1
|
Cyranoski D, Sipp D, Mallik S, Rasko JEJ. Too little, too soon: Japan's experiment in regenerative medicine deregulation. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:913-916. [PMID: 37419104 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, Japan established a conditional approval pathway for cell and gene therapies. Our analysis of the four products approved via this pathway identifies evidence suggesting shortcomings in safety and efficacy data submitted by the sponsors and raises concerns about whether this pathway is delivering on its promise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Cyranoski
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto 606-8303, Japan.
| | - Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shreyashee Mallik
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Department of Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, SLHD, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lovell-Badge R, Anthony E, Barker RA, Bubela T, Brivanlou AH, Carpenter M, Charo RA, Clark A, Clayton E, Cong Y, Daley GQ, Fu J, Fujita M, Greenfield A, Goldman SA, Hill L, Hyun I, Isasi R, Kahn J, Kato K, Kim JS, Kimmelman J, Knoblich JA, Mathews D, Montserrat N, Mosher J, Munsie M, Nakauchi H, Naldini L, Naughton G, Niakan K, Ogbogu U, Pedersen R, Rivron N, Rooke H, Rossant J, Round J, Saitou M, Sipp D, Steffann J, Sugarman J, Surani A, Takahashi J, Tang F, Turner L, Zettler PJ, Zhai X. ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation: The 2021 update. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1398-1408. [PMID: 34048692 PMCID: PMC8190668 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Society for Stem Cell Research has updated its Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation in order to address advances in stem cell science and other relevant fields, together with the associated ethical, social, and policy issues that have arisen since the last update in 2016. While growing to encompass the evolving science, clinical applications of stem cells, and the increasingly complex implications of stem cell research for society, the basic principles underlying the Guidelines remain unchanged, and they will continue to serve as the standard for the field and as a resource for scientists, regulators, funders, physicians, and members of the public, including patients. A summary of the key updates and issues is presented here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Anthony
- International Society for Stem Cell Research, Skokie, IL, USA
| | - Roger A Barker
- Cambridge Center for Brain Repair and WT-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - R Alta Charo
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amander Clark
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steve A Goldman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Insoo Hyun
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Kahn
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Debra Mathews
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jack Mosher
- International Society for Stem Cell Research, Skokie, IL, USA
| | - Megan Munsie
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Kathy Niakan
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Nicolas Rivron
- IMBA-Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Jeff Round
- Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Wako, Japan; Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Azim Surani
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics, Kobe, Japan.,Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio University Global Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,RIKEN Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sugarman J, Barker RA, Kerridge I, Lysaght T, Pellegrini G, Sipp D, Tanner C. Tackling Ethical Challenges of Premature Delivery of Stem Cell-Based Therapies: ISSCR 2018 Annual Meeting Focus Session Report. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 11:1021-1025. [PMID: 30428384 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical uses of unproven stem cell-based interventions abound, yet many patients may be harmed by receiving them, raising complex ethical, economic, and societal concerns. Regulators, scientists, clinicians, professional societies, and patient advocacy groups need to collaboratively articulate expectations related to the proper development and delivery of stem cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Bioethics Institute and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Kerridge
- Sydney Health Ethics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tamra Lysaght
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore
| | - Graziella Pellegrini
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena MO, Italy
| | - Douglas Sipp
- Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research and Keio University School of Medicine/Global Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Claire Tanner
- The Centre for Stem Cell Systems (ELSI program), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The Japanese government initiated sweeping reforms targeting regenerative medicine in 2014, accompanied by substantial investment into stem cell research and development. We survey the impact of these developments and discuss how the government is working to accelerate regenerative medicine while ensuring safety and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Keio University Global Research Institute, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Nihonbashi 1-chome Mitsui Building, 15th floor, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Keio University Global Research Institute, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- Douglas Sipp is a researcher at RIKEN and project professor at Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Megan Munsie
- Megan Munsie is an associate professor in the School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Jeremy Sugarman is a professor in the Berman Institute of Bioethics and the School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Horner C, Tenenbaum E, Sipp D, Master Z. The use of civil litigation to rein businesses marketing unproven stem cell interventions. Cytotherapy 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.02.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
8
|
Sipp D, Caulfield T, Kaye J, Barfoot J, Blackburn C, Chan S, De Luca M, Kent A, McCabe C, Munsie M, Sleeboom-Faulkner M, Sugarman J, van Zimmeren E, Zarzeczny A, Rasko JEJ. Marketing of unproven stem cell-based interventions: A call to action. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/397/eaag0426. [PMID: 28679655 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Commercial promotion of unsupported therapeutic uses of stem cells is a global problem that has proven resistant to regulatory efforts. Here, we suggest a coordinated approach at the national and international levels focused on engagement, harmonization, and enforcement to reduce the risks associated with direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven stem cell treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- Riken Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Kobe 650-0047, Japan. .,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Global Initiatives, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Riken Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Timothy Caulfield
- Faculty of Law and School of Public Health, 461 Law Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H5, Canada.,Faculty of Law and School of Public Health, 461 Law Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Jane Kaye
- Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jan Barfoot
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Clare Blackburn
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sarah Chan
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Nine Bioquarter, 9 Little France Road, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Michele De Luca
- Center for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari," Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Gottardi 100, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alastair Kent
- Genetic Alliance UK, Level 3 Barclay House, 37 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BH, UK
| | - Christopher McCabe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Megan Munsie
- Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Level 2, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia.,Education, Ethics, Law and Community Awareness Unit, Stem Cells Australia, University of Melbourne, Level 2, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Esther van Zimmeren
- University of Antwerp, Faculty of Law, Research Group Government and Law, Venusstraat 23, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amy Zarzeczny
- Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Regina, 110-2 Research Drive, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 7H1, Canada
| | - John E J Rasko
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Level 2, Building 89, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Horner C, Tenenbaum E, Sipp D, Master Z. Can civil lawsuits stem the tide of direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven stem cell interventions. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 3:5. [PMID: 29479481 PMCID: PMC5818472 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-018-0043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sale of unproven stem cell interventions (SCIs) by commercial entities has proliferated in highly developed countries, most notably in the USA. Yet, there have been few criminal prosecutions and regulatory enforcement actions against providers who have violated laws and best practice standards due to the lack of resources and legal ambiguity. While the stem cell research community has invested much in protecting patients and preventing the growth of this industry, some patients are seeking remedies under civil law to hold stem cell clinics responsible for fraudulent practices. Several patients have filed lawsuits against providers demanding compensation for physical injuries caused by unproven treatments and financial losses due to fraud and false advertising. Lawsuits can be used as a tool not only to compensate plaintiffs but also to achieve positive public health and policy outcomes. In this paper, we explore the value of a public health litigation strategy as a countermeasure against the exploitative practices of the unproven SCI industry by analyzing stem cell lawsuits and comparing them with other major public health litigation efforts. We argue that stem cell lawsuits complement other approaches to reining in unsafe practices. In particular, stem cell lawsuits could intensify publicity and raise awareness of the harms of unproven treatments, set legal precedent, reshape the media narrative from one focused on the right to try or practice to one highlighting the need for adequate safety and efficacy standards, and encourage authorities to turn their attention to policy reform and enforcement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Horner
- 1Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 310D, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Evelyn Tenenbaum
- 2Albany Law School, 80 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208-3494 USA.,3Alden March Bioethics Institute, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC 153, Albany, NY 12208-3478 USA
| | - Douglas Sipp
- 4RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima, Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.,5Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan.,Keio University Global Research Institute, 2-15-45, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345 Japan.,RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Nihonbashi 1-chome Mitsui Building, 15th floor, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027 Japan
| | - Zubin Master
- 8Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, NY 55905 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- From the University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison (R.A.C.); and the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, and Keio University School of Medicine, Keio Global Research Institute, and the RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo - all in Japan (D.S.)
| | - Douglas Sipp
- From the University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison (R.A.C.); and the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, and Keio University School of Medicine, Keio Global Research Institute, and the RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo - all in Japan (D.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Illes J, Sipp D, Kleiderman E, Benjaminy S, Isasi R, Lomax G, Master Z, McCormick J, Ogbogu U, Ravitsky V, Robillard JM, Rossi F, Wilson B, Zarzeczny A. A blueprint for the next generation of ELSI research, training, and outreach in regenerative medicine. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 2:21. [PMID: 29302357 PMCID: PMC5677945 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-017-0026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine has attracted the interest of scientists, physicians, and patient communities, and as well as policy-makers and the broader public given related ethical, legal, and social implications. Here we examine past initiatives in the ethical, legal and social implications arena in regenerative medicine, and offer our views on actionable priorities for the future in six key areas: capacity building, policy, engagement with industry, resaerch ethics, communication, and community building.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judy Illes
- National Core for Neuroethics, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan.,Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio Global Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Kleiderman
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Shelly Benjaminy
- National Core for Neuroethics and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Rosario Isasi
- John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL USA
| | - Geoff Lomax
- California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Oakland, CA USA
| | - Zubin Master
- Alden March Bioethics Institute, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY USA
| | - Jennifer McCormick
- Department of Humanities, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Ubaka Ogbogu
- Faculties of Law and Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Vardit Ravitsky
- Bioethics Program, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Julie M Robillard
- National Core for Neuroethics, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Fabio Rossi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Brenda Wilson
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Amy Zarzeczny
- Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Regina, Regina, SK Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The direct-to-consumer marketing of stem cells for unproven therapeutic uses has grown rapidly in the United States in recent years. This development is surprising since the marketing and distribution of human cell-based medical products is stringently regulated in the US. This essay describes ambiguities, gaps, and inconsistencies in the current regulatory system that have enabled such businesses to thrive. In addition to directly challenging the authority of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) over autologous cell-based products in the courts, stem cell marketing firms have also identified and exploited regulatory loopholes, such as the same surgical procedure exception, which exempts from FDA oversight human cell-based products that are harvested and reimplanted in a single procedure. Many businesses also advertise stem cell clinical studies on a pay-to-participate basis, which requires patients to pay large sums to enroll in clinical research. This business model not only shifts many of the cost and risks of medical experimentation from providers to patients but may also indemnify sellers from fraud litigation. Lastly, stem cell advertisers borrow heavily from the language and concepts of science-based medicine in their marketing. The inaccurate promotion of autologous stem cell injections as a form of "personalized" medicine lends a veneer of credibility and precision that may encourage patients to undergo procedures of uncertain effectiveness and to sympathize with stem cell businesses in their efforts to evade oversight.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Clinical application of autologous cells by businesses promoting unproven stem cell treatments represents the largest growth sector in this problematic industry, but also presents special challenges to regulators. Patients frequently identify autologous cells as personal property, using the language of 'ownership'. Through an analysis of comments submitted to the US FDA in 2016 in response to recent draft guidance documents, I show that a sense of ownership and identity in autologous cells is consistently expressed by stakeholders. In the USA and other countries, regulation of cell and tissue biologics as 'drugs' relies substantially on whether a given product has been modified in ways that alter its biological properties, which has direct implications for property and ownership rights. Competing views on property rights in 'natural' and modified autologous cells have profound implications for the future of regulation of marketed autologous cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 651-1212, Japan.,Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Keio Global Research Initiative, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan, and visiting professor at Keio University School of Medicine and Global Research Institute, Tokyo
| | | | - John E J Rasko
- Department of Cell and Molecular Therapies at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Master Z, Fu W, Paciulli D, Sipp D. Industry Responsibilities in Tackling Direct-to-Consumer Marketing of Unproven Stem Cell Treatments. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 102:177-179. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Master
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - W Fu
- Albany Medical College, Albany; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - D Paciulli
- Center for Medical Humanities, Compassionate Care, & Bioethics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook; New York USA
| | - D Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology; Tokyo Japan
- Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
- Keio University Global Research Institute; Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lysaght T, Kerridge IH, Sipp D, Porter G, Capps BJ. Ethical and Regulatory Challenges with Autologous Adult Stem Cells: A Comparative Review of International Regulations. J Bioeth Inq 2017; 14:261-273. [PMID: 28247202 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-017-9776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell and tissue-based products, such as autologous adult stem cells, are being prescribed by physicians across the world for diseases and illnesses that they have neither been approved for or been demonstrated as safe and effective in formal clinical trials. These doctors often form part of informal transnational networks that exploit differences and similarities in the regulatory systems across geographical contexts. In this paper, we examine the regulatory infrastructure of five geographically diverse but socio-economically comparable countries with the aim of identifying similarities and differences in how these products are regulated and governed within clinical contexts. We find that while there are many subtle technical differences in how these regulations are implemented, they are sufficiently similar that it is difficult to explain why these practices appear more prevalent in some countries and not in others. We conclude with suggestions for how international governance frameworks might be improved to discourage the exploitation of vulnerable patient populations while enabling innovation in the clinical application of cellular therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamra Lysaght
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore, Level 2 Block MD11, Clinical Research Centre, 10 Medical Drive, 117576, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ian H Kerridge
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Medical Foundations Building K25, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Centre for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-004, Japan
| | - Gerard Porter
- School of Law, Edinburgh University, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, Scotland
| | - Benjamin J Capps
- Department of Bioethics, Dalhousie University, 5849 University Avenue, Room C-315, CRC Bldg, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Berger I, Ahmad A, Bansal A, Kapoor T, Sipp D, Rasko J. Global Distribution of Businesses Marketing Stem Cell-Based Interventions. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:158-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
19
|
Daley GQ, Hyun I, Apperley JF, Barker RA, Benvenisty N, Bredenoord AL, Breuer CK, Caulfield T, Cedars MI, Frey-Vasconcells J, Heslop HE, Jin Y, Lee RT, McCabe C, Munsie M, Murry CE, Piantadosi S, Rao M, Rooke HM, Sipp D, Studer L, Sugarman J, Takahashi M, Zimmerman M, Kimmelman J. Setting Global Standards for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation: The 2016 ISSCR Guidelines. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:787-797. [PMID: 27185282 PMCID: PMC4912385 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) presents its 2016 Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation (ISSCR, 2016). The 2016 guidelines reflect the revision and extension of two past sets of guidelines (ISSCR, 2006; ISSCR, 2008) to address new and emerging areas of stem cell discovery and application and evolving ethical, social, and policy challenges. These guidelines provide an integrated set of principles and best practices to drive progress in basic, translational, and clinical research. The guidelines demand rigor, oversight, and transparency in all aspects of practice, providing confidence to practitioners and public alike that stem cell science can proceed efficiently and remain responsive to public and patient interests. Here, we highlight key elements and recommendations in the guidelines and summarize the recommendations and deliberations behind them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Q Daley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Insoo Hyun
- Department of Bioethics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jane F Apperley
- Centre for Hematology, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- Department of Genetics, The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher K Breuer
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Timothy Caulfield
- Health Law Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Marcelle I Cedars
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Helen E Heslop
- Center for Cell & Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying Jin
- Institute of Health Science, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Richard T Lee
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Christopher McCabe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Megan Munsie
- Education, Ethics, Law & Community Awareness Unit, Stem Cells Australia, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Charles E Murry
- Departments of Pathology, Bioengineering and Medicine/Cardiology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Steven Piantadosi
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mahendra Rao
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10023, USA; Q Therapeutics, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Heather M Rooke
- International Society for Stem Cell Research, Skokie, IL 60077, USA
| | - Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan; Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Lorenz Studer
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Jonathan Kimmelman
- Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1X1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sipp D. Cell Churches and Stem Cell Marketing in South Korea and the United States. Dev World Bioeth 2016; 17:167-172. [PMID: 27214044 DOI: 10.1111/dewb.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The commercial provision of putative stem cell-based medical interventions in the absence of conclusive evidence of safety and efficacy has formed the basis of an unregulated industry for more than a decade. Many clinics offering such supposed stem cell treatments include statements about the 'ethical' nature of somatic (often colloquially referred to as 'adult' stem cells) stem cells, in specific contrast to human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), which have been the subject of intensive political, legal, and religious controversy since their first derivation in 1998. Christian groups-both Roman Catholic and evangelical Protestant-in many countries have explicitly promoted the medical potential and current-day successes in the clinical application of somatic stem cells, lending indirect support to the activities of businesses marketing stem cells ahead of evidence. In this article, I make a preliminary examination of how the structures and belief systems of certain churches in South Korea and the United States, both of which are home to significant stem cell marketing industries, has complemented other factors, including national biomedical funding initiatives, international economic rivalries, permissive legal structures, which have lent impetus to a problematic and often exploitative sector of biomedical commerce.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kimmelman J, Heslop HE, Sugarman J, Studer L, Benvenisty N, Caulfield T, Hyun I, Murry CE, Sipp D, Daley GQ. New ISSCR guidelines: clinical translation of stem cell research. Lancet 2016; 387:1979-81. [PMID: 27179752 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
|
23
|
Abstract
A new system for conditional approval of regenerative medicine products will allow products of undetermined efficacy to enter the Japanese market. The potential scientific, economic, and ethical implications of this program highlight the need for further discussion and refinement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima, Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Andrews PW, Baker D, Benvinisty N, Miranda B, Bruce K, Brüstle O, Choi M, Choi YM, Crook JM, de Sousa PA, Dvorak P, Freund C, Firpo M, Furue MK, Gokhale P, Ha HY, Han E, Haupt S, Healy L, Hei DJ, Hovatta O, Hunt C, Hwang SM, Inamdar MS, Isasi RM, Jaconi M, Jekerle V, Kamthorn P, Kibbey MC, Knezevic I, Knowles BB, Koo SK, Laabi Y, Leopoldo L, Liu P, Lomax GP, Loring JF, Ludwig TE, Montgomery K, Mummery C, Nagy A, Nakamura Y, Nakatsuji N, Oh S, Oh SK, Otonkoski T, Pera M, Peschanski M, Pranke P, Rajala KM, Rao M, Ruttachuk R, Reubinoff B, Ricco L, Rooke H, Sipp D, Stacey GN, Suemori H, Takahashi TA, Takada K, Talib S, Tannenbaum S, Yuan BZ, Zeng F, Zhou Q. Points to consider in the development of seed stocks of pluripotent stem cells for clinical applications: International Stem Cell Banking Initiative (ISCBI). Regen Med 2015; 10:1-44. [PMID: 25675265 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P W Andrews
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The neural crest is a transient population of migratory cells in the embryo that gives rise to a wide variety of different cell types, including those of the peripheral nervous system. Dysfunction of neural crest cells (NCCs) is associated with multiple diseases, such as neuroblastoma and Hirschsprung disease. Recent studies have identified NCC behaviors during their migration and differentiation, with implications for their contributions to development and disease. Here, we describe how interactions between cells of the neural crest and lineages such as the vascular system, as well as those involving environmental signals and microbial pathogens, are critically important in determining the roles played by these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Takahashi
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
There is a large, poorly regulated international market of putative stem cell products, including transplants of processed autologous stem cells from various tissues, cell processing devices, cosmetics, and nutritional supplements. Despite the absence of rigorous scientific research in the form of randomized clinical trials to support the routine use of such products, the market appears to be growing and diversifying. Very few stem cell biologics have passed regulatory scrutiny, and authorities in many countries, including the United States, have begun to step up their enforcement activities to protect patients and the integrity of health care markets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kato K, Kimmelman J, Robert J, Sipp D, Sugarman J. Ethical and policy issues in the clinical translation of stem cells: report of a focus session at the ISSCR Tenth Annual Meeting. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:765-7. [PMID: 23217422 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alongside the scientific barriers to the clinical translation of stem cell research are ethical and regulatory hurdles. Some of these challenges described by the Ethics and Public Policy Committee at the ISSCR Tenth Annual Meeting are presented here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Kato
- Department of Biomedical Ethics and Public Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Abstract
Funding support for clinical research is traditionally obtained from any of several sources, including government agencies, industry, not-for-profit foundations, philanthropies and charitable and advocacy organizations. In recent history, there have also been a limited number of cases in which clinical research programs were established in which funding was provided directly by patients in turn for the ability to participate as nonrandomized subjects. This approach to clinical research funding, which I refer to here as the ‘pay-to-participate’ model, has been both criticized and rationalized on ethical grounds, with reference to its implications for issues, including equipoise, therapeutic misconception, justice, autonomy and risk–benefit balance. Discussion of the scientific implications of this funding scheme, however, has been more limited. I will briefly review the history of the pay-to-participate model in the context of experimental cell and tissue treatments to date and highlight the many ethical and, particularly, scientific challenges that unavoidably confound this approach to the funding and conduct of clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- Science Policy and Ethics Studies Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2–2–3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650–0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Isasi R, Knoppers BM, Andrews PW, Bredenoord A, Colman A, Hin LE, Hull S, Kim OJ, Lomax G, Morris C, Sipp D, Stacey G, Wahlstrom J, Zeng F. Disclosure and management of research findings in stem cell research and banking: policy statement. Regen Med 2012; 7:439-48. [PMID: 22594334 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prompted by an increased interest of both research participants and the patient advocacy community in obtaining information about research outcomes and on the use of their biological samples; the international community has begun to debate the emergence of an ethical 'duty' to return research results to participants. Furthermore, the use of new technologies (e.g., whole-genome and -exome sequencing) has revealed both genetic data and incidental findings with possible clinical significance. These technologies together with the proliferation of biorepositories, provide a compelling rationale for governments and scientific institutions to adopt prospective policies. Given the scarcity of policies in the context of stem cell research, a discussion on the scientific, ethical and legal implications of disclosing research results for research participants is needed. We present the International Stem Forum Ethics Working Party's Policy Statement and trust that it will stimulate debate and meet the concerns of researchers and research participants alike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Isasi
- Center of Genomics & Policy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Barbagallo A, Sipp D, Schmid PJ. Reduced order models for closed loop control: comparison between POD, BPOD, and global modes. Progress in Flight Physics 2012. [DOI: 10.1051/eucass/201203503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
34
|
Knoppers BM, Isasi R, Benvenisty N, Kim OJ, Lomax G, Morris C, Murray TH, Lee EH, Perry M, Richardson G, Sipp D, Tanner K, Wahlström J, de Wert G, Zeng F. Publishing SNP genotypes of human embryonic stem cell lines: policy statement of the International Stem Cell Forum Ethics Working Party. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:482-4. [PMID: 21279481 PMCID: PMC3137773 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel methods and associated tools permitting individual identification in publicly accessible SNP databases have become a debatable issue. There is growing concern that current technical and ethical safeguards to protect the identities of donors could be insufficient. In the context of human embryonic stem cell research, there are no studies focusing on the probability that an hESC line donor could be identified by analyzing published SNP profiles and associated genotypic and phenotypic information. We present the International Stem Cell Forum (ISCF) Ethics Working Party’s Policy Statement on “Publishing SNP Genotypes of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines (hESC)”. The Statement prospectively addresses issues surrounding the publication of genotypic data and associated annotations of hESC lines in open access databases. It proposes a balanced approach between the goals of open science and data sharing with the respect for fundamental bioethical principles (autonomy, privacy, beneficence, justice and research merit and integrity).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartha M. Knoppers
- International Stem Cell Forum Ethics Working Party. Centre of Genomics and Policy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Rm 5214, Montreal, QC H3A 1A4 Canada
| | - Rosario Isasi
- International Stem Cell Forum Ethics Working Party. Centre of Genomics and Policy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Rm 5206, Montreal, QC H3A 1A4 Canada
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- The Herbert Cohn Chair in Cancer Research, Stem Cell Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, 91904 Israel
| | - Ock-Joo Kim
- Department of Medical History and Medical Humanities, College of Medicine Seoul National University, Jongno-gu Yongun-dong 28, Seoul, 110-799 Korea
| | - Geoffrey Lomax
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 210 King Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - Clive Morris
- National Health & Medical Research Council, GPO Box 1421, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Thomas H. Murray
- The Hastings Center, 21 Malcolm Gordon Road, Garrison, NY 10524 USA
| | - Eng Hin Lee
- Division of Graduate Medical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD5, 12 Medical Drive, Kent Ridge, S(117598) Singapore
| | - Margery Perry
- JDRF, Lay Review Committee, P.O. Box 3382, Aspen, CO 81612 USA
| | | | - Douglas Sipp
- Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Science Policy and Ethics Studies Unit, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Klaus Tanner
- Wissenschaftlich-Theologisches Seminar, Heidelberg University, Kisselgasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Wahlström
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Gothenburg, Klinisk genetic SU/Sahlgrenska, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Guido de Wert
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fanyi Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 S. ChongQing Road. Bldg 5, Room 707, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Research into the biological properties and clinical potential of stem cells has spurred strong public investment, industry development, media coverage, and patient interest in recent years. To date, however, few clinical applications of demonstrated safety and efficacy have been developed with the exception of uses of hematopoietic stem cells in the treatment of diseases of the blood and immune systems. This lack of an evidence basis notwithstanding, hundreds of companies and private clinics around the world now sell putative stem cell treatments for an enormously broad range of medical and quality-of-life conditions. This represents a major challenge for legitimate scientists working in the field, for authorities seeking to protect their constituencies, and for patients and consumers targeted by such companies' marketing strategies. In this review, I provide an overview of the global industry in pseudomedical stem cell treatments, with an investigation of claims in a single disease area (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), and make recommendations for the introduction and enforcement of appropriate regulatory responses to this problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- Research Unit for Science Policy and Ethics Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
This paper deals with model reduction of high-order linear systems. An alternative method to approximate proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and balanced truncation is exposed in this paper within the framework of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The method of snapshots used to obtain low-rank approximations of the system controllability and observability Gramians is carried out in the frequency domain. Model reduction is thus performed using flow states that are long-time harmonic responses of the flow to given forcings, we call them frequential snapshots. In contrast with the recent works using time-stepping approach, restricted to stable systems, this one can always be computed for systems without marginal modes while it reduces to the same procedure for stable systems. We show that this method is efficient to perform POD and balanced proper orthogonal decomposition reduced-order models in both globally stable and unstable flows through two numerical examples: the flow over a backward-facing step and the flow over a square cavity. The first one is a globally stable flow exhibiting strong transient growths as a typical noise amplifier system while the second is a globally unstable flow representative of an oscillator system. In both cases, it is shown that the frequency-based snapshot method yields reduced-order models that efficiently capture the input-output behavior of the system. In particular, regarding the unstable cavity flow, our resulting unstable reduced-order models possess the same unstable global modes and stable transfer functions as those of the full system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Dergham
- 1DynFluid Laboratory, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, 151 Bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- 2ONERA, Fundamental and Experimental Aerodynamics Department, 8 rue des vertugadins, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - D. Sipp
- 2ONERA, Fundamental and Experimental Aerodynamics Department, 8 rue des vertugadins, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - J.-C. Robinet
- 1DynFluid Laboratory, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, 151 Bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - A. Barbagallo
- 2ONERA, Fundamental and Experimental Aerodynamics Department, 8 rue des vertugadins, 92190 Meudon, France
- 3LadHyX Laboratory, École Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The field of stem cell research has grown to include a vibrant international community of scientists and clinicians who come from both academia and industry and who strive to shed light on the biology of these remarkable cells and find applications in drug discovery, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sipp D, Suda T. New IJH guidelines highlight greater transparency. Int J Hematol 2011; 93:411-412. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
39
|
Abstract
Stem cell research has attracted an extraordinary amount of attention and expectation due to its potential for applications in the treatment of numerous medical conditions. These exciting clinical prospects have generated widespread support from both the public and private sectors, and numerous preclinical studies and rigorous clinical trials have already been initiated. Recent years, however, have also seen alarming growth in the number and variety of claims of clinical uses of notional 'stem cells' that have not been adequately tested for safety and/or efficacy. In this article, I will survey the contours of the stem cell industry as practiced by alternative medicine providers, and highlight points of commonality in their strategies for marketing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sugarman J, Sipp D. Ethical Aspects of Stem Cell-Based Clinical Translation: Research, Innovation,and Delivering Unproven Interventions. Translational Stem Cell Research 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-959-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
41
|
Abstract
Although it is a leader in many fields of stem cell research, Japan's policies on many areas of stem cell research have not been widely reported or analyzed in the international literature. In this report, we provide an overview of Japan's centralized approach to regulation and analyze its policy implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawakami
- Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells has been heralded as a major breakthrough in the study of pluripotent stem cells, for these cells have yielded fundamental insights into the reprogrammability of somatic cell fates, but also because of their seemingly great promise in applications, including potential uses in cell therapy. Several recent reports in the scientific literature and mass media, however, have challenged this concept for reasons of biological function and business feasibility, presenting an important opportunity to re-examine the prospects for human induced pluripotent stem cells in medicine. In this commentary, I will outline a number of hurdles that will need to be cleared if these cells are to fulfil their clinical promise, and suggest avenues that might facilitate these important endeavours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- Science Policy and Ethics Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan 650-0047.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Barbagallo A, Sipp D, Schmid PJ. Closed-loop control of cavity flow using a reduced-order model based on balanced truncation. Seventh IUTAM Symposium on Laminar-Turbulent Transition 2010:457-460. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3723-7_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
45
|
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells have been characterized as a rare and precious resource because of the scarcity of the materials used in their creation and the many restrictions that have been placed on their derivation and use. With the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells, however, pluripotency stands to become a plentiful and unencumbered commodity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima, Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
For the past decade, forays into stem cell research and regenerative medicine by institutes and companies based in the Asia–Pacific region have attracted global attention at levels unprecedented in the life sciences. The unique combination of economic pressures, competitiveness and opportunism, laissez-faire regulation, burgeoning investment in the life sciences and rapidly growing markets, coupled with its great diversity, have propelled the region to surge forward in some areas, but to stumble in others. This article provides a historical and scientific context to the state of stem cell research and clinical applications in the region, and highlights trends and new possibilities to watch for on the Asian horizon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
|
50
|
|