humans and other animals. Although few studies have investigated the functions of fungal CYPs, a recent systematic functional analysis of CYP genes in the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum identified several novel CYPs specifically involved in virulence, asexual and sexual development, and degradation of xenobiotics. This review provides fundamental information on fungal CYPs and a new platform for further metabolomic and biochemical studies of CYPs in toxigenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-W.L.)
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27
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Michlmayr H, Varga E, Malachová A, Fruhmann P, Piątkowska M, Hametner C, Šofrová J, Jaunecker G, Häubl G, Lemmens M, Berthiller F, Adam G. UDP-Glucosyltransferases from Rice, Brachypodium, and Barley: Substrate Specificities and Synthesis of Type A and B Trichothecene-3-O-β-d-glucosides. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E111. [PMID: 29509722 PMCID: PMC5869399 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecene toxins are confirmed or suspected virulence factors of various plant-pathogenic Fusarium species. Plants can detoxify these to a variable extent by glucosylation, a reaction catalyzed by UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs). Due to the unavailability of analytical standards for many trichothecene-glucoconjugates, information on such compounds is limited. Here, the previously identified deoxynivalenol-conjugating UGTs HvUGT13248 (barley), OsUGT79 (rice) and Bradi5g03300 (Brachypodium), were expressed in E. coli, affinity purified, and characterized towards their abilities to glucosylate the most relevant type A and B trichothecenes. HvUGT13248, which prefers nivalenol over deoxynivalenol, is also able to conjugate C-4 acetylated trichothecenes (e.g., T-2 toxin) to some degree while OsUGT79 and Bradi5g03300 are completely inactive with C-4 acetylated derivatives. The type A trichothecenes HT-2 toxin and T-2 triol are the kinetically preferred substrates in the case of HvUGT13248 and Bradi5g03300. We glucosylated several trichothecenes with OsUGT79 (HT-2 toxin, T-2 triol) and HvUGT13248 (T-2 toxin, neosolaniol, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, fusarenon X) in the preparative scale. NMR analysis of the purified glucosides showed that exclusively β-D-glucosides were formed regio-selectively at position C-3-OH of the trichothecenes. These synthesized standards can be used to investigate the occurrence and toxicological properties of these modified mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Michlmayr
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Malachová
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Philipp Fruhmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- CEST Kompetenzzentrum für elektrochemische Oberflächentechnologie GmbH, Viktor-Kaplan-Str. 2, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
| | - Marta Piątkowska
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jana Šofrová
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Georg Häubl
- Romerlabs Division Holding GmbH, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Marc Lemmens
- Biotechnology in Plant Production, IFA-Tulln, BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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28
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Wei S, van der Lee T, Verstappen E, van Gent M, Waalwijk C. Targeting Trichothecene Biosynthetic Genes. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1542:173-189. [PMID: 27924538 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6707-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of trichothecenes requires the involvement of at least 15 genes, most of which have been targeted for PCR. Qualitative PCRs are used to assign chemotypes to individual isolates, e.g., the capacity to produce type A and/or type B trichothecenes. Many regions in the core cluster (consisting of 12 genes) including intergenic regions have been used as targets for PCR, but the most robust assays are targeted to the tri3 and tri12 genes. Quantitative PCRs, that work across trichothecene-producing members of the Fusarium head blight complex, are described along with procedures to quantify the amount of fungal biomass in wheat samples. These assays are directed to the chemotype(s) present in field samples and quantify the total fungal biomass of trichothecene-producing fungi, irrespective of their genetic identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhong Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Theo van der Lee
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Els Verstappen
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marga van Gent
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Microbial Inhibition of Fusarium Pathogens and Biological Modification of Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120408. [PMID: 29261142 PMCID: PMC5744128 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Fusarium infect cereal crops during the growing season and cause head blight and other diseases. Their toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) contaminate grains. Several dozen toxic compounds produced by fungal pathogens have been identified to date. Type B trichothecenes—deoxynivalenol, its acetyl derivatives and nivalenol (produced mainly by F. graminearum and F. culmorum)—are most commonly detected in cereal grains. “T-2 toxin” (produced by, among others, F. sporotrichioides) belongs to type-A trichothecenes which are more toxic than other trichothecenes. Antagonistic bacteria and fungi can affect pathogens of the genus Fusarium via different modes of action: direct (mycoparasitism or hyperparasitism), mixed-path (antibiotic secretion, production of lytic enzymes) and indirect (induction of host defense responses). Microbial modification of trichothecenes involves acetylation, deacetylation, oxidation, de-epoxidation, and epimerization, and it lowers the pathogenic potential of fungi of the genus Fusarium. Other modifing mechanisms described in the paper involve the physical adsorption of mycotoxins in bacterial cells and the conjugation of mycotoxins to glucose and other compounds in plant and fungal cells. The development of several patents supports the commercialization and wider application of microorganisms biodegrading mycotoxins in grains and, consequently, in feed additives.
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Li X, Michlmayr H, Schweiger W, Malachova A, Shin S, Huang Y, Dong Y, Wiesenberger G, McCormick S, Lemmens M, Fruhmann P, Hametner C, Berthiller F, Adam G, Muehlbauer GJ. A barley UDP-glucosyltransferase inactivates nivalenol and provides Fusarium Head Blight resistance in transgenic wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2187-2197. [PMID: 28407119 PMCID: PMC5447872 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium Head Blight is a disease of cereal crops that causes severe yield losses and mycotoxin contamination of grain. The main causal pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, produces the trichothecene toxins deoxynivalenol or nivalenol as virulence factors. Nivalenol-producing isolates are most prevalent in Asia but co-exist with deoxynivalenol producers in lower frequency in North America and Europe. Previous studies identified a barley UDP-glucosyltransferase, HvUGT13248, that efficiently detoxifies deoxynivalenol, and when expressed in transgenic wheat results in high levels of type II resistance against deoxynivalenol-producing F. graminearum. Here we show that HvUGT13248 is also capable of converting nivalenol into the non-toxic nivalenol-3-O-β-d-glucoside. We describe the enzymatic preparation of a nivalenol-glucoside standard and its use in development of an analytical method to detect the nivalenol-glucoside conjugate. Recombinant Escherichia coli expressing HvUGT13248 glycosylates nivalenol more efficiently than deoxynivalenol. Overexpression in yeast, Arabidopsis thaliana, and wheat leads to increased nivalenol resistance. Increased ability to convert nivalenol to nivalenol-glucoside was observed in transgenic wheat, which also exhibits type II resistance to a nivalenol-producing F. graminearum strain. Our results demonstrate the HvUGT13248 can act to detoxify deoxynivalenol and nivalenol and provide resistance to deoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-producing Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Herbert Michlmayr
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schweiger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Alexandra Malachova
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Sanghyun Shin
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Susan McCormick
- USDA-ARS, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Marc Lemmens
- Institute for Biotechnology in Plant Production, Department of Agrobiotechnolgy, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Philipp Fruhmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gary J Muehlbauer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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31
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Studt L, Janevska S, Arndt B, Boedi S, Sulyok M, Humpf HU, Tudzynski B, Strauss J. Lack of the COMPASS Component Ccl1 Reduces H3K4 Trimethylation Levels and Affects Transcription of Secondary Metabolite Genes in Two Plant-Pathogenic Fusarium Species. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2144. [PMID: 28119673 PMCID: PMC5220078 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the two fungal pathogens Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium graminearum, secondary metabolites (SMs) are fitness and virulence factors and there is compelling evidence that the coordination of SM gene expression is under epigenetic control. Here, we characterized Ccl1, a subunit of the COMPASS complex responsible for methylating lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me). We show that Ccl1 is not essential for viability but a regulator of genome-wide trimethylation of H3K4 (H3K4me3). Although, recent work in Fusarium and Aspergillus spp. detected only sporadic H3K4 methylation at the majority of the SM gene clusters, we show here that SM profiles in CCL1 deletion mutants are strongly deviating from the wild type. Cross-complementation experiments indicate high functional conservation of Ccl1 as phenotypes of the respective △ccl1 were rescued in both fungi. Strikingly, biosynthesis of the species-specific virulence factors gibberellic acid and deoxynivalenol produced by F. fujikuroi and F. graminearum, respectively, was reduced in axenic cultures but virulence was not attenuated in these mutants, a phenotype which goes in line with restored virulence factor production levels in planta. This suggests that yet unknown plant-derived signals are able to compensate for Ccl1 function during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Studt
- Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interactions, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria,Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany,*Correspondence: Lena Studt, Joseph Strauss,
| | - Slavica Janevska
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany
| | - Birgit Arndt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany
| | - Stefan Boedi
- Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interactions, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversityMünster, Germany
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interactions, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria,*Correspondence: Lena Studt, Joseph Strauss,
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32
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Puri KD, Yan C, Leng Y, Zhong S. RNA-Seq Revealed Differences in Transcriptomes between 3ADON and 15ADON Populations of Fusarium graminearum In Vitro and In Planta. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163803. [PMID: 27788144 PMCID: PMC5082872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the major causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in barley and wheat in North America. The fungus not only causes yield loss of the crops but also produces harmful trichothecene mycotoxins [Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives-3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15ADON), and nivalenol (NIV)] that contaminate grains. Previous studies showed a dramatic increase of 3ADON-producing isolates with higher aggressiveness and DON production than the 15ADON-producing isolates in North America. However, the genetic and molecular basis of differences between the two types of isolates is unclear. In this study, we compared transcriptomes of the 3ADON and 15ADON isolates in vitro (in culture media) and in planta (during infection on the susceptible wheat cultivar 'Briggs') using RNA-sequencing. The in vitro gene expression comparison identified 479 up-regulated and 801 down-regulated genes in the 3ADON isolates; the up-regulated genes were mainly involved in C-compound and carbohydrate metabolism (18.6%), polysaccharide metabolism (7.7%) or were of unknown functions (57.6%). The in planta gene expression analysis revealed that 185, 89, and 62 genes were up-regulated in the 3ADON population at 48, 96, and 144 hours after inoculation (HAI), respectively. The up-regulated genes were significantly enriched in functions for cellular import, C-compound and carbohydrate metabolism, allantoin and allantoate transport at 48 HAI, for detoxification and virulence at 96 HAI, and for metabolism of acetic acid derivatives, detoxification, and cellular import at 144 HAI. Comparative analyses of in planta versus in vitro gene expression further revealed 2,159, 1,981 and 2,095 genes up-regulated in the 3ADON isolates, and 2,415, 2,059 and 1,777 genes up-regulated in the 15ADON isolates at the three time points after inoculation. Collectively, our data provides a foundation for further understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in aggressiveness and DON production of the two chemotype isolates of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna D. Puri
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
| | - Changhui Yan
- Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
| | - Yueqiang Leng
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
| | - Shaobin Zhong
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
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Heidtmann-Bemvenuti R, Tralamazza SM, Jorge Ferreira CF, Corrêa B, Badiale-Furlong E. Effect of natural compounds on Fusarium graminearum complex. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:3998-4008. [PMID: 26699689 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A search is underway for new solutions to counter farm loss caused by fungal contamination of grains, since the active agents of fungicides can remain in the environment and contribute to the development of resistant and toxigenic species. In this study, the antifungal activity of natural compounds (γ-oryzanol, phenolic extract of neem seeds and of rice bran) was assessed on three toxigenic strains of Fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat, rice and barley. Their efficacy was compared to that of synthetic fungicides. The halo diameters were measured and the susceptible pathways were determined by the levels of structural compounds and activities of enzymes involved in the primary metabolism of the microorganisms. Moreover, mycotoxin production and gene expression were examined. RESULTS Phenolic extracts were more effective at inhibiting F. graminearum than was γ-oryzanol, as evidenced by the minimum inhibitory concentration. This work contributed to the elucidation of the mechanism of action of natural antifungal agents. CONCLUSION Natural antifungals effectively inhibited fungal growth, especially via the inactivation of the enzymatic systems of F. graminearum. Natural antifungals inhibited mycotoxin production by the fungi. A correlation between the levels of deoxynivalenol and the expression of Tri5 gene was observed, indicating that the natural compounds could be considered alternatives to synthetic antifungals. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Heidtmann-Bemvenuti
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Food Science, Chemical and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabina Moser Tralamazza
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic Fungi, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Corrêa
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic Fungi, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Food Science, Chemical and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Maeda K, Tanaka A, Sugiura R, Koshino H, Tokai T, Sato M, Nakajima Y, Tanahashi Y, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Nishiuchi T, Fujimura M, Takahashi-Ando N, Kimura M. Hydroxylations of trichothecene rings in the biosynthesis ofFusariumtrichothecenes: evolution of alternative pathways in the nivalenol chemotype. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3798-3811. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Toyo University; Kujirai 2100 Kawagoe Saitama 350-0815 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- Molecular Structure Characterization Unit, RIKEN CSRS; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Toyo University; 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura Gunma 374-0193 Japan
- Plant and Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit; RIKEN DRI; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Toyo University; 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura Gunma 374-0193 Japan
- Plant and Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit; RIKEN DRI; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics; Advanced Science Research Centre; 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa University Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-0934 Japan
| | - Makoto Fujimura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Toyo University; 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura Gunma 374-0193 Japan
| | - Naoko Takahashi-Ando
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Toyo University; Kujirai 2100 Kawagoe Saitama 350-0815 Japan
- Plant and Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit; RIKEN DRI; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
- Plant and Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit; RIKEN DRI; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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Insights into natural products biosynthesis from analysis of 490 polyketide synthases from Fusarium. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 89:37-51. [PMID: 26826610 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Species of the fungus Fusarium collectively cause disease on almost all crop plants and produce numerous natural products (NPs), including some of the mycotoxins of greatest concern to agriculture. Many Fusarium NPs are derived from polyketide synthases (PKSs), large multi-domain enzymes that catalyze sequential condensation of simple carboxylic acids to form polyketides. To gain insight into the biosynthesis of polyketide-derived NPs in Fusarium, we retrieved 488 PKS gene sequences from genome sequences of 31 species of the fungus. In addition to these apparently functional PKS genes, the genomes collectively included 81 pseudogenized PKS genes. Phylogenetic analysis resolved the PKS genes into 67 clades, and based on multiple lines of evidence, we propose that homologs in each clade are responsible for synthesis of a polyketide that is distinct from those synthesized by PKSs in other clades. The presence and absence of PKS genes among the species examined indicated marked differences in distribution of PKS homologs. Comparisons of Fusarium PKS genes and genes flanking them to those from other Ascomycetes provided evidence that Fusarium has the genetic potential to synthesize multiple NPs that are the same or similar to those reported in other fungi, but that have not yet been reported in Fusarium. The results also highlight ways in which such analyses can help guide identification of novel Fusarium NPs and differences in NP biosynthetic capabilities that exist among fungi.
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Brown DW, Lee SH, Kim LH, Ryu JG, Lee S, Seo Y, Kim YH, Busman M, Yun SH, Proctor RH, Lee T. Identification of a 12-gene Fusaric Acid Biosynthetic Gene Cluster in Fusarium Species Through Comparative and Functional Genomics. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:319-32. [PMID: 25372119 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0264-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In fungi, genes involved in biosynthesis of a secondary metabolite (SM) are often located adjacent to one another in the genome and are coordinately regulated. These SM biosynthetic gene clusters typically encode enzymes, one or more transcription factors, and a transport protein. Fusaric acid is a polyketide-derived SM produced by multiple species of the fungal genus Fusarium. This SM is of concern because it is toxic to animals and, therefore, is considered a mycotoxin and may contribute to plant pathogenesis. Preliminary descriptions of the fusaric acid (FA) biosynthetic gene (FUB) cluster have been reported in two Fusarium species, the maize pathogen F. verticillioides and the rice pathogen F. fujikuroi. The cluster consisted of five genes and did not include a transcription factor or transporter gene. Here, analysis of the FUB region in F. verticillioides, F. fujikuroi, and F. oxysporum, a plant pathogen with multiple hosts, indicates the FUB cluster consists of at least 12 genes (FUB1 to FUB12). Deletion analysis confirmed that nine FUB genes, including two Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor genes, are required for production of wild-type levels of FA. Comparisons of FUB cluster homologs across multiple Fusarium isolates and species revealed insertion of non-FUB genes at one or two locations in some homologs. Although the ability to produce FA contributed to the phytotoxicity of F. oxysporum culture extracts, lack of production did not affect virulence of F. oxysporum on cactus or F. verticillioides on maize seedlings. These findings provide new insights into the genetic and biochemical processes required for FA production.
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Abstract
Fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) are prolific producers of structurally diverse terpenoid compounds. Classes of terpenoids identified in fungi include the sesqui-, di- and triterpenoids. Biosynthetic pathways and enzymes to terpenoids from each of these classes have been described. These typically involve the scaffold generating terpene synthases and cyclases, and scaffold tailoring enzymes such as e.g. cytochrome P450 monoxygenases, NAD(P)+ and flavin dependent oxidoreductases, and various group transferases that generate the final bioactive structures. The biosynthesis of several sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins and bioactive diterpenoids has been well-studied in Ascomycota (e.g. filamentous fungi). Little is known about the terpenoid biosynthetic pathways in Basidiomycota (e.g. mushroom forming fungi), although they produce a huge diversity of terpenoid natural products. Specifically, many trans-humulyl cation derived sesquiterpenoid natural products with potent bioactivities have been isolated. Biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for the production of trans-humulyl cation derived protoilludanes, and other sesquiterpenoids, can be rapidly identified by genome sequencing and bioinformatic methods. Genome mining combined with heterologous biosynthetic pathway refactoring has the potential to facilitate discovery and production of pharmaceutically relevant fungal terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen B Quin
- University of Minnesota, Dept. of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Pasquali M, Migheli Q. Genetic approaches to chemotype determination in type B-trichothecene producing Fusaria. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 189:164-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Brown DW, Busman M, Proctor RH. Fusarium verticillioides SGE1 is required for full virulence and regulates expression of protein effector and secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:809-823. [PMID: 24742071 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-13-0281-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The transition from one lifestyle to another in some fungi is initiated by a single orthologous gene, SGE1, that regulates markedly different genes in different fungi. Despite these differences, many of the regulated genes encode effector proteins or proteins involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites (SM), both of which can contribute to pathogenicity. Fusarium verticillioides is both an endophyte and a pathogen of maize and can grow as a saprophyte on dead plant material. During growth on live maize plants, the fungus can synthesize a number of toxic SM, including fumonisins, fusarins, and fusaric acid, that can contaminate kernels and kernel-based food and feed. In this study, the role of F. verticillioides SGE1 in pathogenicity and secondary metabolism was examined by gene deletion analysis and transcriptomics. SGE1 is not required for vegetative growth or conidiation but is required for wild-type pathogenicity and affects synthesis of multiple SM, including fumonisins and fusarins. Induced expression of SGE1 enhanced or reduced expression of hundreds of genes, including numerous putative effector genes that could contribute to growth in planta; genes encoding cell surface proteins; gene clusters required for synthesis of fusarins, bikaverin, and an unknown metabolite; as well as the gene encoding the fumonisin cluster transcriptional activator. Together, our results indicate that SGE1 has a role in global regulation of transcription in F. verticillioides that impacts but is not absolutely required for secondary metabolism and pathogenicity on maize.
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are natural contaminants of food and feed products, posing a substantial health risk to humans and animals throughout the world. A plethora of filamentous fungi has been identified as mycotoxin producers and most of these fungal species belong to the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. A number of studies have been conducted to better understand the molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis of key mycotoxins and the regulatory cascades controlling toxigenesis. In many cases, the mycotoxin biosynthetic genes are clustered and regulated by one or more pathway-specific transcription factor(s). In addition, as biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites is coordinated with fungal growth and development, there are a number of upstream regulators affecting biosynthesis of mycotoxins in fungi. This review presents a concise summary of the regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis, focusing on the roles of the upstream regulatory elements governing biosynthesis of aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin in Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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41
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Kimura M, Tokai T, Takahashi-Ando N, Ohsato S, Fujimura M. Molecular and Genetic Studies ofFusariumTrichothecene Biosynthesis: Pathways, Genes, and Evolution. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:2105-23. [PMID: 17827683 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a large family of sesquiterpenoid secondary metabolites of Fusarium species (e.g., F. graminearum) and other molds. They are major mycotoxins that can cause serious problems when consumed via contaminated cereal grains. In the past 20 years, an outline of the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway has been established based on the results of precursor feeding experiments and blocked mutant analyses. Following the isolation of the pathway gene Tri5 encoding the first committed enzyme trichodiene synthase, 10 biosynthesis genes (Tri genes; two regulatory genes, seven pathway genes, and one transporter gene) were functionally identified in the Tri5 gene cluster. At least three pathway genes, Tri101 (separated alone), and Tri1 and Tri16 (located in the Tri1-Tri16 two-gene cluster), were found outside of the Tri5 gene cluster. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the pathways of biosynthesis, the functions of cloned Tri genes, and the evolution of Tri genes, focusing on Fusarium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kimura
- Plant & Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Kulik T, Buśko M, Pszczółkowska A, Perkowski J, Okorski A. Plant lignans inhibit growth and trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:99-107. [PMID: 24635164 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lignans are a group of diphenolic compounds with anticancer and antioxidant properties which are present in various grains, although their effect on toxigenic fungi has been poorly examined to date. In this study, the impact of the plant lignans pinoresinol and secoisolariciresinol on growth and trichothecene biosynthesis by five Fusarium graminearum strains of different chemotypes was examined in vitro. Both tested lignans exhibited radial growth inhibition against the fungal strains. RT-qPCR analyses of tri4, tri5 and tri11 genes encoding the first steps of the trichothecene biosynthesis pathway revealed a decrease in tri mRNA levels in lignan-treated fungal cultures. Correspondingly, decreased accumulation of toxins in lignan-treated cultures was confirmed by GC-MS analysis. This is the first study to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of both pinoresinol and secoisolariciresinol on growth and trichothecene biosynthesis in F. graminearum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Knowledge of the regulation of trichothecene production in Fusarium graminearum by environmental cues is key to the design of novel strategies to reduce mycotoxin levels in grains. Here, we show that the lignans pinoresinol and secoisolariciresinol, which occur in wheat grains, inhibit radial growth and decrease trichothecene levels in five F. graminearum strains. RT-qPCR analysis reveals that the reduction in trichothecene level in lignan-treated fungal cultures is associated with decreased mRNA transcript levels for the tri4, tri5 and tri11 genes that are involved in the trichothecene biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kulik
- Department of Diagnostics and Plant Pathophysiology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Moretti A, Susca A, Mulé G, Logrieco AF, Proctor RH. Molecular biodiversity of mycotoxigenic fungi that threaten food safety. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:57-66. [PMID: 23859402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fungal biodiversity is one of the most important contributors to the occurrence and severity of mycotoxin contamination of crop plants. Phenotypic and metabolic plasticity has enabled mycotoxigenic fungi to colonize a broad range of agriculturally important crops and to adapt to a range of environmental conditions. New mycotoxin-commodity combinations provide evidence for the ability of fungi to adapt to changing conditions and the emergence of genotypes that confer enhanced aggressiveness toward plants and/or altered mycotoxin production profiles. Perhaps the most important contributor to qualitative differences in mycotoxin production among fungi is variation in mycotoxin biosynthetic genes. Molecular genetic and biochemical analyses of toxigenic fungi have elucidated specific differences in biosynthetic genes that are responsible for intra- and inter-specific differences in mycotoxin production. For Aspergillus and Fusarium, the mycotoxigenic genera of greatest concern, variation in biosynthetic genes responsible for production of individual families of mycotoxins appears to be the result of evolutionary adaptation. Examples of such variation have been reported for: a) aflatoxin biosynthetic genes in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus; b) trichothecene biosynthetic genes within and among Fusarium species; and c) fumonisin biosynthetic genes in Aspergillus and Fusarium species. Understanding the variation in these biosynthetic genes and the basis for variation in mycotoxin production is important for accurate assessment of the risks that fungi pose to food safety and for prevention of mycotoxin contamination of crops in the field and in storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Bari, Italy.
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Impact of temperature stress and validamycin A on compatible solutes and fumonisin production in F. verticillioides: role of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 57:1-10. [PMID: 23751979 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is a pathogen of maize that causes root, stalk and ear rot and produces fumonisins, toxic secondary metabolites associated with disease in livestock and humans. Environmental stresses such as heat and drought influence disease severity and toxin production, but the effects of abiotic stress on compatible solute production by F. verticillioides have not been fully characterized. We found that decreasing the growth temperature leads to a long-term reduction in polyol levels, whereas increasing the temperature leads to a transient increase in polyols. The effects of temperature shifts on trehalose levels are opposite the effects on polyols and more dramatic. Treatment with validamycin A, a trehalose analog with antifungal activity, leads to a rapid reduction in trehalose levels, despite its known role as a trehalase inhibitor. Mutant strains lacking TPS1, which encodes a putative trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, have altered growth characteristics, do not produce detectable amounts of trehalose under any condition tested, and accumulate glycogen at levels significantly higher than wild-type F. verticillioides. TPS1 mutants also produce significantly less fumonisin than wild type and are also less pathogenic than wild type on maize. These data link trehalose biosynthesis, secondary metabolism, and disease, and suggest that trehalose metabolic pathways may be a viable target for the control of Fusarium diseases and fumonisin contamination of maize.
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McCormick SP, Price NPJ, Kurtzman CP. Glucosylation and other biotransformations of T-2 toxin by yeasts of the trichomonascus clade. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:8694-702. [PMID: 23042183 PMCID: PMC3502904 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02391-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid toxins produced by Fusarium species. Since these mycotoxins are very stable, there is interest in microbial transformations that can remove toxins from contaminated grain or cereal products. Twenty-three yeast species assigned to the Trichomonascus clade (Saccharomycotina, Ascomycota), including four Trichomonascus species and 19 anamorphic species presently classified in Blastobotrys, were tested for their ability to convert the trichothecene T-2 toxin to less-toxic products. These species gave three types of biotransformations: acetylation to 3-acetyl T-2 toxin, glycosylation to T-2 toxin 3-glucoside, and removal of the isovaleryl group to form neosolaniol. Some species gave more than one type of biotransformation. Three Blastobotrys species converted T-2 toxin into T-2 toxin 3-glucoside, a compound that has been identified as a masked mycotoxin in Fusarium-infected grain. This is the first report of a microbial whole-cell method for producing trichothecene glycosides, and the potential large-scale availability of T-2 toxin 3-glucoside will facilitate toxicity testing and development of methods for detection of this compound in agricultural and other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P McCormick
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, USA.
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FgVELB is associated with vegetative differentiation, secondary metabolism and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:653-62. [PMID: 22713714 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The velvet complex containing VeA, VelB and LaeA has been showed to play critical roles in the regulation of secondary metabolism and diverse cellular processes in Aspergillus spp. In this study, we identified FgVelB, a homolog of Aspergillus nidulans VelB, from Fusarium graminearum using the BLASTP program. Disruption of FgVELB gene led to several phenotypic defects, including suppression of aerial hyphae formation, reduced hyphal hydrophobicity and highly increased conidiation. The mutant showed increased resistance to osmotic stress and cell wall-damaging agents, which may be related to a high level of glycerol accumulation in the mutant. Additionally, the mutant exhibited increased sensitivity to the phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil. Ultrastructural and histochemical analyses revealed that conidia of FgVELB deletion mutant contained numerous lipid droplets. Pathogenicity assays showed FgVELB deletion mutant was impaired in virulence on flowering wheat head, which is consistent with the observation that FgVelB is involved in the regulation of deoxynivalenol biosynthesis in F. graminearum. All of the defects were restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with wild-type FgVELB gene. Yeast two hybrid assays showed that FgVelB does not interact with FgVeA. Taken together, results of this study indicated that FgVelB plays a critical role in the regulation of various cellular processes in F. graminearum.
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47
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Brown DW, Butchko RAE, Busman M, Proctor RH. Identification of gene clusters associated with fusaric acid, fusarin, and perithecial pigment production in Fusarium verticillioides. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:521-32. [PMID: 22652150 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The genus Fusarium is of concern to agricultural production and food/feed safety because of its ability to cause crop disease and to produce mycotoxins. Understanding the genetic basis for production of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites (SMs) has the potential to limit crop disease and mycotoxin contamination. In fungi, SM biosynthetic genes are typically located adjacent to one another in clusters of co-expressed genes. Such clusters typically include a core gene, responsible for synthesis of an initial chemical, and several genes responsible for chemical modifications, transport, and/or regulation. Fusarium verticillioides is one of the most common pathogens of maize and produces a variety of SMs of concern. Here, we employed whole genome expression analysis and utilized existing knowledge of polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, a common cluster core gene, to identify three novel clusters of co-expressed genes in F. verticillioides. Functional analysis of the PKS genes linked the clusters to production of three known Fusarium SMs, a violet pigment in sexual fruiting bodies (perithecia) and the mycotoxins fusarin C and fusaric acid. The results indicate that microarray analysis of RNA derived from culture conditions that induce differential gene expression can be an effective tool for identifying SM biosynthetic gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren W Brown
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research, USDA-ARS-NCAUR, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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AOKI T, WARD TJ, KISTLER HC, O'DONNELL K. Systematics, Phylogeny and Trichothecene Mycotoxin Potential of Fusarium Head Blight Cereal Pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2520/myco.62.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Lowe R, Jubault M, Canning G, Urban M, Hammond-Kosack KE. The induction of mycotoxins by trichothecene producing Fusarium species. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 835:439-455. [PMID: 22183670 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-501-5_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many Fusarium species have emerged which now threaten the productivity and safety of small grain cereal crops worldwide. During floral infection and post-harvest on stored grains the Fusarium hyphae produce various types of harmful mycotoxins which subsequently contaminate food and feed products. This article focuses specifically on the induction and production of the type B sesquiterpenoid trichothecene mycotoxins. Methods are described which permit in liquid culture the small or large scale production and detection of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its various acetylated derivatives. A wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ear inoculation assay is also explained which allows the direct comparison of mycotoxin production by species, chemotypes and strains with different growth rates and/or disease-causing abilities. Each of these methods is robust and can be used for either detailed time-course studies or end-point analyses. Various analytical methods are available to quantify the levels of DON, 3A-DON and 15A-DON. Some criteria to be considered when making selections between the different analytical methods available are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Lowe
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
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50
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MAEDA K, TOKAI T, ICHIKAWA H, TAKAHASHI-ANDO N, OGURA N, YONEYAMA K, YOSHIDA M, KIMURA M. Production of 3-acetylnivalenol by transgenic Fusarium graminearum expressing Tri13 of type A trichothecene-producer: participation of the encoded cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in type B trichothecene biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2520/myco.62.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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