[Is it pertinent to investigate the relations between physicians and the drug industry]

Pharmaceutical companies information and antibiotic prescription patterns: A follow-up study in Spanish primary care

Objectives

To assess the impact of sources of drug information on antibiotic prescribing patterns (quantity and quality) among primary care physicians.

Methods

We conducted a cohort study on primary care physicians who were actively engaged in medical practice in 2010 in a region in north-west Spain (Galicia), fulfilling inclusion criteria (n = 2100). As the independent variable, we took the perceived utility of 6 sources of information on antibiotics, as measured by the validated KAAR-11 questionnaire. As dependent variables, we used: (1) a quality indicator (appropriate quality, defined as any case where 6 of the 12 indicators proposed by the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Network [ESAC-Net] were better than the mean values for Spain); and, (2) a quantity indicator (high prescribing), defined as any case where defined daily doses (DDD) per 1 000 inhabitants per day of antibacterials for systemic use were higher than the mean values for Spain. The adjusted odds ratio for a change in the interquartile range (IqOR) for each sources of information on antibiotics was calculated using Generalized Linear Mixed Models.

Results

The questionnaire response rate was 68%. Greater perceived utility of pharmaceutical sales representatives increases the risk of having high prescribing (1/IqOR = 2.50 [95%CI: 1.63–3.66]) and reduces the probability of having appropriate quality (1/IqOR = 2.28 [95%CI: 1.77–3.01]). Greater perceived utility of clinical guidelines increases the probability of having appropriate quality (1/IqOR = 1.25 [95%CI: 1.02–1.54]) and reduces the probability of high prescribing (1/IqOR = 1.25 [95%CI: 1.02–1.54]).

Conclusions

Sources of information on antibiotics are an important determinant of the quantity and quality of antibiotic prescribing in primary care. Commercial sources of information influence prescribing negatively, and clinical guidelines are associated with better indicators.

[The pharmaceutical industry and specialised medical training: Residents' perceptions in Madrid, Spain]

OBJECTIVE

To assess the frequency of exposure and attitudes to the pharmaceutical industry (PI) of residents in the Region of Madrid (RM), Spain, and to analyse the association with specialty, professional environment and training.

METHODS

Cross-sectional electronic survey in May and June 2015 of all medical residents in RM. We collected sociodemographic variables and those of interaction with the PI in four blocks: frequency of interactions, attitudes and perceptions, environment and regulatory framework, and skills; with the first two blocks we created a Synthetic PI Interaction Index (SPIII). Bivariate and multivariate analysis of logistic regression.

RESULTS

350 resident's responses (28% family and community medicine [FCM], 57% hospital, 15% others). Ninety-eight percent reported interacting with the PI. Twenty percent believed their prescribing was influenced by the PI and 48% believed it was influenced by other doctors. Sixty-five precent considered more training necessary. Ninety-six percent had received no information from their college of physicians, 80% did not know the regulations in their medical society and 50% were unaware of those of their institution. Hospital specialty residents showed more likelihood of SPIII ≥ percentile 75 than those of FCM (odds ratio [OR]: 3.96; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.88-8.35). Training in informal settings was associated with SPIII ≤ percentile 25 (OR: 2.83; 95%CI: 1.32-6.07).

CONCLUSIONS

The medical residents in RM had a high level of interaction with the PI and believed its influence low. Hospital specialty residents showed more interaction with the PI. Regulations were not well known by residents and they consideredmore training necessary.

[Medical students and drug marketing]

Objetivo

Conocer la exposición de los estudiantes de medicina a las actividades promocionales de la industria farmacéutica, e identificar sus opiniones y actitudes, así como los posibles efectos de esta exposición en su formación y futura práctica profesional.

Diseño

Estudio descriptivo transversal.

Emplazamiento

Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Zaragoza.

Participantes

Estudiantes de medicina de los cursos tercero, cuarto, quinto y sexto.

Métodos

La información se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario autoaplicado, previamente adaptado, sobre exposición, actitudes e idoneidad percibida de las actividades de marketing farmacéutico. Se estimaron porcentajes para las variables categóricas, aplicando el test de ji al cuadrado para la comparación entre grupos. Regresión logística para determinar los factores asociados a actitudes proclives a dichas actividades.

Resultados

Se obtuvieron 369 encuestas (93% de los asistentes a clase). La exposición a las actividades promocionales es elevada, sobre todo en la etapa clínica (el 78,6% declara haber recibido un regalo no formativo). Los estudiantes reconocen los sesgos y posibles repercusiones en la práctica profesional, aunque con ambigüedad y contradicciones. Las actividades mejor aceptadas son las relacionadas con la formación y las actitudes más críticas aparecen en la etapa clínica, sobre todo en el sexto curso.

Conclusiones

La exposición de los estudiantes al marketing farmacéutico y sus posibles repercusiones formativas y profesionales son frecuentes e importantes. El ámbito de la formación resulta especialmente permeable a las actividades promocionales. Las diferencias observadas en los últimos cursos señalan la necesidad de formación específica curricular y desarrollo de actitudes reflexivas por los propios estudiantes.

Relationship between physician and industry in Aragon (Spain)

OBJECTIVE

To describe the relationship between industry and physicians and to analyze the physician characteristics associated with the probability of receiving benefits from industry in Aragon (Spain).

METHODS

We carried out an observational, cross-sectional study in which Aragonese physicians (north-east region in Spain) from public and private settings completed an anonymous questionnaire on a web page between June and November 2008. Visits/month with industry, samples, gifts, reimbursements and payments were used as dependant variables in the regression analyses. Year of medical license, specialty, work setting, time spent on direct care, articles read/month and being a resident's tutor were used as independent variables.

RESULTS

A total of 659 questionnaires were considered valid for the analysis. Overall, 87% (n=573) of the respondents reported they had received some benefit in the previous year and 90.1% (n=593) reported having held meetings with industry representatives monthly. Non-clinical specialists received fewer gifts (odds ratio [OR]=0.38; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.18-0.77), reimbursements (OR=0.14; 95%CI: 0.06-0.35) and payments (OR=0.30; 95%CI: 0.13-0.74) than their clinical colleagues. The probability of receiving reimbursements (OR=0.37; 95%CI: 0.15-0.89) and payments (OR=0.39; 95%CI: 0.20-0.77) was lower in primary care physicians.

CONCLUSIONS

This study, performed in a sample of physicians from a southern European region, demonstrates differences in the intensity of the physician-industry relationship depending on physician specialty and work setting. These results provide important information for improving transparency and for future research on the appropriateness and efficiency of prescription in Spain and other countries with similar health systems.