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Nakazawa Y, Ohshima T, Kitagawa M, Nuruki T, Fujiwara-Igarashi A. Relationship between Respiratory Rate, Oxygen Saturation, and Blood Test Results in Dogs with Chronic or Acute Respiratory Disease: A Retrospective Study. Vet Sci 2024; 11:27. [PMID: 38250933 PMCID: PMC10818868 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association of respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and blood findings with respiratory disease in dogs and to compare the examination findings in the chronic and acute phases. Dogs that visited a veterinary referral hospital with respiratory symptoms were classified into the chronic disease group (GC), and those that visited the emergency veterinary hospital were classified into the acute disease group (GA). In total, 704 and 682 dogs were included in GC and GA, respectively. The RR and SpO2 were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in patients with lung disease compared to other disease sites in both groups. White blood cell counts were significantly increased in patients with lung and pleural diseases in both groups. Respiratory alkalosis and respiratory acidosis were most common in GC and GA, respectively. The C-reactive protein levels were elevated in both groups, primarily in patients with lung disease. Associations between the results of several tests for understanding and diagnosing respiratory conditions and diseases were recognized, and differences in the trends of the chronic and acute phases were clarified. These tools may be used as adjuncts to other tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.N.); (T.O.)
| | - Takafumi Ohshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.N.); (T.O.)
| | - Mami Kitagawa
- TRVA Emergency Animal Medical Center, 8-19-12 Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-0081, Japan; (M.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Takaomi Nuruki
- TRVA Emergency Animal Medical Center, 8-19-12 Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-0081, Japan; (M.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Aki Fujiwara-Igarashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.N.); (T.O.)
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2
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Watanabe T, Kanno N, Suzuki S, Yogo T, Harada Y, Hara Y. Investigation of the association between oxygen reserve index and arterial partial oxygen pressure in anesthetized dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2024; 51:10-15. [PMID: 37949743 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between oxygen reserve index (ORI) and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in anesthetized dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS A total of eight healthy adult Beagle dogs with a median age of 38 (range 20-87) months and a median body mass of 8.6 (range 7.0-13.8) kg. METHODS After induction of general anesthesia with propofol, dogs were mechanically ventilated and anesthesia maintained with isoflurane carried in oxygen. Arterial blood samples were collected from a catheter placed in the femoral artery. ORI was measured by placing a CO-oximeter sensor on the tongue. Inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) was increased from 21% to > 95% in increments of 5%. PaO2 and ORI were recorded and compared at different times. The relationship between ORI and PaO2 was investigated using a nonlinear function, the Hill equation, and a linear regression analysis was performed, as appropriate. RESULTS A total of 128 pairs of values were compared for all dogs. Applying the Hill equation to the relationship between ORI and PaO2 resulted in R2 = 0.80 (p < 0.001) with a Hill coefficient of 3.7. It was predicted that ORI ranged 0.1-0.9 as PaO2 ranged 127.0-417.9 mmHg and that in the more linear portion of the range, PaO2 of 127.0-289.9 mmHg ORI ranged 0.1-0.7. Linear regression analysis in the more linear portion showed a weak correlation (R2 = 0.29, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the present study, the Hill equation predicted the relationship between PaO2 and ORI for PaO2 ranging 127.0-417.9 mmHg in anesthetized dogs. However, in the linear portion of the PaO2, the coefficient of determination was low, indicating that ORI is not a surrogate for PaO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Kanno
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Yogo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuji Harada
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasusi Hara
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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Gareis H, Schulz B. [Pulmonary function testing in the cat - an overview]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:441-454. [PMID: 34861722 DOI: 10.1055/a-1640-4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of currently available pulmonary function tests in cats, divided into invasive and non-invasive methods. Invasive techniques comprise arterial blood gas analysis and measurement of pulmonary mechanics. Non-invasive techniques include pulse oximetry and capnography, as well as methods not yet integrated into everyday practice such as tidal breathing airflow-volume loops, whole-body barometric plethysmography and thorax compression. In this article, the background, execution, interpretation, and limitations of each test are discussed. Proper performance and assessment of pulmonary function measurements may aid in understanding the pathophysiology of feline respiratory disease and in increasing objectivity when assessing the existing disease and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Gareis
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Bianka Schulz
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Reyes-Sotelo B, Mota-Rojas D, Mora-Medina P, Ogi A, Mariti C, Olmos-Hernández A, Martínez-Burnes J, Hernández-Ávalos I, Sánchez-Millán J, Gazzano A. Blood Biomarker Profile Alterations in Newborn Canines: Effect of the Mother's Weight. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2307. [PMID: 34438764 PMCID: PMC8388527 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the effect of the weight of bitches on liveborn and stillbirth puppies from eutocic births, and physiological blood alterations during the first minute postpartum. A total of 52 female dogs were evaluated and distributed in four categories: C1 (4.0-8.0 kg, n = 19), C2 (8.1-16.0 kg, n = 16), C3 (16.1-32.0 kg, n = 11), and C4 (32.1-35.8 kg, n = 6). The dams produced 225 liveborn puppies and 47 were classified as stillbirth type II. Blood samples were taken from the umbilical vein to evaluate the concentration of gases, glucose, lactate, calcium, hematocrit levels, and blood pH. The liveborn puppies in C2, C3, and C4 had more evident physiological alterations (hypercapnia, acidosis) than those in C1 (p < 0.05). These signs indicate a process of transitory asphyxiation. The stillborn pups in all four categories had higher weights than their liveborn littermates. C3 and C4 had the highest mean weights (419.86 and 433.79 g, respectively) and mortality rates (C3 = 20.58%, C4 = 24.58%). Results suggest that if the weight of the bitch is >16.1 kg in eutocic births, there is a higher risk of intrapartum physiological alterations and death. The results of this study allowed us to identify that the weight of dams before birth determines the weight of the puppies at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Reyes-Sotelo
- Science Program “Maestria en Ciencias Agropecuarias”, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assesment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (P.M.-M.); (I.H.-Á.); (J.S.-M.)
| | - Asahi Ogi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.O.); (C.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Chiara Mariti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.O.); (C.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico;
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico;
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (P.M.-M.); (I.H.-Á.); (J.S.-M.)
| | - Jose Sánchez-Millán
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (P.M.-M.); (I.H.-Á.); (J.S.-M.)
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.O.); (C.M.); (A.G.)
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Zhang Q, Murray GP, Hill JE, Harvey SL, Rojas-Pena A, Choi J, Zhou Y, Bartlett RH, Meyerhoff ME. Enhanced Hemocompatibility and In Vivo Analytical Accuracy of Intravascular Potentiometric Carbon Dioxide Sensors via Nitric Oxide Release. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13641-13646. [PMID: 32955253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this letter, the innate ability of nitric oxide (NO) to inhibit platelet activation/adhesion/thrombus formation is employed to improve the hemocompatibility and in vivo accuracy of an intravascular (IV) potentiometric PCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) sensor. The catheter-type sensor is fabricated by impregnating a segment of dual lumen silicone tubing with a proton ionophore, plasticizer, and lipophilic cation-exchanger. Subsequent filling of bicarbonate and strong buffer solutions and placement of Ag/AgCl reference electrode wires within each lumen, respectively, enables measurement of the membrane potential difference across the inner wall of the tube, with this potential changing as a function of the logarithm of sample PCO2. The dual lumen device is further encapsulated within a S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP)-doped silicone tube that releases physiological levels of NO. The NO releasing sensor exhibits near-Nernstian sensitivity toward PCO2 (slope = 59.31 ± 0.78 mV/decade) and low drift rates (<2 mV/24 h after initial equilibration). In vivo evaluation of the NO releasing sensors, performed in the arteries and veins of anesthetized pigs for 20 h, shows enhanced accuracy (vs non-NO releasing sensors) when benchmarked to measurements of discrete blood samples made with a commercial blood gas analyzer. The accurate, continuous monitoring of blood PCO2 levels achieved with this new IV NO releasing PCO2 sensor configuration could help better manage hospitalized patients in critical care units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Griffin P Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joseph E Hill
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen L Harvey
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alvaro Rojas-Pena
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jonathan Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Robert H Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mark E Meyerhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Mtetwa TK, Zeiler GE, Laubscher L, Pfitzer S, Meyer LCR. Evaluation of the reliability of pulse oximetry, at different attachment sites, to detect hypoxaemia in immobilized impala (Aepyceros melampus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:323-333. [PMID: 32278648 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the reliability of pulse oximetry at four different attachment sites compared to haemoglobin oxygen saturation measured by a co-oximeter and calculated by a blood gas analyser in immobilized impala. STUDY DESIGN Randomized crossover study. ANIMALS A total of 16 female impala. METHODS Impala were immobilized with etorphine or thiafentanil alone, or etorphine in combination with a novel drug. Once immobilized, arterial blood samples were collected at 5 minute intervals for 30 minutes. Then oxygen was insufflated (5 L minute-1) intranasally at 40 minutes and additional samples were collected. A blood gas analyser was used to measure the arterial partial pressure of oxygen and calculate the oxygen haemoglobin saturation (cSaO2); a co-oximeter was used to measure the oxygen haemoglobin saturation (SaO2) in arterial blood. Pulse oximeter probes were attached: under the tail, to the pinna (ear) and buccal mucosa (cheek) and inside the rectum. Pulse oximeter readings [peripheral oxygen haemoglobin saturation (SpO2) and pulse quality] were recorded at each site and compared with SaO2 and cSaO2 using Bland-Altman and accuracy of the area root mean squares (Arms) methods to determine the efficacy. P value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Pulse quality was 'good' at each attachment site. SpO2 measured under the tail was accurate and precise but only when SaO2 values were above 90% (bias = 3, precision = 3, Arms = 4). The ear, cheek and rectal probes failed to give accurate or precise readings (ear: bias = -4, precision = 14, Arms = 15; cheek: bias = 12, precision = 11, Arms = 16; and rectum: bias = 5, precision = 12, Arms = 13). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In order to obtain accurate and precise pulse oximetry readings in immobilized impala, probes must be placed under the tail and SaO2 must be above 90%. Since SaO2 values are usually low in immobilized impala, pulse oximeter readings should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thembeka K Mtetwa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
| | - Gareth E Zeiler
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Liesel Laubscher
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals, Rocky Drift, White River, South Africa; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Silke Pfitzer
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Wildlife Vets, Ngongoni Farm, Tipperary, South Africa
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Balakrishnan A, Tong CW. Clinical Application of Pulmonary Function Testing in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 50:273-294. [PMID: 31858992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are important diagnostic tools that have wide clinical applications in human and veterinary medicine. Widespread use of PFTs in measuring lung volumes in veterinary medicine was historically limited by the need for specialized equipment to accurately perform and interpret these tests, and by lack of patient cooperation. However, recent advances and modifications have allowed PFTs to be safely performed in conscious veterinary patients with minimal stress. This article focuses on the most commonly used tests of pulmonary function including tests of pulmonary mechanics and of gas exchange in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Balakrishnan
- Emergency and Critical Care, Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA; Emergency and Critical Care, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Carissa W Tong
- Emergency and Critical Care, Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA
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Kirberger RM, Leisewitz AL, Rautenbach Y, Lim CK, Stander N, Cassel N, Arnot L, deClercq M, Burchell R. Association between computed tomographic thoracic injury scores and blood gas and acid-base balance in dogs with blunt thoracic trauma. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:373-384. [PMID: 31231948 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between thoracic injuries evaluated by computed tomography (CT) and arterial blood gas and acid-base status in dogs with blunt thoracic trauma caused by motor vehicle accidents. DESIGN Prospective observational clinical study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Thirty-one client owned traumatized dogs and 15 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES All trauma group dogs underwent a CT scan and simultaneous arterial blood gas analysis within 24 hours, but not before 4 hours, after the traumatic incident within a 45-month enrollment period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Thorax injuries were classified as pulmonary, pleural space, or rib cage and each of these components was scored for severity using a CT composite pulmonary, pleural, and rib score. The trauma group arterial blood gas and acid-base status were evaluated for statistical difference from the control group. The pulmonary-arterial oxygen pressure was significantly lower in the trauma group compared to the control group that was supported by significant differences in the calculated variables of arterial blood oxygenation as well. There was also a significant correlation between the composite lung score and pleural score and the variables of arterial oxygen status. The pulmonary-arterial carbon dioxide pressure was not significantly different to any of the thoracic injury variables indicating normal alveolar ventilation. Acid-base imbalances were generally mild, insignificant, and variable. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Blunt thoracic trauma causes significant pulmonary and pleural injury and the blood oxygen economy is significantly affected by this. The functional measures of arterial blood oxygenation were well correlated with thoracic CT pathology. Alveolar ventilation was mostly spared but a clinically significant ventilation perfusion mismatch was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Kirberger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Andrew L Leisewitz
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Yolandi Rautenbach
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Chee Kin Lim
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Nerissa Stander
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Nicky Cassel
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Luke Arnot
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Marizelle deClercq
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Richard Burchell
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Arulpagasam S, Lux C, Odunayo A, Biskup J, Sun X. Evaluation of Pulse Oximetry in Healthy Brachycephalic Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:344-350. [PMID: 30272480 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS) is characterized by increased upper airway resistance due to conformational abnormalities occurring in brachycephalic dogs (BD). In this prospective study, we evaluated pulse oximetry (SpO2) and arterial blood gas values in 18 healthy BD and compared these values with those of 18 healthy mesocephalic and dolichocephalic dogs (MDD). All dogs were assigned a BAS score based on an owner questionnaire. Inclusion criteria included presentation to the hospital for a problem unrelated to the respiratory system and unremarkable blood analyses and physical examination. In awake dogs, SpO2 values were obtained from a minimum of two sites. Dogs were then sedated, and SpO2 values were obtained again concurrently with an arterial blood gas sample. The SpO2 values were significantly lower in BD compared with MDD, but there were no statistically significant differences between BD and MDD for any arterial blood gas parameters. Based on the BAS score, BD who were moderately BAS-affected (n = 5), had significantly lower arterial saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen values on arterial blood gas when compared with MDD (n = 18). Although BD had statistically lower SpO2 values than MDD, the mean SpO2 values for both groups were within the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiara Arulpagasam
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (S.A., C.L., A.O., J.B.), and Office of Information Technology (X.S.), The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Cassie Lux
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (S.A., C.L., A.O., J.B.), and Office of Information Technology (X.S.), The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Adesola Odunayo
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (S.A., C.L., A.O., J.B.), and Office of Information Technology (X.S.), The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Jeffery Biskup
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (S.A., C.L., A.O., J.B.), and Office of Information Technology (X.S.), The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Xiaocun Sun
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (S.A., C.L., A.O., J.B.), and Office of Information Technology (X.S.), The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
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Elmeshreghi TN, Grubb TL, Greene SA, Ragle CA, Wardrop JA. Comparison of Enterprise Point-of-Care and Nova Biomedical Critical Care Xpress analyzers for determination of arterial pH, blood gas, and electrolyte values in canine and equine blood. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:415-424. [PMID: 29989207 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Point-of-care analyzers can provide a rapid turnaround time for critical blood test results. Agreement between the Enterprise Point-of-Care (EPOC) and bench-top laboratory analyzers is important to determine the clinical reliability of the EPOC. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was (1) to evaluate the precision (repeatability) of blood gas values measured by the EPOC and (2) to determine the level of agreement between the EPOC and Nova Critical Care Express (Nova CCX) for the assessment of arterial pH, blood gases, and electrolyte variables in canine and equine blood. METHODS Arterial blood samples from dogs were analyzed on the EPOC and Nova CCX analyzers to determine precision and agreement of pH, PaCO2 , PaO2 , and HCT. The same analytes plus Na+ , K- , and Cl- were analyzed for agreement using equine blood. Statistical analyses included assessment of precision using the coefficient of variation (CV%), and agreement using the Deming regression, Pearson correlation, and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS Both analyzers provided precise results of pH, PaCO2 , PaO2, and HCT, meeting CV% quality requirement values. In both species, Deming regression results were acceptable and correlation values were above 0.93 for arterial pH and blood gases, but lower for sodium and chloride. Bland-Altman plots demonstrated varying degrees of bias, but good agreement between the 2 analyzers was seen when arterial blood gases and electrolytes were measured, except for PaCO2 and Cl-. CONCLUSION: The EPOC analyzer provides consistent, reliable results for canine arterial blood gas values and for equine arterial blood gas and electrolyte values. Cl- results could be acceptable with the application of a correction factor, but the PaCO2 results were more variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher N Elmeshreghi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Tamara L Grubb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Stephen A Greene
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Claude A Ragle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jane A Wardrop
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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11
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EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF STERNAL VERSUS LATERAL RECUMBENCY ON TRENDS OF SELECTED PHYSIOLOGIC PARAMETERS DURING ISOFLURANE ANESTHESIA IN ZOO-HOUSED BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOGS (CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:388-393. [PMID: 28749308 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0192r2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane gas anesthesia is often used for immobilization of prairie dogs in field studies, laboratory research, and veterinary clinical purposes. The goals of this prospective study were to evaluate the effects of sternal versus right lateral recumbency on trends of selected physiologic parameters during isoflurane anesthesia in black-tailed prairie dogs ( Cynomys ludovicianus ). Fourteen adult, zoo-housed black-tailed prairie dogs were tested during the study. Animals were anesthetized using isoflurane and randomly placed in either sternal or right lateral recumbency to evaluate changes in trends of physiologic parameters, measured selectively every 30 min throughout a 60-min anesthesia period. Results were analyzed using linear mixed modeling. Right lateral recumbency resulted in a decrease in anion gap of about 4.6 mEq/L (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 3.1-6.0, P < 0.001), whereas sternal recumbency resulted in a lower decrease of 2.1 mEq/L (95% CI: 0.7-3.6, P = 0.02). However, the absolute values at the beginning and at the end of the anesthesia time were not significantly different between the right lateral and sternal recumbency (all P > 0.57). Body position did not have any effect on any other variables, and most of the observed physiologic changes were due to the duration of anesthesia. Our results indicate no significant effect on trends of selected physiologic parameters between sternal recumbency and right lateral recumbency during 1 hr of isoflurane anesthesia in black-tailed prairie dogs.
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Gardhouse SM, Eshar D, Bello N, Mason D. Venous blood gas analytes during isoflurane anesthesia in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016. [PMID: 26225612 DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.4.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe changes in venous blood gas analytes during isoflurane anesthesia in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 16 black-tailed prairie dogs. PROCEDURES Black-tailed prairie dogs were placed in an anesthesia chamber for induction of general anesthesia, which was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen delivered via mask. Immediately following anesthetic induction, a venous blood sample was obtained from the medial saphenous vein; a second venous blood sample was obtained just prior to anesthetic gas shutoff. An evaluation of venous blood gas analytes was performed on each sample. General linear mixed models with repeated measures were used for data analyses. RESULTS Median anesthetic time was 90 minutes (range, 60 to 111 minutes). A significant increase from immediately after induction to completion of anesthesia was observed in Pco2 and mean blood chloride ion, BUN, and creatinine concentrations. A decrease in Po2, mean blood pH, and anion gap was observed from induction of anesthesia to completion. No significant differences during anesthesia were observed in mean base excess or blood bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, blood glucose, lactate, and total CO2 concentrations. No complications occurred during or after anesthesia for any animal. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Examination of prairie dogs often requires general anesthesia, with isoflurane currently the inhalation agent of choice. Results suggested respiratory acidosis and relative azotemia may occur during isoflurane anesthesia of prairie dogs. Given the increased risk associated with anesthesia in small mammals and the propensity for respiratory disease in prairie dogs, insight into physiologic changes associated with isoflurane anesthesia in healthy prairie dogs can aid in perioperative evaluation and anesthetic monitoring in this rodent species.
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Oyake K, Kobatake Y, Shibata S, Sakai H, Saito M, Yamato O, Kushida K, Maeda S, Kamishina H. Changes in respiratory function in Pembroke Welsh Corgi dogs with degenerative myelopathy. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1323-7. [PMID: 27109068 PMCID: PMC5053935 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) is characterized by progressive degeneration of the
spinal cord. Although atrophic changes in the intercostal muscles were previously reported
in the late stage of DM in Pembroke Welsh Corgis (PWCs), changes in respiratory function
have not yet been examined. In the present study, we performed an arterial blood gas
analysis and measured respiratory movements over progressive disease stages to document
changes in respiratory function in DM-affected PWCs. We found that respiratory dysfunction
progressed during the later stages of DM and correlated with a change in respiratory
movement to the abdominal breathing pattern. These results suggested that hypoventilation
occurred due to dysfunctional changes in the intercostal muscles and resulted in hypoxemia
in the later stages of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Oyake
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Abstract
Respiratory dysfunction is common in veterinary patients and various techniques have been developed to rapidly and accurately monitor pulmonary gas exchange. Pulse oximetry and capnometry are tools that allow for continuous evaluation of pulmonary function. Methodology, indications, and limitations of pulse oximetry and capnometry are discussed in this article. Both techniques are useful for monitoring critically ill or anesthetized patients; however, limitations to their use exist which underscore the need for intermittent arterial blood gas analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Thawley
- Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Rieser TM. Arterial and Venous Blood Gas Analyses. Top Companion Anim Med 2013; 28:86-90. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Adamama-Moraitou K, Pardali D, Prassinos NN, Papazoglou LG, Makris D, Gourgoulianis KI, Papaioannou N, Rallis TS. Analysis of tidal breathing flow volume loop in dogs with tracheal masses. Aust Vet J 2011; 88:351-6. [PMID: 20726970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether there are any changes in the tidal breathing flow volume loop (TBFVL) in calm, non-dyspnoeic dogs with intratracheal masses. METHODS We compared 4 dogs with intratracheal masses (group 1) with 10 healthy dogs (group 2). Routine clinical and laboratory examinations of the dogs were unremarkable, except for episodic upper respiratory obstructive signs in the dogs in group 1. Lateral radiography of the neck and thorax showed that group 1 dogs had masses that appeared to protrude into the tracheal lumen. Tracheoscopy and surgery or necropsy was performed to confirm the presence of the mass. Arterial blood gas and TBFVL analysis was carried out in all dogs to assess respiratory status. RESULTS The shape of the TBFVL for dogs in group 1 was narrower and ovoid compared with that for the group 2 dogs. Tidal volume and expiratory and inspiratory times were significantly reduced, whereas the respiratory rate was increased for dogs in group 1 compared with dogs in group 2. Arterial blood gas analysis was unremarkable for all dogs. CONCLUSIONS TBFVL is a non-invasive technique that is easy to perform and well tolerated by dogs. In the absence of abnormalities detected by routine diagnostic evaluations and arterial blood gas analysis in dogs with intratracheal masses, the TBFVL contributes to the definition of the physiologic status of the airways at the time of testing, and results suggests that these dogs breathe quite normally when they are calm and non-dyspnoeic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kk Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 St Voutyra str, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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McNally EM, Robertson SA, Pablo LS. Comparison of time to desaturation between preoxygenated and nonpreoxygenated dogs following sedation with acepromazine maleate and morphine and induction of anesthesia with propofol. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1333-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.11.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The measure of treatment agreement between portable and laboratory blood gas measurements in guiding protocol-driven ventilator management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 67:303-13; discussion 313-4. [PMID: 19667883 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181a5f055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portable blood gas analyzer and monitor devices are increasingly being used to direct ventilator therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the "measure of treatment agreement" between portable and laboratory blood gas measurements used in guiding protocol-driven ventilator management. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using National Institutes of Health Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome network ventilator management guidelines to manage patient care, measurements taken from the Nonin 8500 M pulse oximeter (SpO2), the Novametrix-610 end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) detector, and the i-STAT 1 (SaO2, PO2, pH, PCO2) were compared with the recommended treatment from paired laboratory ABL-725 (SaCO2, PO2, pH, PCO2) measurements. RESULTS Four hundred forty-six intubated adult intensive care unit patients were studied prospectively. Except for the ETCO2 (R2 = 0.460), correlation coefficients between portable and laboratory measurements were high (R2 > or = 0.755). Testing for equivalence, the Nonin-SpO2, iSTAT-PO2, iSTAT-pH, and iSTAT-PCO2 were deemed "equivalent" surrogates to paired ABL measurements. Testing for the limits of agreement found only the iSTAT-PCO2 to be an acceptable surrogate measurement. The measure of treatment agreement between the portable and paired laboratory blood gas measurements were Nonin-SpO2 (68%), iSTAT-SaO2 (73%), iSTAT-PO2 (97%), iSTAT-pH (88%), iSTAT-PCO2 (95%), and Novametrix-ETCO2 (60%). Only the iSTAT-PO2 and the iSTAT-PCO2 achieved the > or =95% treatment agreement threshold to be considered as acceptable surrogates to laboratory measurements. CONCLUSIONS : The iSTAT-PO2 and -PCO2 were portable device measurements acceptable as surrogates to standard clinical laboratory blood gas measurements in guiding protocol-directed ventilator management. The "measure of treatment agreement," based on standardized decisions and measurement thresholds of a protocol, provides a simple method for assessing clinical validity of surrogate measurements.
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Mazzaferro EM. Triage and approach to the acute abdomen. CLINICAL TECHNIQUES IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE 2003; 18:1-6. [PMID: 12772864 DOI: 10.1016/1096-2867(03)90020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The presentation of a patient with acute abdominal pain often is both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the veterinary practitioner. Rapid physical examination and assessment of the patient's cardiovascular status are critical to initiating appropriate and often aggressive medical management as diagnostic tests are being performed. A number of diagnostic tests can be performed, including complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile, serum amylase and lipase, abdominal radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, abdominal paracentesis or diagnostic peritoneal lavage, cytology, and fluid analysis. In some cases, surgical exploration may be indicated, depending on each patient's clinical signs and response to therapy. Of the most important aspects of medical management of the patient with acute abdominal pain is to maintain oxygen delivery to tissues and to treat aggressively for pain or discomfort. The initial triage and approach to the patient with acute abdomen are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Mazzaferro
- Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Clinician, Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, CO 80033, USA.
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Relation between end-tidal and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure during general anaesthesia with spontaneous breathing and controlled ventilation in dogs: An experimental study. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2003. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0306283k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Noninvasive monitoring of cardiopulmonary function through pulse oximetry and capnography provides immediate and important information for the clinician. These monitors are not a replacement for vigilant attention to the patient, however; they should be used in conjunction with arterial blood gas analysis and serial physical examinations to ensure that the continuous readings are accurate and make clinical sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B Hackett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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