1
|
Clark AT, Brivanlou A, Fu J, Kato K, Mathews D, Niakan KK, Rivron N, Saitou M, Surani A, Tang F, Rossant J. Human embryo research, stem cell-derived embryo models and in vitro gametogenesis: Considerations leading to the revised ISSCR guidelines. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1416-1424. [PMID: 34048690 PMCID: PMC8190666 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation were last revised in 2016. Since then, rapid progress has been made in research areas related to in vitro culture of human embryos, creation of stem cell-based embryo models, and in vitro gametogenesis. Therefore, a working group of international experts was convened to review the oversight process and provide an update to the guidelines. This report captures the discussion and summarizes the major recommendations made by this working group, with a specific emphasis on updating the categories of review and engagement with the specialized scientific and ethical oversight process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianping Fu
- The University of Michigan, An Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Kathy K Niakan
- Francis Crick Institute and The Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicolas Rivron
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Fuchou Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Beijing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Greenhalgh S. Inside ILSI: How Coca-Cola, Working through Its Scientific Nonprofit, Created a Global Science of Exercise for Obesity and Got It Embedded in Chinese Policy (1995-2015). J Health Polit Policy Law 2021; 46:235-276. [PMID: 32955566 DOI: 10.1215/03616878-8802174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Industry influence on health science and policy is a critical issue of our day. In 2015 the New York Times revealed that Coca-Cola paid scientists to form a Global Energy Balance Network promoting the notion that exercise, not dietary restraint, is the solution to the obesity epidemic-a claim few accept. This article examines the organizational dynamics and policy process behind Coke's efforts to sway obesity policy-globally and in China, a critical market-during 1995-2015. METHODS In-depth, qualitative research during 2013-18 involved 10 weeks of fieldwork in Beijing, interviews with 25 leading experts, analysis of newsletters documenting all major obesity-related activities in China, interviews with 10 Euro-American experts, and extensive internet research on all major actors. FINDINGS This article tells two intertwined stories (institutional dynamics, science making and policy making) at global and local-Chinese levels. Coke succeeded in redirecting China's obesity science and policy to emphasize physical activity. Key to its success was the industry-funded global nonprofit International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI). Beneath ILSI's public narrative of unbiased science and no policy advocacy lay a maze of hidden channels companies used to advance their interests. Working through those channels, Coca-Cola influenced China's science making and policy making during every phase in the policy process, from framing the issues to drafting official policy. CONCLUSIONS Though China is exceptional, ILSI promoted exercise globally, suggesting potentially significant impacts in other ILSI-branch countries.
Collapse
|
3
|
Senoo Y, Saito H, Ozaki A, Sawano T, Shimada Y, Yamamoto K, Suzuki Y, Tanimoto T. Pharmaceutical company payments to authors of the Japanese guidelines for the management of hypertension. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24816. [PMID: 33761642 PMCID: PMC10545077 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Antihypertensive drugs have been of significant interest to the pharmaceutical industry due to increasing sales opportunities in a global market. The financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and the Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH) have a possible influence on clinical practices in Japan. This study examined the distribution of pharmaceutical payments made to the authors of the revised Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH2019) and the transparency of the Conflict of Interest disclosure that each author made.We retrospectively obtained publicly available data regarding payments made by Japanese pharmaceutical companies to all authors of the JSH2019 in 2016. We also collected data on individual financial disclosure of JSH2019 authors to investigate whether their self-reported financial relationship with companies were compliant to the financial disclosure policy of JSH2019.The total and mean payment values reported by pharmaceutical companies were $4,246,436 and $21,447, respectively. Of the 198 authors, 171 (86.4%) authors received at least 1 payment. Of 74 authors required to disclose their conflict of interest (COI) the authors, one-third failed to follow the COI policy covering the clinical guidelines.Major pharmaceutical companies selling antihypertensive drug products in the Japanese market had a significant financial connection with the JSH2019 authors. Financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and authors or Japanese medical societies are raising significant concerns about the credibility of clinical guidelines and the potentially biases and undue influences that they may cause, especially with respect to adverse prescription patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Senoo
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Shinagawa, Tokyo
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi
| | - Akihiko Ozaki
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Shinagawa, Tokyo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki, Fukushima
| | - Toyoaki Sawano
- Department of Surgery, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi
| | - Yuki Shimada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, Minamisoma, Fukushima
| | - Kana Yamamoto
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Shinagawa, Tokyo
| | - Yosuke Suzuki
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Shinagawa, Tokyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tone Chuo Hospital, Gunma, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Doshi P, Hong K, Jefferson T, Jones M, Rowhani-Farid A. Control vaccine formulation. Lancet 2021; 397:1061-1062. [PMID: 33743866 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Doshi
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Kyungwan Hong
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | - Anisa Rowhani-Farid
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Topaz CM, Cart J, Diaz Eaton C, Hanson Shrout A, Higdon JA, İnce K, Katz B, Lewis D, Libertini J, Smith CM. Comparing demographics of signatories to public letters on diversity in the mathematical sciences. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232075. [PMID: 32343722 PMCID: PMC7188238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In its December 2019 edition, the Notices of the American Mathematical Society published an essay critical of the use of diversity statements in academic hiring. The publication of this essay prompted many responses, including three public letters circulated within the mathematical sciences community. Each letter was signed by hundreds of people and was published online, also by the American Mathematical Society. We report on a study of the signatories' demographics, which we infer using a crowdsourcing approach. Letter A highlights diversity and social justice. The pool of signatories contains relatively more individuals inferred to be women and/or members of underrepresented ethnic groups. Moreover, this pool is diverse with respect to the levels of professional security and types of academic institutions represented. Letter B does not comment on diversity, but rather, asks for discussion and debate. This letter was signed by a strong majority of individuals inferred to be white men in professionally secure positions at highly research intensive universities. Letter C speaks out specifically against diversity statements, calling them "a mistake," and claiming that their usage during early stages of faculty hiring "diminishes mathematical achievement." Individuals who signed both Letters B and C, that is, signatories who both privilege debate and oppose diversity statements, are overwhelmingly inferred to be tenured white men at highly research intensive universities. Our empirical results are consistent with theories of power drawn from the social sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M. Topaz
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States of America
- Institute for the Quantitative Study of Inclusion, Diversity, and Equity, Williamstown, MA, United States of America
| | - James Cart
- Office of Institutional Research, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States of America
| | - Carrie Diaz Eaton
- Digital and Computational Studies Program, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, United States of America
| | - Anelise Hanson Shrout
- Digital and Computational Studies Program, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, United States of America
| | - Jude A. Higdon
- Institute for the Quantitative Study of Inclusion, Diversity, and Equity, Williamstown, MA, United States of America
| | - Kenan İnce
- Department of Mathematics, Westminster College, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Brian Katz
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Smith College, Northampton, MA, United States of America
| | - Drew Lewis
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America
| | - Jessica Libertini
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA, United States of America
| | - Christian Michael Smith
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Perez-Rodriguez J, de la Fuente A. Now is the Time for a Postracial Medicine: Biomedical Research, the National Institutes of Health, and the Perpetuation of Scientific Racism. Am J Bioeth 2017; 17:36-47. [PMID: 28829268 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2017.1353165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The consideration of racial differences in the biology of disease and treatment options is a hallmark of modern medicine. However, this time-honored medical tradition has no scientific basis, and the premise itself, that is, the existence of biological differences between the commonly known races, is false inasmuch as races are only sociocultural constructions. It is time to rid medical research of the highly damaging exercise of searching for supposed racial differences in the biological manifestations of disease. The practice not only condoned but required by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) of utilizing racial identification as a demographic characteristic with assumed biological implications is at best badly flawed, and at worst unintentionally contributes to perpetuating the fallacy of natural differences between persons of different skin color, which has been used in the past to advance the cause of racial discrimination.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bourque T. Principles of Veterinary Medical Ethics of the CVMA. Can Vet J 2016; 57:1119-1121. [PMID: 27807374 PMCID: PMC5081140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
|
8
|
Shiraishi J. 5. Japanese Society of Radiological Technology Code of Ethics. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2016; 72:1033-1038. [PMID: 27760903 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2016_jsrt_72.10.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
9
|
Abstract
Biofabrication technologies have the potential to improve healthcare by providing highly advanced and personalized biomedical products for research, treatment and prevention. As the combining of emerging techniques and integrating various biological and synthetic components becomes increasingly complex, it is important that relevant stakeholders anticipate the translation of biofabricated 3D tissue products into patients and society. Ethics is sometimes regarded as a brake on scientific progress, yet from our perspective, ethics in parallel with research anticipates societal impacts of emerging technologies and stimulates responsible innovation. For the ethical assessment, the biofabrication field benefits from similarities to regenerative medicine and an increasing ethical awareness in the development of tissue-engineered products. However, the novelty of the technology itself, the increase in attainable structural complexity, and the potential for automation and personalization are distinguishing facets of biofabrication that call for a specific exploration of the ethics of biofabrication. This review aims to highlight important points of existing ethical discussions, as well as to call attention to emerging issues specific to 3D biofabrication in bench and bedside research and the translation to society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I.A. Otto
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C.C. Breugem
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A.L. Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The Report of the Ethics Committee, 2015, provides information on activities of the Ethics Committee and Ethics Office during that year. In 2015, the Ethics Office and Committee continued their work of adjudication, ethics education, and ethics consultations. The Ethics Committee adopted minor changes to its "Rules and Procedures" to increase the efficiency of the adjudication process. These changes were approved by the APA Board of Directors to become effective on March 1, 2016. The Independent Review Report by David H. Hoffman was released in July. The ethics office director also departed in July, and an interim ethics director was appointed. The process for establishing a Commission on Ethics Processes was also begun. The Commission has the charge of evaluating and recommending changes to the American Psychological Association's current ethics program. Data for adjudication processing in 2015 as well as comparisons to the previous 4 years are provided. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
|
11
|
Daley GQ, Hyun I, Apperley JF, Barker RA, Benvenisty N, Bredenoord AL, Breuer CK, Caulfield T, Cedars MI, Frey-Vasconcells J, Heslop HE, Jin Y, Lee RT, McCabe C, Munsie M, Murry CE, Piantadosi S, Rao M, Rooke HM, Sipp D, Studer L, Sugarman J, Takahashi M, Zimmerman M, Kimmelman J. Setting Global Standards for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation: The 2016 ISSCR Guidelines. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:787-797. [PMID: 27185282 PMCID: PMC4912385 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) presents its 2016 Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation (ISSCR, 2016). The 2016 guidelines reflect the revision and extension of two past sets of guidelines (ISSCR, 2006; ISSCR, 2008) to address new and emerging areas of stem cell discovery and application and evolving ethical, social, and policy challenges. These guidelines provide an integrated set of principles and best practices to drive progress in basic, translational, and clinical research. The guidelines demand rigor, oversight, and transparency in all aspects of practice, providing confidence to practitioners and public alike that stem cell science can proceed efficiently and remain responsive to public and patient interests. Here, we highlight key elements and recommendations in the guidelines and summarize the recommendations and deliberations behind them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Q Daley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Insoo Hyun
- Department of Bioethics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jane F Apperley
- Centre for Hematology, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- Department of Genetics, The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher K Breuer
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Timothy Caulfield
- Health Law Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Marcelle I Cedars
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Helen E Heslop
- Center for Cell & Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying Jin
- Institute of Health Science, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Richard T Lee
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Christopher McCabe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Megan Munsie
- Education, Ethics, Law & Community Awareness Unit, Stem Cells Australia, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Charles E Murry
- Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering and Medicine/Cardiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Steven Piantadosi
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mahendra Rao
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10023, USA; Q Therapeutics, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Heather M Rooke
- International Society for Stem Cell Research, Skokie, IL 60077, USA
| | - Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan; Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Lorenz Studer
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Jonathan Kimmelman
- Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1X1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jacob KS. Robert Spitzer and psychiatric classification: technical challenges and ethical dilemmas. Indian J Med Ethics 2016; 1:95-100. [PMID: 27260820 DOI: 10.20529/ijme.2016.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dr Robert Leopold Spitzer (May 22, 1932-December 25, 2015), the architect of modern psychiatric diagnostic criteria and classification, died recently at the age of 83 in Seattle. Under his leadership, the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals (DSM) became the international standard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Jacob
- Professor of Psychiatry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 002, India,.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
McCarthy M. American Psychology Association colluded with Pentagon and CIA to protect interrogation program, report finds. BMJ 2015; 351:h3805. [PMID: 26169205 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h3805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
15
|
McCarthy M. American Psychological Association colluded with US officials to bolster CIA torture program, report alleges. BMJ 2015; 350:h2380. [PMID: 25944627 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
16
|
American Dental Hyqiene Association: Code of Ethics for Dental Hygienists. J Am Coll Dent 2015; 82:32-4. [PMID: 27159966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
|
17
|
Ruano-Ravina A. [Scientific societies and their economic relationship with the companies. Situation in Spain]. Med Clin (Barc) 2012; 138:614-6. [PMID: 22440141 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
American College of Toxicology: policy statement on the use of animals in toxicology. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:736. [PMID: 22228812 DOI: 10.1177/1091581811435641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
The following amendments to the 2002 "Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct" (the Ethics Code; American Psychological Association, 2002) were adopted by the APA Council of Representatives at its February 2010 meeting. The changes involve the last two sentences of the final paragraph of the Introduction and Applicability section and Ethical Standards 1.02 and 1.03. The amendments became effective June 1, 2010. A history of these amendments to the Ethics Code is provided in the "Report of the Ethics Committee, 2009" in this issue of the American Psychologist (American Psychological Association, Ethics Committee, 2010). Following are a clean version of the revisions and a version indicating changes from the 2002 language (inserted text is underlined; deleted text is crossed out).
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- K C MacKinnon
- Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
This paper has two aims. The first is to shed light on a remarkable archival source, namely survey responses from thousands of American psychologists during the 1960s in which they described their contemporary research practices and discussed whether the practices were "ethical." The second aim is to examine the process through which the American Psychological Association (APA) used these survey responses to create principles on how psychologists should treat human subjects. The paper focuses on debates over whether "deception" research was acceptable. It documents how members of the committee that wrote the principles refereed what was, in fact, a disagreement between two contemporary research orientations. The paper argues that the ethics committee ultimately built the model of "the resilient self" into the APA's 1973 ethics code. At the broadest level, the paper explores how prevailing understandings of human nature are written into seemingly universal and timeless codes of ethics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stark
- Program in Science in Society and Department of Sociology, Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
World Association of Medical Editors. Conflict of interest in peer-reviewed medical journals: a policy statement of the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME). J Child Neurol 2009; 24:1321-3. [PMID: 19805827 DOI: 10.1177/0883073809345928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
23
|
Azzi A. Dual use of biological research and the role of the scientific unions. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009; 57:153-5. [PMID: 19495940 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Azzi
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, JM USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Tanne JH. Senator asks psychiatrists' association about drug company funding. BMJ 2008; 337:a929. [PMID: 18644779 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.a929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
26
|
Fabian N. On the demise of associations .. J Environ Health 2008; 70:78-71. [PMID: 18236941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
|
27
|
Appendix: Health professionals' participation in interrogations that violate national as well as international laws, a dialogue with the American Psychological Association. Torture 2008; 18:183-92. [PMID: 19491479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This appendix supplements the articles given above regarding health professionals' participation in interrogations that violate national as well as international laws.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Scientific societies have a significant opportunity to contribute to the promotion of responsible conduct of research (RCR) and to RCR education. The degree to which societies engage such opportunity spans a broad range. There are three principal ways RCR may be promoted by scientific societies. The first is through codes of conduct encouraging their membership to practice ethical research according to the tenets of these codes. The second is through specialized policies (e.g., publication practices) developed by scientific societies that help define normative behavior. Finally, societies have a role to play in creating materials and resources aimed at educating scientists and trainees in matters pertaining to proper research conduct. This article illustrates examples of each of these activities embraced by different scientific societies. The American Society for Microbiology is used as a specific example of a society that has been proactive in each of these three areas. Scientific societies need to recognize the impact they can have on promoting RCR and to expand their efforts in these three and other relevant areas. The examples provided demonstrate the components of a model for all scientific societies to follow in promoting RCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis L Macrina
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0568, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Attix DK, Donders J, Johnson-Greene D, Grote CL, Harris JG, Bauer RM. Disclosure of Neuropsychological Test Data: Official Position of Division 40 (Clinical Neuropsychology) of the American Psychological Association, Association of Postdoctoral Programs in Clinical Neuropsychology, and American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology*. Clin Neuropsychol 2007; 21:232-8. [PMID: 17455015 DOI: 10.1080/13854040601042928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K Attix
- Division of Medical Psychology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Professional and scientific psychology appears to have rediscovered spirituality and religion during recent years, with a large number of conferences, seminars, workshops, books, and special issues in major professional journals on spirituality and psychology integration. The purpose of this commentary is to highlight some of the more compelling ethical principles and issues to consider in spirituality and psychology integration with a focus on psychotherapy. This commentary will use the American Psychological Association's (2002) Ethics Code and more specifically, the RRICC model of ethics that readily applies to various mental health ethics codes across the world. The RRICC model highlights the ethical values of respect, responsibility, integrity, competence, and concern. Being thoughtful about ethical principles and possible dilemmas as well as getting appropriate training and ongoing consultation can greatly help the professional better navigate these challenging waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Plante
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053-0333, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cosgrove L, Krimsky S, Vijayaraghavan M, Schneider L. Financial ties between DSM-IV panel members and the pharmaceutical industry. Psychother Psychosom 2006; 75:154-60. [PMID: 16636630 DOI: 10.1159/000091772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing attention has been given to the transparency of potential conflicts of interest in clinical medicine and biomedical sciences, particularly in journal publishing and science advisory panels. The authors examined the degree and type of financial ties to the pharmaceutical industry of panel members responsible for revisions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM). METHODS By using multimodal screening techniques the authors investigated the financial ties to the pharmaceutical industry of 170 panel members who contributed to the diagnostic criteria produced for the DSM-IV and the DSM-IV-TR. RESULTS Of the 170 DSM panel members 95 (56%) had one or more financial associations with companies in the pharmaceutical industry. One hundred percent of the members of the panels on 'Mood Disorders' and 'Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders' had financial ties to drug companies. The leading categories of financial interest held by panel members were research funding (42%), consultancies (22%) and speakers bureau (16%). CONCLUSIONS Our inquiry into the relationships between DSM panel members and the pharmaceutical industry demonstrates that there are strong financial ties between the industry and those who are responsible for developing and modifying the diagnostic criteria for mental illness. The connections are especially strong in those diagnostic areas where drugs are the first line of treatment for mental disorders. Full disclosure by DSM panel members of their financial relationships with for-profit entities that manufacture drugs used in the treatment of mental illness is recommended.
Collapse
|
32
|
Sykes M, Cozzi E, d'Apice A, Pierson R, O'Connell P, Cowan P, Dorling A, Hering B, Leventhal J, Rees M, Sandrin M. Clinical trial of islet xenotransplantation in Mexico. Xenotransplantation 2006; 13:371-2. [PMID: 16925658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize what is known about and to offer suggestions for steps professional societies can take to foster greater integrity in research. METHODS Analysis of research literature on research integrity. RESULTS Research on research integrity has identified 3 areas for concerns about integrity: 1) research misconduct, 2) questionable research practices, and 3) the research environment. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that professional societies should 1) undertake a careful assessment of needs and possible problems in their research areas, 2) develop resources to address specific problems, and 3) take more active roles in promoting integrity in research among their members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Steneck
- Department of History, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103-1004, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Xenotransplantation (XTx) provides a potential solution to the shortage of human organs and tissues, and has several advantages over other possible solutions to this problem. However, a number of scientific and ethical barriers exist, and need to be addressed in order to advance the field of XTx in a manner that optimizes its potential to benefit society and minimizes its risk. Some of the most pressing ethical issues are discussed, and the position of the Ethics Committee of the International Xenotransplantation Association is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Sykes
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Iutcovich JM, Kennedy JM, Levine FJ. Establishing an ethical climate in support of research integrity: efforts and activities of the American Sociological Association. Sci Eng Ethics 2003; 9:201-205. [PMID: 12774652 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-003-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The article provides an overview of the recent efforts and activities of the American Sociological Association (ASA) to keep its Code of Ethics visible and relevant to its membership. The development process and challenges associated with the most recent revision of the ASA's code are reviewed, the current education and support activities are described, and other strategies for taking a proactive and leadership role in establishing an ethical climate are proposed. In conclusion, while the ASA has made significant progress in this area, it recognizes that a lot of work remains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M Iutcovich
- Keystone University Research Corporation, 3823 West 12th Street, Erie, Pennsylvania 16505-3301, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Ethics codes of a number of scientific societies across different disciplines promulgate ethical standards for responsible conduct in research and other professional activities. The content of these codes of ethics are compared on key dimensions of research, service or practice, and teaching in terms of the range and specificity of the activities these codes cover, and in the degree to which they are educational, aspirational or regulatory in purpose. The role of professional associations in educating, regulating, monitoring, and sanctioning their membership is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merry Bullock
- American Psychological Association, 750 First St. N.E., Washington, D.C. 20002-4242, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fisher CB. Developing a code of ethics for academics. Commentary on 'Ethics for all: differences across scientific society codes' (Bullock and Panicker). Sci Eng Ethics 2003; 9:171-179. [PMID: 12774649 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-003-0004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the possibilities and pitfalls of constructing a code of ethics for university professors. Professional, educational, legal, and policy questions regarding the goals, format, and content of an academic ethics code are raised and a series of aspirational principles and enforceable standards that might be included in such a document are presented for discussion and debate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia B Fisher
- Center for Ethics Education, Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Beyond impressionistic observations, little is known about the role and influence of scientific societies on research conduct. Acknowledging that the influence of scientific societies is not easily disentangled from other factors that shape norms and practices, this article addresses how best to study the promotion of research integrity generally as well as the role and impact of scientific societies as part of that process. In setting forth the parameters of a research agenda, the article addresses four issues: (1) how to conceptualize research on scientific societies and research integrity; (2) challenges and complexities in undertaking basic research; (3) strategies for undertaking basic research that is attentive to individual, situational, organizational, and environmental levels of analysis; and (4) the need for evaluation research as integral to programmatic change and to assessment of the impact of activities by scientific societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felice J Levine
- American Educational Research Association, 1230 Seventeenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036-3078, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The American Society for Microbiology addresses issues of research integrity in several ways. There is a Code of Ethics for Society members and an Ethics Committee, a Publications Board has editorial oversight of ethical issues involved in Society journals and other publications, and the Public and Scientific Affairs Board is involved in ethical issues and scientific policies at the national level. In addition, the Society uses meetings and publications to inform and educate members about research integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius S Youngner
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, BST E-1254, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
To enlarge the discussion of scientific responsibility for research integrity, this paper offers two historico-philosophical observations. First, in the broad history of ideas, modern ethics replaces social role responsibility with appeals to abstract principles; by contrast, discussions within the scientific community of responsibility for research integrity constitute a rediscovery of the continuing vitality of role responsibility. This is a rediscovery from which philosophy itself may benefit. Second, within the context of scientists' concerns, the idea of role responsibility has undergone significant evolution from "collective responsibility" to the notion of responsibility resting with a "trans-scientific community." Further challenges nevertheless remain in order to relate scientific role responsibility for scientific integrity to the relationship between science and society. To promote a notion of integrity not just in science but in the science-society relationship, it may be useful to think in terms of a "co-responsibility" for scientific integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Mitcham
- Liberal Arts & International Studies, Stratton Hall 301, 1005 14th Street, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Scientific societies can have a powerful influence on the professional lives of scientists. Using this influence, they have a responsibility to make long-term commitments and investments in promoting integrity in publication, just as in other areas of research ethics. Concepts that can inform the thinking and activities of scientific societies with regard to publication ethics are: the "hidden curriculum" (the message of actions rather than formal statements), a fresh look at the components of acting with integrity, deviancy as a normally occurring phenomenon in human society, and the scientific community as an actual community. A society's first step is to decide what values it will promote, within the framework of present-day standards of good conduct of science and given the society's history and traditions. The society then must create educational programs that serve members across their careers. Scientific societies must take seriously the implications of the problem; set policies and standards for publication ethics for their members; educate about and enforce the standards; bring the issues before the members early and often; and maintain continuing dialogue with editors.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to encourage and help inform active discussion of authorship policies among members of scientific societies. The article explains the history and rationale of the influential criteria for authorship developed by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, examines questions about those criteria that emerge from authorship policies adopted by several U.S. medical schools, and summarizes the arguments for replacing authorship with the contributor-guarantor model. Finally, it concludes with a plea for scientific societies to play a prominent role in the ongoing debates about authorship and the alternatives as part of their efforts to encourage ethical conduct among their members. Whether or not scientific societies develop authorship policies of their own, they should undertake vigorous educational efforts to keep their new members adequately informed about the importance of authorship practices in ethical scientific research and publication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hudson Jones
- Institute for the Medical Humanities, 2.210 Ashbel Smith Bldg., University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1311, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zigmond MJ. Implementing ethics in the professions: preparing guidelines on scientific communication for the Society for Neuroscience. Commentary on 'Implementing ethics in the professions: examples from environmental epidemiology' (Soskolne and Sieswerda). Sci Eng Ethics 2003; 9:191-200. [PMID: 12774651 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-003-0006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In 1994, the governing council of the Society for Neuroscience was asked to make a brief statement on an issue regarding responsible conduct in publishing. The present article reviews how that initial request grew over the next four years into a lengthy document. Drawing on that experience, which was presided over by the author, comments are made about the potential impact of such guidelines, the lessons learned, and the proper role of professional societies in promoting responsible conduct in research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Zigmond
- Department of Neurology, S-526 Biomedical Science Tower, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Scientific societies can play an important role in promoting ethical research practices among their members, and over the past two decades several studies have addressed how societies perform this role. This survey continues this research by examining current efforts by scientific societies to promote research integrity among their members. The data indicate that although many of the societies are working to promote research integrity through ethics codes and activities, they lack rigorous assessment methods to determine the effectiveness of their efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Iverson
- American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Epidemiology is a core science of public health, focusing on research related to the distribution and determinants of both positive and adverse health states and events and on application of knowledge gained to improve public health. The American College of Epidemiology (ACE) is a professional organization devoted to the professional practice of epidemiology. As part of that commitment, and in response to concerns for more explicit attention to core values and duties of epidemiologists in light of emerging issues and increased scrutiny of epidemiology, the College developed, adopted, and published a set of Ethics Guidelines. The structure of the ACE ethics guidelines is in four parts: (1) a brief statement of core values and duties of epidemiologists, coupled with the virtues important to professional practice; (2) concise statements of key duties and obligations; (3) exposition of the duties and obligations with more applications; and (4) a brief summary and conclusion. The Guidelines have been published on the ACE website and in the official College journal Annals of Epidemiology. The guidelines contain (and maintain) core elements that define the discipline of epidemiology and its fundamental duties, but they are also intended to be dynamic and evolving, responsive to a changing professional and social environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E McKeown
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The need to integrate ethics into professional life, from the grassroots up, has been recognized, and a comprehensive ethics program has been proposed as a model. The model includes the four dimensions of: consensus building, ethics guidelines development and review, education, and implementation. The activities of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE) are presented as examples and compared with the proposed model. Several innovative activities are described and incentives for ethical professional conduct are highlighted. The examples are provided for emulation by other professional organizations in the hope that, thereby, greater protection of the public interest will be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin L Soskolne
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 13-103 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Anderson MS, Shultz JB. The role of scientific associations in promoting research integrity and deterring research misconduct. Commentary on 'Challenges in studying the effects of scientific societies on research integrity' (Levine and Iutcovitch). Sci Eng Ethics 2003; 9:269-272. [PMID: 12774658 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-003-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The nature of scientific societies' relationships with their members limits their ability to promote research integrity. They must therefore leverage their strengths as professional organizations to integrate ethical considerations into their ongoing support of their academic disciplines. This paper suggests five strategies for doing so.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Anderson
- Department of Educational Policy and Administration, University of Minnesota, 330 Wulling Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dietz WH. Needed for NAASO: A code of ethics. Obes Res 1994; 2:164-5. [PMID: 16353617 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1994.tb00643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
|