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Adherence of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae to Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells is Inhibited by Antibodies Against Outer Membrane Proteins. Curr Microbiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The major surface Vsp proteins of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae form antigenic protein complexes. Vet Microbiol 2011; 149:157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wanchanthuek P, Bellgard MI, La T, Ryan K, Moolhuijzen P, Chapman B, Black M, Schibeci D, Hunter A, Barrero R, Phillips ND, Hampson DJ. The complete genome sequence of the pathogenic intestinal spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli and comparison with other Brachyspira genomes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11455. [PMID: 20625514 PMCID: PMC2897892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anaerobic spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli colonizes the large intestine of various species of birds and mammals, including humans. It causes "intestinal spirochetosis", a condition characterized by mild colitis, diarrhea and reduced growth. This study aimed to sequence and analyse the bacterial genome to investigate the genetic basis of its specialized ecology and virulence. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The genome of B. pilosicoli 95/1000 was sequenced, assembled and compared with that of the pathogenic Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and a near-complete sequence of Brachyspira murdochii. The B. pilosicoli genome was circular, composed of 2,586,443 bp with a 27.9 mol% G+C content, and encoded 2,338 genes. The three Brachyspira species shared 1,087 genes and showed evidence of extensive genome rearrangements. Despite minor differences in predicted protein functional groups, the species had many similar features including core metabolic pathways. Genes distinguishing B. pilosicoli from B. hyodysenteriae included those for a previously undescribed bacteriophage that may be useful for genetic manipulation, for a glycine reductase complex allowing use of glycine whilst protecting from oxidative stress, and for aconitase and related enzymes in the incomplete TCA cycle, allowing glutamate synthesis and function of the cycle during oxidative stress. B. pilosicoli had substantially fewer methyl-accepting chemotaxis genes than B. hyodysenteriae and hence these species are likely to have different chemotactic responses that may help to explain their different host range and colonization sites. B. pilosicoli lacked the gene for a new putative hemolysin identified in B. hyodysenteriae WA1. Both B. pilosicoli and B. murdochii lacked the rfbBADC gene cluster found on the B. hyodysenteriae plasmid, and hence were predicted to have different lipooligosaccharide structures. Overall, B. pilosicoli 95/1000 had a variety of genes potentially contributing to virulence. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The availability of the complete genome sequence of B. pilosicoli 95/1000 will facilitate functional genomics studies aimed at elucidating host-pathogen interactions and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatthanaphong Wanchanthuek
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Informatics, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Matthew I. Bellgard
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tom La
- Animal Research Institute, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karon Ryan
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paula Moolhuijzen
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brett Chapman
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Black
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Schibeci
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Adam Hunter
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Roberto Barrero
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nyree D. Phillips
- Animal Research Institute, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David J. Hampson
- Animal Research Institute, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Zuerner RL, Stanton TB, Minion FC, Li C, Charon NW, Trott DJ, Hampson DJ. Genetic variation in Brachyspira: chromosomal rearrangements and sequence drift distinguish B. pilosicoli from B. hyodysenteriae. Anaerobe 2007; 10:229-37. [PMID: 16701522 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2003] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Brachyspira pilosicoli and B. hyodysenteriae are anaerobic pathogenic intestinal spirochetes differing in host range and disease manifestations. Little is known about the size, organization, or genetic content of the B. pilosicoli genome and only limited information is available regarding the genetic organization in B. hyodysenteriae. Both B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli exist as recombinant populations, and this may be due, in part, to an unusual phage-like gene transfer agent, VSH-1. To compare genetic organization in these two species, the number of mapped loci on an existing physical and genetic map of B. hyodysenteriae B78(T) was expanded, and a combined physical and genetic map of B. pilosicoli P43/6/78(T) was constructed. The B. pilosicoli genome size was about 2.5 Mb, nearly 750 kb smaller than the B. hyodysenteriae genome. Several chromosomal rearrangements have contributed to differences in the size, organization, and content of the two bacterial genomes, and such differences may influence the ability of these species to infect different hosts and cause disease. To evaluate these differences further, comparisons were focused on genes thought to contribute to host-parasite interactions. Four genetic loci (bit, fruBC, vspA, and vspH) were found in B. hyodysenteriae, but not in B. pilosicoli, while two genetic loci (clpX and mglB) were found in B. pilosicoli, but not in B. hyodysenteriae. Contrary to a previous study, an intact copy of the hlyA gene, encoding the B. hyodysenteriae beta-hemolysin gene was detected in B. pilosicoli. Although the hlyA genes of these two species were nearly identical, sequence variation was detected in the intergenic region upstream of hlyA that may alter transcription and translation efficiency of this gene in B. pilosicoli. In addition, divergence in genes flanking hlyA may affect the chemical composition of lipid attached to the mature B. pilosicoli HlyA protein resulting in reduced hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Zuerner
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Witchell TD, Coutts SAJ, Bulach DM, Adler B. Differential expression of the Bhmp39 major outer membrane proteins of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Infect Immun 2006; 74:3271-6. [PMID: 16714554 PMCID: PMC1479239 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02000-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric, anaerobic spirochete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the causative agent of swine dysentery, a severe mucohemorrhagic diarrheal disease of pigs that has economic significance in every major pork-producing country. Recent investigation into potential vaccine candidates has focused on the outer membrane proteins of B. hyodysenteriae. Bhmp39 (formerly Vsp39) is the most abundant surface-exposed outer membrane protein of B. hyodysenteriae; its predicted gene sequence has previously been shown to share sequence similarity to eight genes divided evenly between two paralogous loci. The peptide sequence suggested that Bhmp39 is encoded by one of these genes, bhmp39h. The biological significance of maintaining eight homologous bhmp39 genes is unclear, though it has been proposed that this may play a role in antigenic variation. In this study, real-time, reverse transcription-PCR was used to demonstrate that bhmp39f and bhmp39h were the transcripts most abundantly expressed by B. hyodysenteriae strain B204 cultured under in vitro growth conditions. Mass spectrometry data of the purified 39-kDa membrane protein showed that both Bhmp39f and Bhmp39h were present. Northern blot analysis across predicted Rho-independent terminators demonstrated that the genes of the bhmp39efgh locus result in monocistronic transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Witchell
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Hampson DJ, La T, Adler B, Trott DJ. Proposed revisions to the nomenclature for Brachyspira membrane proteins and lipoproteins. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2006; 152:1-2. [PMID: 16385109 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Hampson
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Tom La
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
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Holden J, Moutafis G, Istivan T, Coloe PJ, Smooker PM. SmpB: A novel outer membrane protein present in some Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains. Vet Microbiol 2006; 113:109-16. [PMID: 16310325 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel outer membrane protein-encoding gene was identified in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. The predicted protein, SmpB, was encoded by a gene that contains regions of identity with that encoding the previously identified lipoprotein SmpA. However, the majority of the reading frame encoding SmpA and SmpB share no detectable similarity. Analysis of several strains revealed that B. hyodysenteriae harbours either smpA or the newly identified gene smpB, but not both. smpB encodes for a slightly larger protein than smpA, 17.6 and 16.8 kDa, respectively. The predicted proteins share an identical leader sequence and the first 10 amino acids of the mature protein, however, the remainder of the predicted protein sequence shows no similarity. It is hypothesised that smpA and smpB are present on the same area of the chromosome. The proteins are antigenically unique, as antisera raised against a strain of B. hyodysenteriae that expresses SmpA cannot detect SmpB and vice versa. Although the presence of an identical leader peptide suggests identical localisation of SmpA and SmpB, it is not known if the two predicted proteins share similar function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Holden
- School of Applied Sciences, PO Box 71, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
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Abstract
Pathogenic spirochetes are the causative agents of several important diseases including syphilis, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, swine dysentery, periodontal disease and some forms of relapsing fever. Spirochetal bacteria possess two membranes and the proteins present in the outer membrane are at the site of interaction with host tissue and the immune system. This review describes the current knowledge in the field of spirochetal outer membrane protein (OMP) biology. What is known concerning biogenesis and structure of OMPs, with particular regard to the atypical signal peptide cleavage sites observed amongst the spirochetes, is discussed. We examine the functions that have been determined for several spirochetal OMPs including those that have been demonstrated to function as adhesins, porins or to have roles in complement resistance. A detailed description of the role of spirochetal OMPs in immunity, including those that stimulate protective immunity or that are involved in antigenic variation, is given. A final section is included which covers experimental considerations in spirochetal outer membrane biology. This section covers contentious issues concerning cellular localization of putative OMPs, including determination of surface exposure. A more detailed knowledge of spirochetal OMP biology will hopefully lead to the design of new vaccines and a better understanding of spirochetal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Cullen
- Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3800, Australia
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia
| | - David A. Haake
- School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Ben Adler
- Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3800, Australia
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +61-3-9905-4815; fax: +61-3-9905-4811. E-mail address: (B. Adler)
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Trott DJ, Alt DP, Zuerner RL, Bulach DM, Wannemuehler MJ, Stasko J, Townsend KM, Stanton TB. Identification and cloning of the gene encoding BmpC: an outer-membrane lipoprotein associated with Brachyspira pilosicoli membrane vesicles. Microbiology (Reading) 2004; 150:1041-1053. [PMID: 15073313 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal spirochaeteBrachyspira pilosicolicauses colitis in a wide variety of host species. Little is known about the structure or protein constituents of theB. pilosicoliouter membrane (OM). To identify surface-exposed proteins in this species, membrane vesicles were isolated fromB. pilosicolistrain 95-1000 cells by osmotic lysis in dH2O followed by isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose density gradients. The membrane vesicles were separated into a high-density fraction (HDMV;ρ=1·18 g cm−3) and a low-density fraction (LDMV;ρ=1·12 g cm−3). Both fractions were free of flagella and soluble protein contamination. LDMV contained predominantly OM markers (lipo-oligosaccharide and a 29 kDaB. pilosicoliOM protein) and was used as a source of antigens to produce mAbs. FiveB. pilosicoli-specific mAbs reacting with proteins with molecular masses of 23, 24, 35, 61 and 79 kDa were characterized. The 23 kDa protein was only partially soluble in Triton X-114, whereas the 24 and 35 kDa proteins were enriched in the detergent phase, implying that they were integral membrane proteins or lipoproteins. All three proteins were localized to theB. pilosicoliOM by immunogold labelling using specific mAbs. The gene encoding the abundant, surface-exposed 23 kDa protein was identified by screening aB. pilosicoli95-1000 genome library with the mAb and was expressed inEscherichia coli. Sequence analysis showed that it encoded a unique lipoprotein, designated BmpC. Recombinant BmpC partitioned predominantly in the OM fraction ofE. colistrain SOLR. The mAb to BmpC was used to screen a collection of 13 genetically heterogeneous strains ofB. pilosicoliisolated from five different host species. Interestingly, only strain 95-1000 was reactive with the mAb, indicating that either the surface-exposed epitope on BmpC is variable between strains or that the protein is restricted in its distribution withinB. pilosicoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Trott
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Alt
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Richard L Zuerner
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dieter M Bulach
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Judi Stasko
- Microscopy Services, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kirsty M Townsend
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thaddeus B Stanton
- Pre-Harvest Food Safety Research, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
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