1
|
Kramer AJ, Meziara Wilson T, Kimura S, Groover E, DeLeon-Carnes M, Neto RLALT. Mycobacterium genavense granulomatous typhlocolitis in a horse. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:569-572. [PMID: 38653781 PMCID: PMC11185106 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241247204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A 23-y-old gelding was presented to a veterinary teaching hospital with a history of chronic, refractory diarrhea. Clinically, the horse was in poor body condition, with a thickened and corrugated large intestine identified by transcutaneous abdominal ultrasonography. At postmortem examination following euthanasia, the large colon and cecum had segmental thickening of the intestinal wall with innumerable mucosal ulcers and prominent polypoid mucosal masses. Many mesenteric and hepatic lymph nodes were enlarged. Histology revealed granulomatous and ulcerative typhlocolitis and granulomatous lymphadenitis with myriad acid-fast, variably gram-positive, intrahistiocytic bacilli that stained by immunohistochemistry for mycobacteria. Molecular testing by PCR and sequencing identified the causative agent as Mycobacterium genavense, which is an unusual presentation of infection in a horse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana J. Kramer
- Departments of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Tais Meziara Wilson
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (IDPB), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shune Kimura
- Clinical Sciences, JT Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Erin Groover
- Clinical Sciences, JT Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Marlene DeLeon-Carnes
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (IDPB), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel L. A. L. T. Neto
- Departments of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miguel-Pastor L, Satué K, Chicharro D, Damiá E, Cuervo B, Torres-Torrillas M, Martins E, Velasco-Martínez MG, Carrillo JM, Sopena JJ, Cerón JJ, Rubio M. Characterization of platelet rich plasma in feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats: Cell, and PDGF-BB and TGF-ß1 growth factor analysis. Res Vet Sci 2024; 168:105138. [PMID: 38218061 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains growth factors (GFs) that modulate the expression of inflammatory cells; thus, these products could be considered a good strategy to favor tissue regeneration in feline immunodeficiency (FIV) positive cats. However, there is no scientific documentation on obtaining PRP in FIV-positive cats. Authors hypothesized that PRP can be obtained in FIV cats following the PRGF®-Endoret® methodology. The objectives of this study were to compare the platelet, erythrocyte, and leukocyte concentration between whole blood (WB) and the PRP; and determine the concentration of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in FIV-positive cats. Sixteen adults FIV-positive asymptomatic cats were included in the study. WB samples were drawn and the PRP was obtained by centrifugation at 265g for 10 min. Erythrocyte and leukocyte, platelets, and mean platelet volume (MPV) were determined both in WB and in PRP. PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 concentrations were additionally determined in PRP. Platelet concentration increased 1.1 times in PRP fraction compared to WB, but no significant differences were reported. MPV was statistically higher in WB than in PRP (p = 0.001). Erythrocytes and leukocytes counts were decreased by 99% and 92%, respectively in the PRP fraction (p < 0.001). Regarding TGF-ß1, a higher concentration was shown in the PRP (p < 0.02). Although the product obtained could not be classified as PRP according to the PRGF®-Endoret® methodology, based on the drastic reduction of RBC and WBC, the PLT concentrate is of high purity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miguel-Pastor
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Katy Satué
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Deborah Chicharro
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Damiá
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Cuervo
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Torres-Torrillas
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emma Martins
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Gemma Velasco-Martínez
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Carrillo
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; García Cugat Foundation CEU-UCH Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín J Sopena
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; García Cugat Foundation CEU-UCH Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain.
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, University of Murcia, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mónica Rubio
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; García Cugat Foundation CEU-UCH Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ii T, Chambers JK, Uneyama M, Sumi A, Nakayama Y, Tsurita N, Miwa Y, Uchida K. Central nervous system mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium genavense in degus ( Octodon degus). Vet Pathol 2024; 61:119-124. [PMID: 37313806 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231179094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Degus (Octodon degus) that were kept at a breeding facility presented with neurological or respiratory symptoms and died. Necropsies were performed on 9 individuals, and no significant gross lesions were found. Histologically, spinal cord necrosis was observed in all 9 cases and granulomatous myelitis in 5 of the 9 cases. Locally extensive necrosis of the brain and encephalitis were observed in 7 of the 9 cases. Acid-fast bacteria were found in the spinal cords, brains, and lungs from all 9 cases. Immunohistochemically, Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen was observed in the spinal cords, brains, and lungs from all 9 cases. Double-labeling immunofluorescence revealed M. tuberculosis antigen in IBA1- and myeloperoxidase-immunopositive cells. Extracted genomic DNA from 8 of the 9 cases was successfully amplified with the primers for Mycobacterium genavense ITS1 and hypothetical 21 kDa protein genes, and the polymerase chain reaction products were identified as M. genavense by DNA sequencing. This report highlights the susceptibility of degus to M. genavense infection in the central nervous system.
Collapse
|
4
|
Monge E, Garapin B, Lucas MN, Gaide N, Le Loc'h G, Donnelly TM, Delverdier M. Concurrent Mycobacterium genavense infection and intestinal B-cell lymphoma in a pet rabbit (Oryctolaguscuniculus). J Comp Pathol 2023; 204:1-6. [PMID: 37269779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A 6-year-old male intact pet rabbit was evaluated for chronic weight loss. A large mass was detected by palpation in the mid-abdomen and ultrasound examination suggested a jejunal location. Explorative laparotomy revealed a nodular mass within the jejunal wall. Histological examination of a biopsy revealed mycobacterial granulomatous enteritis with an atypical lymphoblastic proliferation suggestive of lymphoma. Neoplastic lymphocytes were immunopositive for Pax-5 but negative for CD3, which is diagnostic of a B-cell neoplasm. Numerous acid-fast bacteria were seen within histiocytes and identified by polymerase chain reaction as Mycobacterium genavense, which is a non-tuberculous and opportunistic mycobacterium with zoonotic potential. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of a concurrent B-cell lymphoma and M. genavense infection in a rabbit. Concomitant mycobacteriosis and lymphoma have been rarely described in animals and the coexistence of neoplasia and mycobacterial infection within the jejunum suggests a potential pathogenetic association. Interestingly, the rabbit owner worked in an anti-tuberculosis clinic, and an anthropic origin of the mycobacterial infection could not be excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Monge
- Zoological Medicine Department, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Chemin de Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France; IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT - Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France.
| | - Bénédicte Garapin
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT - Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France; Department of Basic Sciences, Université de Toulouse, ENVT Chemin de Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Lucas
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique Vétérinaire du Sud-Ouest, All. des Vitarelles, Toulouse, 31100, France
| | - Nicolas Gaide
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT - Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France; Department of Basic Sciences, Université de Toulouse, ENVT Chemin de Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France
| | - Guillaume Le Loc'h
- Zoological Medicine Department, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Chemin de Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France; IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT - Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France
| | - Thomas M Donnelly
- Exotic Animal Service, CHUVA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Av. du Général de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- Zoological Medicine Department, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Chemin de Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France; IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT - Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kokkinaki KG, Saridomichelakis MN, Leontides L, Mylonakis ME, Konstantinidis AO, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Xenoulis PG. A prospective epidemiological, clinical, and clinicopathologic study of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection in 435 cats from Greece. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 78:101687. [PMID: 34225228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses causing significant morbidity and mortality in cats. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and clinicopathologic aspects of FeLV and FIV infections in different populations of cats in Greece, including client-owned cats, stray cats and cats who live in catteries. A total of 435 cats were prospectively enrolled. Serological detection of FeLV antigen and FIV antibody was performed using a commercial in-house ELISA test kit. The results showed that 17 (3.9 %) and 40 (9.2 %) of the 435 cats were positive for FeLV antigen and FIV antibody, respectively, whereas 5 (1.1 %) had concurrent infection with FeLV and FIV. Factors that were associated with FeLV antigenemia, based on multivariate analysis, included vomiting, rhinitis, infection with FIV, neutropenia, decreased blood urea nitrogen and increased serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Factors associated with FIV seropositivity included male gender, older age, outdoor access, weight loss, fever, gingivostomatitis, skin lesions and/or pruritus and hyperglobulinemia. Various clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities were found to be significantly associated with retroviral infections, suggesting that current guidelines to test all sick cats should be followed, taking into particular consideration the high-risk groups of cats found in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K G Kokkinaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece.
| | - M N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - L Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - M E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., GR-54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A O Konstantinidis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., GR-54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, 4474-77843 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, 4474-77843 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, 4474-77843 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Byrne AS, Goudreau A, Bissonnette N, Shamputa IC, Tahlan K. Methods for Detecting Mycobacterial Mixed Strain Infections-A Systematic Review. Front Genet 2020; 11:600692. [PMID: 33408740 PMCID: PMC7779811 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.600692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed strain infection (MSI) refers to the concurrent infection of a susceptible host with multiple strains of a single pathogenic species. Known to occur in humans and animals, MSIs deserve special consideration when studying transmission dynamics, evolution, and treatment of mycobacterial diseases, notably tuberculosis in humans and paratuberculosis (or Johne's disease) in ruminants. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to examine how MSIs are defined in the literature, how widespread the phenomenon is across the host species spectrum, and to document common methods used to detect such infections. Our search strategy identified 121 articles reporting MSIs in both humans and animals, the majority (78.5%) of which involved members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, while only a few (21.5%) examined non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). In addition, MSIs exist across various host species, but most reports focused on humans due to the extensive amount of work done on tuberculosis. We reviewed the strain typing methods that allowed for MSI detection and found a few that were commonly employed but were associated with specific challenges. Our review notes the need for standardization, as some highly discriminatory methods are not adapted to distinguish between microevolution of one strain and concurrent infection with multiple strains. Further research is also warranted to examine the prevalence of NTM MSIs in both humans and animals. In addition, it is envisioned that the accurate identification and a better understanding of the distribution of MSIs in the future will lead to important information on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of mycobacterial diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Goudreau
- Science & Health Sciences Librarian, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Isdore Chola Shamputa
- Department of Nursing & Health Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Winzelberg Olson S, Hohenhaus AE. Feline non-regenerative anemia: Diagnostic and treatment recommendations. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:615-631. [PMID: 31234748 PMCID: PMC10814193 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19856178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Non-regenerative anemia, or anemia with reticulocytopenia, is a daily diagnosis in feline practice. CLINICAL CHALLENGES The disease processes underlying non-regenerative anemia are many and diverse. A major diagnostic evaluation may be required to correctly diagnose and treat the underlying cause. AUDIENCE All veterinarians caring for cats will face the diagnostic and therapeutic challenge of non-regenerative anemia. Readers will benefit from the review of diagnostic testing and therapeutic options for non-regenerative anemia. EVIDENCE BASE This review summarizes the currently available literature informing diagnostic and treatment recommendations related to non-regenerative anemia. The evidence available to support the recommendations in this review is graded as low and includes predominantly expert opinion, case reports and cases series, on which the authors' interpretation/consensus is based.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Winzelberg Olson
- DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Oncology and Small Animal Internal Medicine) Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ann E Hohenhaus
- DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Oncology and Small Animal Internal Medicine) Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dequéant B, Pascal Q, Bilbault H, Dagher E, Boschiroli ML, Cordonnier N, Reyes-Gomez E. Identification of Mycobacterium genavense natural infection in a domestic ferret. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:133-136. [PMID: 30475677 PMCID: PMC6505761 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718812137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-y-old neutered male ferret ( Mustela putorius furo) was presented because of a 1-mo history of progressive weight loss, chronic cough, and hair loss. On clinical examination, the animal was coughing, slightly depressed, moderately hypothermic, and had bilateral epiphora. Thoracic radiography was suggestive of severe multinodular interstitial pneumonia. Abdominal ultrasound examination revealed hepatosplenomegaly and mesenteric and pancreaticoduodenal lymphadenopathy. Fine-needle aspiration of the pancreaticoduodenal lymph node, followed by routine Romanowsky and Ziehl-Neelsen stains, revealed numerous macrophages containing myriad acid-fast bacilli, leading to identification of mycobacteriosis. Autopsy and histologic examination confirmed the presence of disseminated, poorly defined, acid-fast, bacilli-rich granulomas in the pancreaticoduodenal and mesenteric lymph nodes, intestines, and lungs. Destaining of May-Grünwald/Giemsa-stained slides with alcohol, and then restaining with Ziehl-Neelsen, revealed acid-fast rods and avoided repeat tissue sampling without affecting the Ziehl-Neelsen stain quality and cytologic features. Tissue samples were submitted for a PCR assay targeting the heat shock protein gene ( hsp65) and revealed 100% homology with Mycobacterium genavense. We emphasize the use of special stains and PCR for identification of this potential zoonotic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Dequéant
- LHA-Laboniris, Oniris-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation Nantes, France (Dequéant)
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Biopôle, Unité d’Histologie, d’Embryologie et d’Anatomie pathologique, Département des Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, Maisons-Alfort, France (Pascal, Bilbault, Cordonnier, Reyes-Gomez)
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, ANSES, INRA, Maisons-Alfort, France (Boschiroli)
- Pathology Department, Oniris-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation, Nantes, France (Dagher)
| | - Quentin Pascal
- LHA-Laboniris, Oniris-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation Nantes, France (Dequéant)
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Biopôle, Unité d’Histologie, d’Embryologie et d’Anatomie pathologique, Département des Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, Maisons-Alfort, France (Pascal, Bilbault, Cordonnier, Reyes-Gomez)
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, ANSES, INRA, Maisons-Alfort, France (Boschiroli)
- Pathology Department, Oniris-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation, Nantes, France (Dagher)
| | - Héloïse Bilbault
- Héloïse Bilbault, Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Biopôle, Unité d’Histologie, d’Embryologie et d’Anatomie pathologique, Département des Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, 7 rue du General de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Elie Dagher
- LHA-Laboniris, Oniris-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation Nantes, France (Dequéant)
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Biopôle, Unité d’Histologie, d’Embryologie et d’Anatomie pathologique, Département des Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, Maisons-Alfort, France (Pascal, Bilbault, Cordonnier, Reyes-Gomez)
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, ANSES, INRA, Maisons-Alfort, France (Boschiroli)
- Pathology Department, Oniris-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation, Nantes, France (Dagher)
| | - Maria-Laura Boschiroli
- LHA-Laboniris, Oniris-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation Nantes, France (Dequéant)
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Biopôle, Unité d’Histologie, d’Embryologie et d’Anatomie pathologique, Département des Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, Maisons-Alfort, France (Pascal, Bilbault, Cordonnier, Reyes-Gomez)
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, ANSES, INRA, Maisons-Alfort, France (Boschiroli)
- Pathology Department, Oniris-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation, Nantes, France (Dagher)
| | - Nathalie Cordonnier
- LHA-Laboniris, Oniris-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation Nantes, France (Dequéant)
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Biopôle, Unité d’Histologie, d’Embryologie et d’Anatomie pathologique, Département des Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, Maisons-Alfort, France (Pascal, Bilbault, Cordonnier, Reyes-Gomez)
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, ANSES, INRA, Maisons-Alfort, France (Boschiroli)
- Pathology Department, Oniris-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation, Nantes, France (Dagher)
| | - Edouard Reyes-Gomez
- LHA-Laboniris, Oniris-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation Nantes, France (Dequéant)
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Biopôle, Unité d’Histologie, d’Embryologie et d’Anatomie pathologique, Département des Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, Maisons-Alfort, France (Pascal, Bilbault, Cordonnier, Reyes-Gomez)
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, ANSES, INRA, Maisons-Alfort, France (Boschiroli)
- Pathology Department, Oniris-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation, Nantes, France (Dagher)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
De Lorenzi G, Kamphuisen K, Biscontini G, Pacciarini M, Zanoni M, Luppi A. Mycobacterium genavense Infection in a Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo). Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:119-121. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
10
|
Schmitz A, Rinder M, Thiel S, Peschel A, Moser K, Reese S, Korbel R. Retrospective Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Gross Pathologic Findings in Birds Infected WithMycobacterium genavense. J Avian Med Surg 2018; 32:194-204. [DOI: 10.1647/2017-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
11
|
Kayanuma H, Ogihara K, Yoshida S, Yamamoto K, Wada T, Yamamoto T, Tsuyuki Y, Madarame H. Disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in a cat caused by Mycobacterium sp. strain MFM001. Vet Microbiol 2018; 220:90-96. [PMID: 29885807 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium sp. strain MFM001 (MFM001), a new strain of slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria not associated with the Mycobacterium avium complex, led to disseminated mycobacterial disease characterized by transmural granulomatous gastroenterocolitis of lepromatous type in a cat treated with immunosuppressive medication. MFM001 was found to be closely related to M. kyorinense or M. celatum by partial sequence of 16S rDNA, and identical with an unspecified M. sp. strain B10-07.09.0206 isolated from a human pulmonary infection in Germany. MFM001 should be considered as a pathogenic organism in cats, especially in immunocompromised animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kayanuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kikumi Ogihara
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shiomi Yoshida
- Clinical Research Centre, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Centre, 1180 Nagasone-cho, Kita-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka, 591-8555, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kaori Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Division of Microbiology Microbiology Section, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan
| | - Takayuki Wada
- Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Taro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yuzo Tsuyuki
- Sanritsu Zelkova Veterinary Laboratory, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroo Madarame
- Laboratory of Small Animal Clinics, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Applications of the FIV Model to Study HIV Pathogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040206. [PMID: 29677122 PMCID: PMC5923500 DOI: 10.3390/v10040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally-occurring retrovirus that infects domestic and non-domestic feline species, producing progressive immune depletion that results in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Much has been learned about FIV since it was first described in 1987, particularly in regard to its application as a model to study the closely related lentivirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In particular, FIV and HIV share remarkable structure and sequence organization, utilize parallel modes of receptor-mediated entry, and result in a similar spectrum of immunodeficiency-related diseases due to analogous modes of immune dysfunction. This review summarizes current knowledge of FIV infection kinetics and the mechanisms of immune dysfunction in relation to opportunistic disease, specifically in regard to studying HIV pathogenesis. Furthermore, we present data that highlight changes in the oral microbiota and oral immune system during FIV infection, and outline the potential for the feline model of oral AIDS manifestations to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-induced oral disease. Finally, we discuss advances in molecular biology, vaccine development, neurologic dysfunction, and the ability to apply pharmacologic interventions and sophisticated imaging technologies to study experimental and naturally occurring FIV, which provide an excellent, but often overlooked, resource for advancing therapies and the management of HIV/AIDS.
Collapse
|
13
|
Backel K, Cain C. Skin as a marker of general feline health: Cutaneous manifestations of infectious disease. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:1149-1165. [PMID: 29068251 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17735764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Infectious disease in feline patients often presents a diagnostic challenge. This article reviews the most relevant viral, bacterial and protozoal diseases and their cutaneous manifestations. Many of the diseases discussed have overlapping presentations or may mimic more common noninfectious disease processes. The purpose of the article is to reinforce knowledge of common and uncommon infectious diseases, help practitioners identify possible infectious dermatoses, create a comprehensive and prioritized differential list, and provide guidance for the diagnosis of these diseases. A working knowledge of these clinical syndromes is important if what is thought to be a case of a common disease does not respond to conventional management. AUDIENCE This review is aimed at veterinarians who treat cats and especially those with an interest in feline dermatology. Tables are included to allow the reader to formulate a concise list of differential diagnoses for clinically similar presentations. The diagnostic approach to a case of ulcerative facial dermatitis is reviewed in a Case Notes quiz. Evidence base: This article includes up-to-date information regarding dermatologic manifestations of less commonly encountered feline cutaneous infectious diseases. Information has been drawn from the published, peer-reviewed literature and the most recent textbook chapters with a particular aim of describing and differentiating clinical lesions and the diagnostic approach to cutaneous disease, especially in unusual cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Backel
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine Cain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
O'Halloran C, Dobromylskyj M. Clinical mycobacterial diseases of companion animals: part I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.12968/coan.2017.22.6.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh EH25 9RG
| | - Melanie Dobromylskyj
- Finn Pathologists, Histopathology Department, One Eyed Lane, Weybread, Diss, Norfolk IP21 5TT
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Böttcher D, Paar M, Wittenbrink MM, Müller K, Bischofberger L, Schoon HA. Mycobacterium genavense Infection as a Cause of Disseminated Granulomatous Inflammation in a Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
IDENTIFICATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM GENAVENSE IN A DIANA MONKEY (CERCOPITHECUS DIANA) BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:339-44. [PMID: 26056890 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0246r2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 25-yr-old Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana) with a 1.5-yr history of chronic colitis and diarrhea was found to have disseminated granulomatous disease with intralesional acid fast bacilli. Bacilli were identified as Mycobacterium genavense by polymerase chain reaction, sequencing of the 16S-23S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer (ITS) gene, and mycolic acid analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mycobacterium genavense is a common cause of mycobacteriosis in free-ranging and captive birds. In addition, recognition of opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients is increasing. Disease manifestations of M. genavense are similar to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and include fever, wasting, and diarrhea with disseminated disease. Similar clinical signs and lesions were observed in this monkey. Mycobacterium genavense should be considered as a differential for disseminated mycobacterial disease in nonhuman primates as this agent can mimic MAC and related mycobacteria.
Collapse
|
17
|
Haridy M, Fukuta M, Mori Y, Ito H, Kubo M, Sakai H, Yanai T. An outbreak of Mycobacterium genavense infection in a flock of captive diamond doves (Geopelia cuneata). Avian Dis 2015; 58:383-90. [PMID: 25518432 DOI: 10.1637/10775-011714-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Two diamond doves (Geopelia cuneata) in a flock of 23 birds housed in an aviary in a zoo in central Japan were found dead as a result of mycobacteriosis. Fecal samples of the remaining doves were positive for mycobacterial infection, and thus they were euthanatized. Clinical signs and gross pathology, including weight loss and sudden death and slight enlargement of the liver and intestine, were observed in a small number of birds (3/23). Disseminated histiocytic infiltration of either aggregates or sheets of epithelioid cells containing acid-fast bacilli, in the absence of caseous necrosis, were observed in different organs of the infected doves, especially lungs (23/23), intestines (9/23), livers (7/23), and hearts (6/23). Mycobacterium sp. was isolated from the livers of three birds (3/23). DNA extracted from frozen liver and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues (5/23) were used for amplification of the gene encoding mycobacterial 65-kDa heat shock protein (hsp65). The causative Mycobacterium species was identified by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Mycobacterium genavense infection was confirmed in three of the diamond doves. Moreover, partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing revealed 100% identity across the three samples tested, and 99.77% nucleotide homology of the isolate sequence to M. genavense. The main route of M. genavense infection in the diamond doves was most likely airborne, suggesting a potential zoonotic risk of airborne transmission between humans and birds.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gunn-Moore DA. Feline mycobacterial infections. Vet J 2014; 201:230-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
19
|
Huynh M, Pingret JL, Nicolier A. Disseminated Mycobacterium genavense Infection in a Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:122-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
Bizikova P. Localized demodicosis due to Demodex cati on the muzzle of two cats treated with inhalant glucocorticoids. Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:222-e58. [PMID: 24720463 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline demodicosis due to Demodex cati is a rare skin disease often associated with concurrent disease and generalized immunosuppression. Local immunosuppression due to the application of topical immunomodulatory drugs, such as glucocorticoids and tacrolimus, or by tumour cells has been suggested as a potential trigger for development of localized demodicosis in humans and animals. OBJECTIVES The goal was to describe two cats with asthma that developed localized demodicosis on the muzzle as a result of chronic therapy with a glucocorticoid administered via dispensing inhaler mask. RESULTS In both cats, the muzzle area exposed to the fluticasone-dispensing chamber exhibited patchy alopecia, mild erythema, crusting and scaling. Deep skin scraping revealed D. cati. Discontinuation or reduction of fluticasone and administration of milbemycin resulted in resolution of clinical signs within 2 months in both cats. A negative skin scrape was obtained after 7 months of milbemycin in one of the cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Demodicosis should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in cats with primary alopecia or other skin lesions on the face exposed to inhalant glucocorticoids. Minimization of contact between the inhalant glucocorticoid and the skin can be achieved by wiping residual powder from the face and by keeping the mask tightly pressed to the skin to avoid contact with the surrounding area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mycobacterium genavense Infections in a Tertiary Hospital and Reviewed Cases in Non-HIV Patients. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:371370. [PMID: 24693456 PMCID: PMC3945967 DOI: 10.1155/2014/371370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium genavense is a relatively new species of nontuberculous mycobacterium reported to cause disseminated infections in patients with AIDS and later on in non-HIV immunosuppressed patients. We describe clinical and laboratory features and response to therapy in 7 patients, three of them with HIV infection and four non-HIV-three organ transplant recipients and one with hyper-IgE syndrome-in Valencia, Spain, in a ten years period. We then summarize the published cases of M. avium complex infection, with invasion of peripheral blood, liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and lungs. In clinical samples a large number of acid-fast bacilli were observed. M. genavense grew only from liquid media and after a prolonged incubation period. Its identification was accomplished through molecular methods. Patients were treated with prolonged combinations of antimicrobial agents. There was clinical favourable outcome in 4 patients.
Collapse
|
22
|
Reppas G, Fyfe J, Foster S, Smits B, Martin P, Jardine J, Lam A, O'Brien C, Malik R. Detection and identification of mycobacteria in fixed stained smears and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues using PCR. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:638-46. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Reppas
- Vetnostics; North Ryde New South Wales 2113 Australia
| | - J. Fyfe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory; North Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - S. Foster
- Vetnostics; North Ryde New South Wales 2113 Australia
| | - B. Smits
- Gribbles Veterinary; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - P. Martin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; B14 New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - J. Jardine
- Vetpath; Ascot Western Australia 6104 Australia
| | - A. Lam
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital; Richardson Place North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - C. O'Brien
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - R. Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, Conference Centre B22; The University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lloret A, Hartmann K, Pennisi MG, Gruffydd-Jones T, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Hosie MJ, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Möstl K, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Mycobacterioses in Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:591-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13489221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Overview: Mycobacterial infections are important in humans and animals. Cats can be infected by several Mycobacterium species, which may cause different syndromes, mainly tuberculosis, atypical or non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis and leprosy. In recent years, awareness has increased about how to recognise and confirm these infections. More cases are diagnosed today, which probably means that the disease has escaped detection in the past. Infection: Most cases in cats are cutaneous, presenting as nodules in the skin and draining tracts, ulceration and local lymphadenopathy; however, systemic dissemination may also occur. Diagnosis: Definitive diagnosis is difficult when the bacterium cannot be detected by histology or culture. However, species confirmation is essential for treatment and prognosis, so material for culture and polymerase chain reaction should be submitted in every suspected case. Treatment: Treatment is challenging. A combination of two or three antibiotics is needed, and treatment must be continued for some months, which makes owner compliance especially difficult in cats. Zoonotic risk: There is a zoonotic risk associated with some mycobacterial species. Concerns should be communicated in every case of an immunocompromised owner in contact with an infected cat.
Collapse
|
24
|
Palmieri C, Roy P, Dhillon A, Shivaprasad H. Avian Mycobacteriosis in Psittacines: A Retrospective Study of 123 Cases. J Comp Pathol 2013; 148:126-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
25
|
Smits B, Willis R, Malik R, Studdert V, Collins DM, Kawakami P, Graham D, Fyfe JA. Case clusters of leproid granulomas in foxhounds in New Zealand and Australia. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:465-e88. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
26
|
Infectious Diseases. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7161403 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
27
|
Gomez G, Saggese MD, Weeks BR, Hoppes SM, Porter BF. Granulomatous encephalomyelitis and intestinal ganglionitis in a spectacled Amazon parrot (Amazona albifrons) infected with Mycobacterium genavense. J Comp Pathol 2011; 144:219-22. [PMID: 20888000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An approximately 30-year-old male spectacled Amazon parrot (Amazona albifrons) was presented with a 2-week history of ataxia, head shaking, weight loss and seizures. Gross findings on necropsy examination included atrophy of the musculature, ruffled feathers and minimal epicardial and abdominal fat. Microscopically, there were perivascular cuffs of macrophages with fewer lymphocytes in the grey and white matter of the brain and spinal cord. These lesions were accompanied by gliosis and mild vacuolation of the white matter. In the small intestine, up to 70% of the intestinal ganglia were effaced by infiltrates of macrophages and fewer lymphocytes. The intestinal lamina propria contained multiple inflammatory aggregates of a similar nature. Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed the presence of numerous bacilli within the cytoplasm of macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric ganglia. Amplification of the DNAJ gene confirmed a mycobacterial infection and subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a species-specific primer confirmed the aetiology as Mycobacterium genavense. Infection of the CNS with Mycobacterium spp. is uncommon and has not been previously reported in a parrot. This case is unusual in that the organism exhibited tropism for neural tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Gomez
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in cats can be due to bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses. This review details the practical investigation of these infections and highlights specific therapy where possible. The aim is to avoid the all-too-frequent temptation in practice to treat cats with lower respiratory tract signs empirically for feline bronchial disease (FBD)/asthma. This is potentially hazardous as immunosuppressive therapy for FBD/asthma could exacerbate disease due to a LRTI. Empirical treatment of suspected LRTI is also difficult to recommend given the wide range of potential pathogens. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Making a clinical ante-mortem diagnosis of LRTI in a cat can be challenging. Consistent historical, clinical, haematological and radiographic abnormalities are often lacking and findings may be non-specific. Astute clinical acumen, thorough investigation and high quality laboratory analysis are usually required for a diagnosis. Bronchoalveolar lavage, if feasible, and tests for lungworm should be routine in cats with lower respiratory tract signs. Lung fine needle aspiration may be useful in cases of diffuse or nodular pulmonary disease. Histopathology is rarely employed in ante-mortem investigations. EVIDENCE BASE The authors have reviewed a substantial body of literature to provide information on many of the reported bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral pathogens, including some that occur in Asia. Attention has been given to specific therapy for each pathogen, with evidence-based comments when there is a deviation from routine recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan F Foster
- Vetnostics, 60 Waterloo Rd, North Ryde, NSW 2060, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Doggett J, Strasfeld L. Disseminated Mycobacterium genavense with pulmonary nodules in a kidney transplant recipient: case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2011; 13:38-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
30
|
Theuß T, Aupperle H, Eulenberger K, Schoon HA, Richter E. Disseminated Infection with Mycobacterium genavense in a Grizzled Giant Squirrel (Ratufa macroura) Associated with the Isolation of an Unknown Mycobacterium. J Comp Pathol 2010; 143:195-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
31
|
Hosie MJ, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Feline immunodeficiency. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:575-84. [PMID: 19481037 PMCID: PMC7129779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Overview Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a retrovirus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus. Most felids are susceptible to FIV, but humans are not. Feline immunodeficiency virus is endemic in domestic cat populations worldwide. The virus loses infectivity quickly outside the host and is susceptible to all disinfectants. Infection Feline immunodeficiency virus is transmitted via bites. The risk of transmission is low in households with socially well-adapted cats. Transmission from mother to kittens may occur, especially if the queen is undergoing an acute infection. Cats with FIV are persistently infected in spite of their ability to mount antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Disease signs Infected cats generally remain free of clinical signs for several years, and some cats never develop disease, depending on the infecting isolate. Most clinical signs are the consequence of immunodeficiency and secondary infection. Typical manifestations are chronic gingivostomatitis, chronic rhinitis, lymphadenopathy, weight loss and immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis Positive in-practice ELISA results obtained in a low-prevalence or low-risk population should always be confirmed by a laboratory. Western blot is the ‘gold standard’ laboratory test for FIV serology. PCR-based assays vary in performance. Disease management Cats should never be euthanased solely on the basis of an FIV-positive test result. Cats infected with FIV may live as long as uninfected cats, with appropriate management. Asymptomatic FIV-infected cats should be neutered to avoid fighting and virus transmission. Infected cats should receive regular veterinary health checks. They can be housed in the same ward as other patients, but should be kept in individual cages. Vaccination recommendations At present, there is no FIV vaccine commercially available in Europe. Potential benefits and risks of vaccinating FIV-infected cats should be assessed on an individual cat basis. Needles and surgical instruments used on FIV-positive cats may transmit the virus to other cats, so strict hygiene is essential.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ludwig E, Reischl U, Janik D, Hermanns W. Granulomatous pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium genavense in a dwarf rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet Pathol 2009; 46:1000-2. [PMID: 19429993 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0190-l-bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A juvenile dwarf rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with clinical signs of dyspnea and suspected ascites was submitted for necropsy. The main macroscopic findings were a watery red pleural effusion and some whitish striated foci in the lungs. In addition, there were multifocal scars in the cortex of the kidneys. The histologic examination of the lungs showed a severe granulomatous pneumonia with detection of acid-fast bacilli, in the kidneys, an interstitial chronic lymphoplasmacellular nephritis with interstitial fibrosis, and in the brain, a multifocal granulomatous and partly necrotizing encephalitis with detection of spores, suggestive of encephalitozoonosis. In the lungs, Mycobacterium genavense was verified by polymerase chain reaction and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an M. genavense infection in a rabbit, with the lungs being the only affected organ. Therefore, an aerogen infection seems to be the most contemplable way of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ludwig
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lehman TL, O'Halloran KP, Fallon SA, Habermann LM, Campbell JA, Nordone S, Dean GA, Hoover EA, Avery PR. Altered bone marrow dendritic cell cytokine production to toll-like receptor and CD40 ligation during chronic feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Immunology 2008; 126:405-12. [PMID: 18775027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired dendritic cell (DC) function is thought to be central to human immunodeficiency virus-associated immunodeficiency. In this study, we examined the effect of chronic feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection on DC cytokine production in response to microbial and T-cell stimulation. Cytokine production after either Toll-like receptor (TLR) or CD40 ligation in bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) was measured in naïve and chronically FIV-infected cats. The BM-DCs were stimulated with ligands to TLR-2, -3, -4, -7 and -9 or cocultured with 3T3 cells expressing feline CD40 ligand. Ligation of TLR-4 and TLR-9 in BM-DCs from infected cats resulted in a significant decrease in the ratio of interleukin-12 (IL-12) to IL-10. Conversely, TLR-7 ligation produced a significant increase in the IL-12 : IL-10 ratio in BM-DCs from infected cats. No difference was noted for TLR-3 ligation. RNA expression levels of TLR-2, -3, -4, -7 and -9 were not significantly altered by FIV infection. CD40 ligation significantly elevated both IL-10 and IL-12 messenger RNA production but did not alter the IL-12 : IL-10 ratio. Chronic FIV infection alters the ratio of immunoregulatory cytokines produced by BM-DCs in response to certain pathogen-derived signals, which is probably relevant to the increased risk of opportunistic infections seen in lentiviral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Lehman
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Since feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was first isolated, international research efforts have been directed towards developing a protective vaccine, not least because it may provide a model for a candidate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine. This article reviews the challenges facing vaccine development, the current state of knowledge and future prospects for FIV vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Hosie
- Retrovirus Research Laboratory, Institute for Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Glasgow
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Baral RM, Metcalfe SS, Krockenberger MB, Catt MJ, Barrs VR, McWhirter C, Hutson CA, Wigney DI, Martin P, Chen SCA, Mitchell DH, Malik R. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in young cats: overrepresentation of Abyssinian cats. J Feline Med Surg 2005; 8:23-44. [PMID: 16226469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infection was diagnosed in 10 young cats (1-5 years of age) from Australia or North America between 1995 and 2004. A further two cats with disseminated mycobacteriosis (precise agent not identified) were recognised during this period. Of the 12, 10 were Abyssinian cats, one was a Somali cat and one was a domestic shorthair cat. None of the cats tested positive for either FeLV antigen or FIV antibody. The clinical course of these infections was indolent, with cats typically presenting for weight loss, initially in the face of polyphagia, with a chronicity of up to several months. Additional clinical features included lower respiratory tract signs and peripheral lymphadenomegaly. A marked diffuse interstitial pattern was evident in thoracic radiographs, even in cats without overt respiratory involvement. Hair clipped to perform diagnostic procedures tended to regrow slowly, if at all. Diagnosis was generally made by obtaining representative tissue specimens from mesenteric lymph nodes, liver or kidney at laparotomy, or from a popliteal lymph node. The primary antecedent event was most likely colonisation of either the alimentary or respiratory tract, followed by local invasion and eventual lymphatic and haematogenous dissemination. Nine cases were treated using combination therapy with agents effective for MAC infection in human patients. Two cats are still undergoing initial therapy and have responded. Of the remaining seven, all responded during long courses (5-14 months) of clarithromycin combined with either clofazimine or rifampicin, and a fluoroquinolone or doxycycline. Of these, three cats remain well (with durations between 2 months and 2 years following therapy); two developed recurrent disease (at 3 months and 2 years, respectively, following therapy) and have restarted therapy. The remaining two cats improved 1 year and 5 months, respectively, after diagnosis but ultimately succumbed. The two cats in which therapy was restarted have improved dramatically. Certain lines of Abyssinian and Somali cats likely suffer from a familial immunodeficiency that predisposes them to infection with slow-growing mycobacteria such as MAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randolph M Baral
- Paddington Cat Hospital, 183 Glenmore Road, Paddington, NSW 2021, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Malik R, Vogelnest L, O'Brien CR, White J, Hawke C, Wigney DI, Martin P, Norris JM. Infections and some other conditions affecting the skin and subcutis of the naso-ocular region of cats--clinical experience 1987-2003. J Feline Med Surg 2005; 6:383-90. [PMID: 15546771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the skin or subcutis of the naso-ocular region develop through two mechanisms. Cases with lesions but without concomitant signs of nasal disease probably result from cat scratch injuries. Under certain circumstances, such lacerations result in the introduction of saprophytic microorganisms in such large numbers that host defence mechanisms are overwhelmed. This results in localised, variably invasive, disease in an otherwise immunocompetent host. An unpredictable range of organisms can give rise to such infections including a variety of fungal and bacterial genera. Causal organisms will likely vary from one geography to another as a result of differences in soil type and related environmental factors. Accordingly, procurement of appropriate tissue specimens for culture and susceptibility testing is essential to guide therapy, as these cases require medical and sometimes surgical intervention in order to effect a favourable outcome. In contrast, patients with naso-ocular lesions and concurrent signs of nasal disease have a different pathogenesis. Primary infection of the sinonasal region likely results from the inhalation of infectious propagules, with the infection subsequently penetrating overlying bones to invade the subcutaneous space. These lesions are typically the result of cryptococcosis or aspergillosis and must be distinguished from invasive nasal malignancies. An approach to the investigation and treatment of these patients is presented together with photographs of representative cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Malik
- Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Conference Centre, Building B22, New South Wales 2006 Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
O'Brien CR, Krockenberger MB, Wigney DI, Martin P, Malik R. Retrospective study of feline and canine cryptococcosis in Australia from 1981 to 2001: 195 cases. Med Mycol 2005; 42:449-60. [PMID: 15552647 DOI: 10.1080/13693780310001624547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study of 155 cats and 40 dogs diagnosed with cryptococcosis between 1981 and 2001 was undertaken. Age, sex, breed, clinical findings, feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus status (in cats), species of Cryptococcus causing disease and region of domicile were recorded. Associations between variables were tested. Male and female cats were affected equally. Age ranged from 1 to 16 years, with a preponderance of cats aged between 2 and 3 years. Siamese, Himalayan and Ragdoll breeds were over-represented. Rural cats were more frequently infected with Cryptococcus gattii. Retroviral infection was not identified as a predisposing condition and was not correlated with either species of Cryptococcus or physical findings. Most cats had signs of nasal cavity infection, which was typically localised for a substantial period before invasion of adjacent structures or dissemination. Male and female dogs were affected equally. A marked preponderance of young, large breed dogs was noted. Border Collies, Boxers, Dalmatians, Dobermann Pinschers, Great Danes and German Shepherds were over-represented. Cryptococcus species involved was not affected by place of domicile. Although nasal cavity involvement was important, the canine cohort had a greater propensity to develop secondary central nervous system involvement and disseminated disease than feline cases. There were no clinical findings in either cats or dogs which could be reliably used to distinguish disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans variety grubii from disease caused by Cryptococcus gattii. Both Cryptococcus species appear to be primary pathogens of cats and dogs, with the upper respiratory tract presumed to be the predominant primary site of inoculation in most but not all cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R O'Brien
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hughes MS, James G, Taylor MJ, McCarroll J, Neill SD, Chen SCA, Mitchell DH, Love DN, Malik R. PCR studies of feline leprosy cases. J Feline Med Surg 2004; 6:235-43. [PMID: 15265479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/01/2003] [Accepted: 09/16/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
16S rRNA gene sequence analysis provided evidence for two different mycobacterial species, Mycobacterium lepraemurium and a potentially novel species, as causative agents of 'feline leprosy'. Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequence data obtained for M. lepraemurium and the potentially novel species indicated 12 nucleotide differences over a 446 bp region encompassing the V2 and V3 hypervariable regions. From available 16S rRNA gene sequence data, M. lepraemurium shared greatest nucleotide identity with M. avium subsp paratuberculosis and M. avium. The novel species had a long helix 18 in the V3 region and shared greatest nucleotide identity with M. leprae, M. haemophilum and M. malmoense. The novel species had an additional 'A' nucleotide at position 105 of the aligned 16S rRNA gene sequence, the only other mycobacterial database sequence having this same extra nucleotide being M. leprae. This nucleotide variation was exploited to develop specific PCR assays for the two species. These were found to be effective and specific when tested against a panel of mycobacteria including species found in feline leprosy lesions and closely related mycobacteria and also when applied directly to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from feline leprosy cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Hughes
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The era of diagnostic molecular biology has arrived for small animal clinicians, and it is a near certainty that assays such as the PCR and RT-PCR will become more widely available for a wider array of infectious agents. Already there is an extensive list of infectious diseases of dogs and cats that have been investigated with molecular tools. A partial list is included in box 1. An understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of the molecular techniques and some of the questions these techniques can answer for clinicians can serve practitioners well in their approach to the diagnosis of infectious diseases in dogs and cats. It is likely that additional applications of these tools to small animal medicine will become apparent as investigators use and refine them for their research purposes, or as new uses emerge from human medical applications. Clinicians also are likely to reap the benefits of this knowledge. Because samples often are acquired easily from clinical patients in most practice settings, access to these tools puts all clinicians in the group of discoverers of new, or variations of, infectious diseases and their clinical manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rance K Sellon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Post Office Box 7060, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tortoli E. Impact of genotypic studies on mycobacterial taxonomy: the new mycobacteria of the 1990s. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16:319-54. [PMID: 12692101 PMCID: PMC153139 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.16.2.319-354.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of genetic techniques has greatly boosted taxonomic studies in recent years. Within the genus Mycobacterium, 42 new species have been detected since 1990, most of which were grown from clinical samples. Along with species for which relatively large numbers of strains have been reported, some of the new species of mycobacteria have been detected rarely or even only once. From the phenotypic point of view, among the new taxa, chromogens exceed nonchromogens while the numbers of slowly and rapidly growing species are equivalent. Whereas conventional identification tests were usually inconclusive, an important role was played by lipid analyses and in particular by high-performance liquid chromatography. Genotypic investigations based on sequencing of 16S rRNA gene have certainly made the most important contribution. The investigation of genetic relatedness led to the redistribution of the species previously included in the classically known categories of slow and rapid growers into new groupings. Within slow growers, the intermediate branch related to Mycobacterium simiae and the cluster of organisms related to Mycobacterium terrae have been differentiated; among rapid growers, the group of thermotolerant mycobacteria has emerged. The majority of species are resistant to isoniazid and, to a lesser extent, to rifampin. Many of the new species of mycobacteria are potentially pathogenic, and there are numerous reports of their involvement in diseases. Apart from disseminated and localized diseases in immunocompromised patients, the most frequent infections in immunocompetent people involve the lungs, skin, and, in children, cervical lymph nodes. The awareness of such new mycobacteria, far from being a merely speculative exercise, is therefore important for clinicians and microbiologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tortoli
- Regional Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Microbiological and Virological Laboratory, Careggi Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Malik R, Hughes MS, James G, Martin P, Wigney DI, Canfield PJ, Chen SCA, Mitchell DH, Love DN. Feline leprosy: two different clinical syndromes. J Feline Med Surg 2002; 4:43-59. [PMID: 11869054 DOI: 10.1053/jfms.2001.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Feline leprosy refers to a condition in which cats develop granulomas of the subcutis and skin in association with intracellular acid-fast bacilli that do not grow on routine laboratory media. In this study, the definition was extended to include cases not cultured, but in which the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified amplicons characteristic of mycobacteria. Tissue specimens from 13 such cases from eastern Australia were obtained between 1988 and 2000. This cohort of cats could be divided into two groups on the basis of the patients' age, histology of lesions, clinical course and the sequence of 16S rRNA PCR amplicons. One group consisted of four young cats (less than 4 years) which initially developed localised nodular disease affecting the limbs. Lesions progressed rapidly and sometimes ulcerated. Sparse to moderate numbers of acid-fast bacilli were identified using cytology and/or histology, typically in areas of caseous necrosis and surrounded by pyogranulomatous inflammation. Organisms did not stain with haematoxylin and ranged from 2 to 6 microm (usually 2 to 4 microm). Mycobacterium lepraemurium was diagnosed in two cases based on the sequence of a 446 bp fragment encompassing the V2 and V3 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene a different sequence was obtained from one additional case, while no PCR product could be obtained from the remaining case. The clinical course was considered aggressive, with a tendency towards local spread, recurrence following surgery and development of widespread lesions over several weeks. The cats resided in suburban or rural environments. A second group consisted of nine old cats (greater than 9 years) with generalised skin involvement, multibacillary histology and a slowly progressive clinical course. Seven cats initially had localised disease which subsequently became widespread, while two cats allegedly had generalised disease from the outset. Disease progression was protracted (compared to the first group of cats), typically taking months to years, and skin nodules did not ulcerate. Microscopically, lesions consisted of sheets of epithelioid cells containing large to enormous numbers of acid-fast bacilli 2 to 8 microm (mostly 4 to 6 microm) which stained also with haematoxylin. A single unique sequence spanning a 557 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene was identified in six of seven cases in which it was attempted. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material was utilised by one laboratory, while fresh tissue was used in another. The same unique sequence was identified despite the use of different primers and PCR methodologies in the two laboratories. A very slow, pure growth of a mycobacteria species was observed on Lowenstein-Jensen medium (supplemented with iron) and semi-solid agar in one of three cases in which culture was attempted at a reference laboratory. Affected cats were domicile in rural or semi-rural environments. These infections could generally be cured using two or three of rifampicin (10-15 mg/kg once a day), clofazimine (25 to 50 mg once a day or 50 mg every other day) and clarithromycin (62.5 mg per cat every 12 h). These findings suggest that feline leprosy comprises two different clinical syndromes, one tending to occur in young cats and caused typically by M lepraemurium and another in old cats caused by a single novel mycobacterial species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Malik
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lucas J, Lucas A, Furber H, James G, Hughes MS, Martin P, Chen SC, Mitchell DH, Love DN, Malik R. Mycobacterium genavense infection in two aged ferrets with conjunctival lesions. Aust Vet J 2000; 78:685-9. [PMID: 11098383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb10406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium genavense infection was diagnosed in two adult ferrets. Disseminated mycobacteriosis was diagnosed in a castrated 5-year-old sable ferret with generalised peripheral lymph node enlargement and a proliferative lesion of the conjunctiva of the nictitating membrane. The diagnosis was based on characteristic cytology and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene amplified using the polymerase chain reaction from fresh biopsy material. Therapy with rifampicin, clofazimine and clarithromycin probably cured the infection. An entire 4-year-old female ferret with conjunctival swelling, serous ocular discharge and swelling of the subcutaneous tissues of the nasal bridge was diagnosed as having M genavense infection on the basis of typical cytology, histopathology and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA amplicons from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. This patient was treated successfully using rifampicin. Both ferrets subsequently died as a result of other disease conditions, 10 and 4 months following initiation of therapy, respectively. This is the first report documenting M genavense as a cause of disseminated mycobacterial disease in ferrets. Conjunctival involvement may be a feature of disseminated mycobacteriosis in the ferret. The possibility that these infections were the consequence of a ferret retrovirus infection should be considered further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lucas
- University of Melbourne Veterinary Clinic and Hospital, Werribee, Victoria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hughes MS, James G, Ball N, Scally M, Malik R, Wigney DI, Martin P, Chen S, Mitchell D, Love DN. Identification by 16S rRNA gene analyses of a potential novel mycobacterial species as an etiological agent of canine leproid granuloma syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:953-9. [PMID: 10698979 PMCID: PMC86311 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.3.953-959.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PCR amplifications of the 16S rRNA gene were performed on 46 specimens obtained from 43 dogs with canine leproid granuloma syndrome to help determine its etiology. Sequence capture PCR was applied to 37 paraffin-embedded specimens from 37 dogs, and nested PCR was attempted on DNA from 9 fresh tissue specimens derived from 3 of the 37 aforementioned dogs and from an additional 6 dogs. Molecular analyses of the paraffin-embedded tissues and fresh tissue specimen analyses were performed at separate institutions. PCR products with identical sequences over a 350-bp region encompassing variable regions 2 and 3 of the 16S rRNA gene were obtained from 4 of 37 paraffin-embedded specimens and from all 9 specimens of fresh tissue originating from 12 of the 43 dogs. Identical sequences were determined from amplicons obtained from paraffin-embedded and fresh specimens from one dog. The consensus DNA sequence, amplified from paraffin-embedded tissue and represented by GenBank accession no. AF144747, shared highest nucleotide identity (99.4% over 519 bp) with mycobacterial strain IWGMT 90413 but did not correspond exactly to any EMBL or GenBank database sequence. With a probe derived from the V2 region of the novel canine sequence, reverse cross blot hybridization identified an additional four paraffin-embedded specimens containing the same novel sequence. In total, molecular methodologies identified the proposed novel mycobacterial sequence in 16 of 43 dogs with canine leproid granuloma syndrome, indicating that the species represented by this sequence may be the principal etiological agent of canine leproid granuloma syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Hughes
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|