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Lane PJL, McConnell FM, Anderson G, Nawaf MG, Gaspal FM, Withers DR. Evolving strategies for cancer and autoimmunity: back to the future. Front Immunol 2014; 5:154. [PMID: 24782861 PMCID: PMC3995051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although current thinking has focused on genetic variation between individuals and environmental influences as underpinning susceptibility to both autoimmunity and cancer, an alternative view is that human susceptibility to these diseases is a consequence of the way the immune system evolved. It is important to remember that the immunological genes that we inherit and the systems that they control were shaped by the drive for reproductive success rather than for individual survival. It is our view that human susceptibility to autoimmunity and cancer is the evolutionarily acceptable side effect of the immune adaptations that evolved in early placental mammals to accommodate a fundamental change in reproductive strategy. Studies of immune function in mammals show that high affinity antibodies and CD4 memory, along with its regulation, co-evolved with placentation. By dissection of the immunologically active genes and proteins that evolved to regulate this step change in the mammalian immune system, clues have emerged that may reveal ways of de-tuning both effector and regulatory arms of the immune system to abrogate autoimmune responses whilst preserving protection against infection. Paradoxically, it appears that such a detuned and deregulated immune system is much better equipped to mount anti-tumor immune responses against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J L Lane
- MRC Centre for immune Regulation, Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Fiona M McConnell
- MRC Centre for immune Regulation, Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- MRC Centre for immune Regulation, Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Maher G Nawaf
- MRC Centre for immune Regulation, Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Fabrina M Gaspal
- MRC Centre for immune Regulation, Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - David R Withers
- MRC Centre for immune Regulation, Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
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Withers DR, Gaspal FM, Mackley EC, Marriott CL, Ross EA, Desanti GE, Roberts NA, White AJ, Flores-Langarica A, McConnell FM, Anderson G, Lane PJL. Cutting edge: lymphoid tissue inducer cells maintain memory CD4 T cells within secondary lymphoid tissue. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:2094-8. [PMID: 22855716 PMCID: PMC3442242 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phylogeny shows that CD4 T cell memory and lymph nodes coevolved in placental mammals. In ontogeny, retinoic acid orphan receptor (ROR)γ-dependent lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells program the development of mammalian lymph nodes. In this study, we show that although primary CD4 T cell expansion is normal in RORγ-deficient mice, the persistence of memory CD4 T cells is RORγ-dependent. Furthermore, using bone marrow chimeric mice we demonstrate that LTi cells are the key RORγ-expressing cell type sufficient for memory CD4 T cell survival in the absence of persistent Ag. This effect was specific for CD4 T cells, as memory CD8 T cells survived equally well in the presence or absence of LTi cells. These data demonstrate a novel role for LTi cells, archetypal members of the innate lymphoid cell family, in supporting memory CD4 T cell survival in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/genetics
- Animals
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/transplantation
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/deficiency
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Radiation Chimera/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Withers
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Withers DR, Gaspal FM, Bekiaris V, McConnell FM, Kim M, Anderson G, Lane PJL. OX40 and CD30 signals in CD4(+) T-cell effector and memory function: a distinct role for lymphoid tissue inducer cells in maintaining CD4(+) T-cell memory but not effector function. Immunol Rev 2012; 244:134-48. [PMID: 22017436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) effector and memory T cells play a pivotal role in the development of both normal and pathogenic immune responses. This review focuses on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate their development, with particular focus on the tumor necrosis factor superfamily members OX40 (TNFRSF4) and CD30 (TNFRSF8). We discuss the evidence that in mice, these molecular signaling pathways act synergistically to regulate the development of both effector and memory CD4(+) T cells but that the cells that regulate memory versus effector function are distinct, effectively allowing the independent regulation of the memory and effector CD4(+) T-cell pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Withers
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Lane PJL, Gaspal FM, McConnell FM, Kim MY, Anderson G, Withers DR. Lymphoid tissue inducer cells: innate cells critical for CD4+ T cell memory responses? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1247:1-15. [PMID: 22260374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Lymphoid tissue inducer cells (LTi) are a relatively new arrival on the immunological cellular landscape, having first been characterized properly only 15 years ago. They are members of an emerging family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Elucidation of their function reveals links not only with the ancient innate immune system, but also with adaptive immune responses, in particular the development of lymph nodes and CD4(+) T cell memory immune responses, which on one hand underpin the success of vaccination strategies, and on the other hand drive many human immunologically mediated diseases. This perspective article is not an exhaustive account of the role of LTi in the development of lymphoid tissues, as there have been many excellent reviews published already. Instead, we combine current knowledge of genetic phylogeny and comparative immunology, together with classical mouse genetics, to suggest how LTi might have evolved from a primitive lymphocytic innate cell in the ancestral 500-million-year-old vertebrate immune system into a cell critical for adaptive CD4(+) T cell immune responses in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J L Lane
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.
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Lane PJL, McConnell FM, Withers D, Gaspal F, Saini M, Anderson G. Lymphoid tissue inducer cells and the evolution of CD4 dependent high-affinity antibody responses. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 92:159-74. [PMID: 20800820 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)92007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Phylogeny indicates that in mammals memory CD4-dependent antibody responses evolved after monotremes split from the common ancestor of marsupial and eutherian mammals. This was strongly associated with the development of segregated B and T cell areas and the development of a linked lymph node network. The evolution of the lymphotoxin beta receptor in these higher mammals was key to the development of these new functions. Here, we argue that lymphoid tissue inducer cells played a pivotal role not only in the development of organized lymphoid structures but also in the subsequent genesis of the CD4-dependent class-switched memory antibody responses that depend on an organized infrastructure to work. In this review, we concentrate on the role of this cell type in the making of a tolerant CD4 T cell repertoire and in the sustenance of CD4 T cell responses for protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J L Lane
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Birmingha Medical School, Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
The sequencing of the platypus genome has spurred investigations into the characterisation of the monotreme immune response. As the most divergent of extant mammals, the characterisation of the monotreme immune repertoire allows us to trace the evolutionary history of immunity in mammals and provide insights into the immune gene complement of ancestral mammals. The immune system of monotremes has remained largely uncharacterised due to the lack of specific immunological reagents and limited access to animals for experimentation. Early immunological studies focussed on the anatomy and physiology of the lymphoid system in the platypus. More recent molecular studies have focussed on characterisation of individual immunoglobulin, T-cell receptor and MHC genes in both the platypus and short-beaked echidna. Here, we review the published literature on the monotreme immune gene repertoire and provide new data generated from genome analysis on cytokines, Fc receptors and immunoglobulins. We present an overview of key gene families responsible for innate and adaptive immunity including the cathelicidins, defensins, T-cell receptors and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I and Class II antigens. We comment on the usefulness of these sequences for future studies into immunity, health and disease in monotremes.
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Whittington CM, Sharp JA, Papenfuss A, Belov K. No evidence of expression of two classes of natural antibiotics (cathelicidins and defensins) in a sample of platypus milk. AUST J ZOOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/zo09047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Marsupial neonates are born without a fully functioning immune system, and are known to be protected in part by natural antimicrobial peptides present in their mother’s milk. Monotreme neonates hatch at a similar stage in development, and it has been hypothesised that their survival in a non-sterile burrow also relies on the presence of natural antibiotics in their mother’s milk. Here we review the field of monotreme lactation and the antimicrobial peptide complement of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). Using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction of milk cell RNA from a sample of platypus milk, we found no evidence for the expression of cathelicidins or defensins in the milk. This was unexpected. We hypothesise that these natural antibiotics may instead be produced by the young platypuses themselves.
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Parra ZE, Arnold T, Nowak MA, Hellman L, Miller RD. TCR gamma chain diversity in the spleen of the duckbill platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:699-710. [PMID: 16303181 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
TCR gamma (TRG) chain diversity in splenic gammadelta T cells was determined for an egg-laying mammal (or monotreme), the duckbill platypus. Three distinct V subgroups were found in the expressed TRG chains and these three subgroups are members of a clade not found so far in eutherian mammals or birds. Each subgroup contains approximately five V gene segments, and their overall divergence is much less than is found in eutherians and birds, consistent with their recent evolution from an ancestral V gene segment. The platypus TRG locus also contains three C region genes and many of the residues involved in TCR function, such as interactions with CD3, were conserved in the monotreme C regions. All non-eutherian mammals (monotremes and marsupials) lacked the second cysteine residue necessary to form the intradomain disulfide bond in the C region, a loss apparently due to independent mutations in marsupials and monotremes. Monotreme TRGC regions also had among the most variation in the length of the connecting peptide region described for any species due to repeated motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuly E Parra
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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