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Maharana J, Hwang SK, Singha DL, Panda D, Singh S, Okita TW, Modi MK. Exploring the structural assembly of rice ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase subunits using MD simulation. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108761. [PMID: 38552302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase plays a pivotal role as an allosteric enzyme, essential for starch biosynthesis in plants. The higher plant AGPase comparises of a pair of large and a pair of small subunits to form a heterotetrameric complex. Growing evidence indicates that each subunit plays a distinct role in regulating the underlying mechanism of starch biosynthesis. In the rice genome, there are four large subunit genes (OsL1-L4) and three small subunit genes (OsS1, OsS2a, and OsS2b). While the structural assembly of cytosolic rice AGPase subunits (OsL2:OsS2b) has been elucidated, there is currently no such documented research available for plastidial rice AGPases (OsL1:OsS1). In this study, we employed protein modeling and MD simulation approaches to gain insights into the structural association of plastidial rice AGPase subunits. Our results demonstrate that the heterotetrameric association of OsL1:OsS1 is very similar to that of cytosolic OsL2:OsS2b and potato AGPase heterotetramer (StLS:StSS). Moreover, the yeast-two-hybrid results on OsL1:OsS1, which resemble StLS:StSS, suggest a differential protein assembly for OsL2:OsS2b. Thus, the regulatory and catalytic mechanisms for plastidial AGPases (OsL1:OsS1) could be different in rice culm and developing endosperm compared to those of OsL2:OsS2b, which are predominantly found in rice endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Maharana
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India.
| | - Seon-Kap Hwang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Dhanawantari L Singha
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India; Department of Botany, Rabindranath Tagore University, Hojai, Assam, 782435, India
| | - Debashis Panda
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India
| | - Salvinder Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India
| | - Thomas W Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Mahendra Kumar Modi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India.
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2
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Zhang X, Zhang K, Yang N, Xiao Y, Peng Y, Han Z, Su W, Sun G, Wang J. Effect of natural gums on pasting, rheological, structural and hydrolysis properties of kudzu starch. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100607. [PMID: 37840701 PMCID: PMC10570632 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocolloids have been widely used to adjust properties of natural starches, but related research on kudzu starch is still rare. In this study, we investigated the effects of gum arabic (AG), sodium alginate (SA), locust bean gum (LG), and guar gum (GG) on kudzu starch from the perspective of its particle size, pasting, texture, rheology, dehydration rate, thermal properties, microstructure, and sensitivity to amyloglucosidase. Results showed that GG significantly increased the particle size of starch. Addition of AG led to lower peak-, final- and holding-viscosity. SA increased the retention viscosity of kudzu starch, while LG and GG increased its peak viscosity. Addition of hydrocolloids increased the hardness, chewiness, and cohesiveness of starch-hydrocolloid complexes, and reduced the dehydration rate of complex gels. Dynamic rheological data showed that the energy storage modulus (G') was significantly higher than the loss modulus (G″). The magnitude of modulus increased with frequency, and elastic properties were better than viscous properties. Thermal analysis showed that hydrocolloids increased the starting temperature (To), and the final temperature (Tc). With addition of each of these four hydrocolloids, a more regular and porous thick-wall dense structure was formed, which effectively lowered kudzu starch's sensitivity to amyloglucosidase. It indicated that the binding of hydrocolloid to starch may slow down glucose release into blood during digestion. These results will help understand effects of natural hydrocolloid on kudzu starch, as well as expanding its application in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Zhang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education & Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- National “111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Autism & Depression Diagnosis and Intervention Institute, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education & Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- National “111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Autism & Depression Diagnosis and Intervention Institute, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education & Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- National “111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Autism & Depression Diagnosis and Intervention Institute, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaqian Xiao
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education & Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- National “111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Autism & Depression Diagnosis and Intervention Institute, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonghong Peng
- Autism & Depression Diagnosis and Intervention Institute, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Rice Functional Food Enterprise-University Joint Innovation Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Guobao Qiaomi Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhigang Han
- Autism & Depression Diagnosis and Intervention Institute, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Rice Functional Food Enterprise-University Joint Innovation Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Guobao Qiaomi Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Su
- Autism & Depression Diagnosis and Intervention Institute, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Rice Functional Food Enterprise-University Joint Innovation Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Guobao Qiaomi Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guihong Sun
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education & Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education & Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- National “111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Autism & Depression Diagnosis and Intervention Institute, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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3
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Fan W, Wang Y, Zhang L, Fang Y, Yan M, Yuan L, Yang J, Wang H. Sweet potato ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit affects vegetative growth, starch content and storage root yield. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107796. [PMID: 37269824 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of storage roots is a key factor determining the yields of crop plants, including sweet potato. Here, using combined bioinformatic and genomic approaches, we identified a sweet potato yield-related gene, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) small subunit (IbAPS). We found that IbAPS positively affects AGP activity, transitory starch biosynthesis, leaf development, chlorophyll metabolism, and photosynthesis, ultimately affecting the source strength. IbAPS overexpression in sweet potato led to increased vegetative biomass and storage root yield. RNAi of IbAPS resulted in reduced vegetative biomass, accompanied with a slender stature and stunted root development. In addition to the effects on root starch metabolism, we found that IbAPS affects other storage root development-associated events, including lignification, cell expansion, transcriptional regulation, and production of the storage protein sporamins. A combinatorial analysis based on transcriptomes, as well as morphological and physiological data, revealed that IbAPS affects several pathways that determine development of vegetative tissues and storage roots. Our work establishes an important role of IbAPS in concurrent control of carbohydrate metabolism, plant growth, and storage root yield. We showed that upregulation of IbAPS results in superior sweet potato with increased green biomass, starch content, and storage root yield. The findings expand our understanding of the functions of AGP enzymes and advances our ability to increase the yield of sweet potato and, perhaps, other crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Yijie Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Mengxiao Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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4
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Chincinska IA, Miklaszewska M, Sołtys-Kalina D. Recent advances and challenges in potato improvement using CRISPR/Cas genome editing. PLANTA 2022; 257:25. [PMID: 36562862 PMCID: PMC9789015 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing using CRISPR/Cas technology improves the quality of potato as a food crop and enables its use as both a model plant in fundamental research and as a potential biofactory for producing valuable compounds for industrial applications. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plays a significant role in ensuring global food and nutritional security. Tuber yield is negatively affected by biotic and abiotic stresses, and enzymatic browning and cold-induced sweetening significantly contribute to post-harvest quality losses. With the dual challenges of a growing population and a changing climate, potato enhancement is essential for its sustainable production. However, due to several characteristics of potato, including high levels of heterozygosity, tetrasomic inheritance, inbreeding depression, and self-incompatibility of diploid potato, conventional breeding practices are insufficient to achieve substantial trait improvement in tetraploid potato cultivars within a relatively short time. CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing has opened new possibilities to develop novel potato varieties with high commercialization potential. In this review, we summarize recent developments in optimizing CRISPR/Cas-based methods for potato genome editing, focusing on approaches addressing the challenging biology of this species. We also discuss the feasibility of obtaining transgene-free genome-edited potato varieties and explore different strategies to improve potato stress resistance, nutritional value, starch composition, and storage and processing characteristics. Altogether, this review provides insight into recent advances, possible bottlenecks, and future research directions in potato genome editing using CRISPR/Cas technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Anna Chincinska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Miklaszewska
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorota Sołtys-Kalina
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
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5
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Kang X, Zhu W, Xu T, Sui J, Gao W, Liu Z, Jing H, Cui B, Qiao X, Abd El-Aty AM. Characterization of starch structures isolated from the grains of waxy, sweet, and hybrid sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Front Nutr 2022; 9:1052285. [PMID: 36583213 PMCID: PMC9792479 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1052285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, starches were isolated from inbred (sweet and waxy) and hybrid (sweet and waxy) sorghum grains. Structural and property differences between (inbred and hybrid) sweet and waxy sorghum starches were evaluated and discussed. The intermediate fraction and amylose content present in hybrid sweet starch were lower than those in inbred sweet starch, while the opposite trend occurred with waxy starch. Furthermore, there was a higher A chain (30.93-35.73% waxy, 13.73-31.81% sweet) and lower B2 + B3 chain (18.04-16.56% waxy, 24.07-17.43% sweet) of amylopectin in hybrid sorghum starch. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared reflection measurements affirm the relative crystalline and ordered structures of both varieties as follows: inbred waxy > hybrid waxy > hybrid sweet > inbred sweet. Small angle X-ray scattering and 13C CP/MAS nuclear magnetic resonance proved that the amylopectin content of waxy starch was positively correlated with lamellar ordering. In contrast, an opposite trend was observed in sweet sorghum starch due to its long B2 + B3 chain content. Furthermore, the relationship between starch granule structure and function was also concluded. These findings could provide a basic theory for the accurate application of existing sorghum varieties precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Kang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tongcheng Xu
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Sui
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haichun Jing
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Bo Cui,
| | - Xuguang Qiao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China,Xuguang Qiao,
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey,A. M. Abd El-Aty,
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6
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Recent Advances in Molecular Improvement for Potato Tuber Traits. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179982. [PMID: 36077378 PMCID: PMC9456189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato is an important crop due to its nutritional value and high yield potential. Improving the quality and quantity of tubers remains one of the most important breeding objectives. Genetic mapping helps to identify suitable markers for use in the molecular breeding, and combined with transgenic approaches provides an efficient way for gaining desirable traits. The advanced plant breeding tools and molecular techniques, e.g., TALENS, CRISPR-Cas9, RNAi, and cisgenesis, have been successfully used to improve the yield and nutritional value of potatoes in an increasing world population scenario. The emerging methods like genome editing tools can avoid incorporating transgene to keep the food more secure. Multiple success cases have been documented in genome editing literature. Recent advances in potato breeding and transgenic approaches to improve tuber quality and quantity have been summarized in this review.
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Expression analyses of soluble starch synthase and starch branching enzyme isoforms in stem and leaf tissues under different photoperiods in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Motto M, Sahay S. Energy plants (crops): potential natural and future designer plants. HANDBOOK OF BIOFUELS 2022:73-114. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822810-4.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Zhou G, Zhu Q, Mao Y, Chen G, Xue L, Lu H, Shi M, Zhang Z, Song X, Zhang H, Hao D. Multi-Locus Genome-Wide Association Study and Genomic Selection of Kernel Moisture Content at the Harvest Stage in Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:697688. [PMID: 34305987 PMCID: PMC8299107 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Kernel moisture content at the harvest stage (KMC) is an important trait that affects the mechanical harvesting of maize grain, and the identification of genetic loci for KMC is beneficial for maize molecular breeding. In this study, we performed a multi-locus genome-wide association study (ML-GWAS) to identify quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for KMC using an association mapping panel of 251 maize inbred lines that were genotyped with an Affymetrix CGMB56K SNP Array and phenotypically evaluated in three environments. Ninety-eight QTNs for KMC were detected using six ML-GWAS models (mrMLM, FASTmrMLM, FASTmrEMMA, PLARmEB, PKWmEB, and ISIS EM-BLASSO). Eleven of these QTNs were considered to be stable, as they were detected by at least four ML-GWAS models under a uniformed environment or in at least two environments and BLUP using the same ML-GWAS model. With qKMC5.6 removed, the remaining 10 stable QTNs explained <10% of the phenotypic variation, suggesting that KMC is mainly controlled by multiple minor-effect genetic loci. A total of 63 candidate genes were predicted from the 11 stable QTNs, and 10 candidate genes were highly expressed in the kernel at different time points after pollination. High prediction accuracy was achieved when the KMC-associated QTNs were included as fixed effects in genomic selection, and the best strategy was to integrate all KMC QTNs identified by all six ML-GWAS models. These results further our understanding of the genetic architecture of KMC and highlight the potential of genomic selection for KMC in maize breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Zhou
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuli Zhu
- Jiangsu Nantong Crop Cultivation Technique Direction Station, Nantong, China
| | - Yuxiang Mao
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Xue
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Huhua Lu
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
| | - Mingliang Shi
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
| | - Zhenliang Zhang
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
| | - Xudong Song
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
| | - Derong Hao
- Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong, China
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10
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Igarashi H, Ito H, Shimada T, Kang DJ, Hamada S. A novel rice dull gene, LowAC1, encodes an RNA recognition motif protein affecting Waxy b pre-mRNA splicing. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:100-109. [PMID: 33667963 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A new dull grain rice mutant with low amylose content, designated lowac1, has been isolated and characterized. To identify the causal mutation site, resequencing of the whole genome and analysis of a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker were performed. Genotypes using the CAPS marker of the identified LowAC1 gene encoding an RNA recognition motif (RRM) protein were entirely consistent with low amylose phenotypes in BC1F2 progeny. Moreover, the segregation of BC1F2 population indicated that the low amylose phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. lowac1 involves a single-nucleotide polymorphism from G to A within the gene, resulting in the stop codon generation. The RRM protein deletion in the mutant seed specifically affected the splicing efficiency of Waxyb (Wxb) in the 5' splice site of intron 1, resulting in decreased protein levels of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) encoded by Wxb. Whereas, the RRM protein did not affect amylose content in Wxa of indica variety. Also, the mutation induced a little variation in the expression levels of some genes involved in starch biosynthesis. Particularly, expression levels of SBEIIb, PUL, and AGPL2 mRNAs in lowac1 mutant were approximately two times higher compared to the corresponding wild type (WT) genes. Aside from low amylose content, lowac1 seeds included an amylopectin structure reducing short chains compared to that of WT seeds. Overall, our data suggest that LowAC1 is a novel regulatory factor for starch synthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenari Igarashi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ito
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Akita College, 1-1 Iijima-Bunkyo-cho, Akita, 011-8511, Japan
| | - Toru Shimada
- Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University, 1 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8560, Japan
| | - Dong-Jin Kang
- Teaching and Research Center for Bio-coexistence, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Gosyogawara, Aomori, 037-0202, Japan
| | - Shigeki Hamada
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan.
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Musah Bawa N, K. Agbenorhevi J, M. Kpodo F, Sampson GO. Pasting properties of starch-okra pectin mixed system. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2020.1838616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadratu Musah Bawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jacob K. Agbenorhevi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Fidelis M. Kpodo
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Gilbert Owiah Sampson
- Department of Hospitality and Tourism, University of Education, Winneba-Kumasi, Ghana
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Reyniers S, Ooms N, Gomand SV, Delcour JA. What makes starch from potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) tubers unique: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2588-2612. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Reyniers
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Nand Ooms
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Sara V. Gomand
- Department of Agriculture and FisheriesGovernment of Flanders Brussels Belgium
| | - Jan A. Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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13
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Use of Gum Cordia ( Cordia myxa) as a Natural Starch Modifier; Effect on Pasting, Thermal, Textural, and Rheological Properties of Corn Starch. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070909. [PMID: 32664209 PMCID: PMC7404790 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of hydrocolloid gums in native starches help to improve their pasting, thermal, rheological and textural properties along with improvement in the stability of starch gels. The use of Cordia gum is not widely studied as a starch modifier and this fact could make this study more interesting and unique. This study investigated the effects of the non-conventional hydrocolloid gum (Cordia gum) on corn starch properties. Corn starch and gum Cordia (GC) blends were prepared at different replacement levels (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%). The effect of GC levels on pasting, thermal, rheological, and textural properties were evaluated using rapid viscoanalyzer, differential scanning colorimeter, rheometer, and texture analyzer. The presence of GC significantly increased starch gelatinization temperatures, enthalpies, peak viscosities, final viscosities, and setback viscosities. GC improved freeze thaw stability in starch. The shear rate (1/s) versus shear stress (σ) data of all samples fitted well to the simple power law model (R2 = 0.97–0.99). The control had the lowest flow behavior index (n; 0.17), which increased to (0.36–0.56) with increasing GC levels. The consistency index (K) of the starch-gum blends increased with increasing GC levels. The dominance of elastic properties over viscous properties was demonstrated by G′ > G″. The magnitudes of G′ and G″ increased with increasing GC concentration. The outcomes could help to use this modification method as an alternative to chemical and enzymatic modification with respect to cost, safety, less time consumption and less requirement of process modifications.
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Leonel M, Bolfarini ACB, Rodrigues da Silva MJ, Souza JMA, Leonel S. Banana fruits with high content of resistant starch: Effect of genotypes and phosphorus fertilization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:1020-1026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Takahashi S, Kumagai Y, Igarashi H, Horimai K, Ito H, Shimada T, Kato Y, Hamada S. Biochemical analysis of a new sugary-type rice mutant, Hemisugary1, carrying a novel allele of the sugary-1 gene. PLANTA 2019; 251:29. [PMID: 31802247 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel allele of the sugary-1 rice mutant was isolated. The single amino acid change led to isoamylase activity reduction and accumulation of high-molecular-weight phytoglycogen in seeds. A new sugary rice variety with an improved seed appearance has been isolated and designated Hemisugary1. This mutant, which was derived from Japonica-type cultivar Tsugaruroman treated with sodium azide, has about half the isoamylase activity of seeds in the original Tsugaruroman. The mutant also accumulates significant phytoglycogen, albeit approximately 40% of the total phytoglycogen in the existing sugary cultivar Ayunohikari which is defective in its most isoamylase activity. The site of mutation was identified using a re-sequence of the whole genome and a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker. The hemisugary phenotypes of the F2 progeny were entirely consistent with the results of genotyping using the CAPS marker. Segregation analysis of the F2 population showed that the hemisugary phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene, which was produced by a G → A single nucleotide polymorphism in the sugary-1 gene, resulting in a missense mutation from glycine to aspartic acid at amino acid position 333. Zymogram showed that this amino acid replacement resulted in a decrease in isoamylase activity with a concomitant reduction in the formation of isoamylase complexes. Phytoglycogen molecules from Hemisugary1 seeds were 3.5 times larger and contained more short glucan chains than did Ayunohikari seeds. Our data provide new insights into the relationship between isoamylase structure and phytoglycogen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Takahashi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Yu Kumagai
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Hidenari Igarashi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Karin Horimai
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ito
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Akita College, 1-1 Iijima-Bunkyo-cho, Akita, 011-8511, Japan
| | - Toru Shimada
- Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University, 1 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8560, Japan
| | - Yoji Kato
- Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University, 1 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8560, Japan
| | - Shigeki Hamada
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan.
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Valdez-Arana JDC, Steffolani ME, Repo-Carrasco-Valencia R, Pérez GT, Condezo-Hoyos L. Physicochemical and functional properties of isolated starch and their correlation with flour from the Andean Peruvian quinoa varieties. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 147:997-1007. [PMID: 31743707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Quinoa has been recognized as a complete food due to its balanced nutritional composition. Quinoa flour is used as an ingredient to improve the nutritional and functional characteristics of cereal-based foods. The physicochemical and functional (thermal and pasting) properties of flours and isolated starches of three Andean Peruvian quinoa varieties (Blanca de Hualhuas, BH; Rosada de Huancayo, RHY and Pasankalla, PK) were studied and the correlation among them properties were evaluated in order to explore their possible uses as a food ingredient. Proximal chemical composition of flour and isolated starches from quinoa varieties showed differences. Isolated starches from quinoa varieties showed a XRD Type A crystallinity patterns with polygonal shapes, small size, higher crystallinity degree and lower amylose content (<15%). The thermal (gelatinization temperatures and enthalpies) and pasting (temperature and time of gelatinization and viscosities) properties of flours and isolated starches showed differences and the principal component analysis demonstrated that those properties are significantly correlated to the starch and fat content. Based on the differences found among physicochemical and functional properties, isolated starch and flour of BH, RHY and PK quinoa varieties have potential as food ingredient for several cereal-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Eugenia Steffolani
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba (ICyTAC) (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriela Teresa Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba (ICyTAC) (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luis Condezo-Hoyos
- Facultad de Industrias Alimentarias, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), Lima, Peru
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Zhu F, Sun H, Diao Y, Zheng X, Xie K, Hu Z. Genetic diversity, functional properties and expression analysis of NnSBE genes involved in starch synthesis of lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7750. [PMID: 31579617 PMCID: PMC6765360 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Starch branching enzyme (SBE) is one of the key enzymes in starch biosynthetic metabolism, determining amylopectin structure. Methods Full length coding sequences (CDS) of SBE genes were cloned using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) technology, and neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was used for phylogenetic analysis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined to assess the genetic polymorphisms and variation indexes between individuals and clusters. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to analyze the spatial and temporal expression of NnSBE genes. The effect of NnSBE genes on amylopectin’s fine structures was explored using affinity and the enzyme activity analysis of two isoforms in amylopectin and amylose. Results In this study, two SBE family genes, NnSBEI and NnSBEIII, were identified in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). Phylogenetic analysis sorted NnSBEI into SBE family B and NnSBEIII into SBE family A. UPGMA phylogenetic tree divided 45 individuals of lotus into three classes. The homozygous haplotype (A G G A G) of NnSBEIII was observed in seed lotus. During the seed embryo development stage, NnSBEIII reached the peak in the middle of the development stage, while NnSBEI increased in the mid-late developmental stage. The different affinity activity of the two isozymes binding amylopectin and amylose assay indicated NnSBEI has higher activity and wider affinity. Discussion Genetic diversity showed that NnSBE genes received artificial selection during the process of cultivation and domestication in lotus seeds. Furthermore, the expression pattern and affinity activity analysis indicated that NnSBE genes were related to the chain length of amylopectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Lotus Engineering Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Lotus Engineering Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Diao
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Lotus Engineering Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingwen Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Lotus Engineering Center, Wuhan, China.,Guangchang Bailian Institute of Jiangxi Province, Guangchang, China
| | - Keqiang Xie
- Guangchang Bailian Institute of Jiangxi Province, Guangchang, China
| | - Zhongli Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Lotus Engineering Center, Wuhan, China
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Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) as a Tool for Measuring Starch-Related Physiochemical Properties in Cereals: a Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01581-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Yu Q, Barkan A, Maliga P. Engineered RNA-binding protein for transgene activation in non-green plastids. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:486-490. [PMID: 31036913 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-green plastids are desirable for the expression of recombinant proteins in edible plant parts to enhance the nutritional value of tubers or fruits, or to deliver pharmaceuticals. However, plastid transgenes are expressed at extremely low levels in the amyloplasts of storage organs such as tubers1-3. Here, we report a regulatory system comprising a variant of the maize RNA-binding protein PPR10 and a cognate binding site upstream of a plastid transgene that encodes green fluorescent protein (GFP). The binding site is not recognized by the resident potato PPR10 protein, restricting GFP protein accumulation to low levels in leaves. When the PPR10 variant is expressed from the tuber-specific patatin promoter, GFP accumulates up to 1.3% of the total soluble protein, a 60-fold increase compared with previous studies2 (0.02%). This regulatory system enables an increase in transgene expression in non-photosynthetic plastids without interfering with chloroplast gene expression in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguo Yu
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Alice Barkan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Pal Maliga
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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20
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A review on blending of corn starch with natural and synthetic polymers, and inorganic nanoparticles with mathematical modeling. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 122:969-996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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21
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Shear-thickening behavior of gelatinized waxy starch dispersions promoted by the starch molecular characteristics. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 121:120-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Noronha H, Silva A, Dai Z, Gallusci P, Rombolà AD, Delrot S, Gerós H. A molecular perspective on starch metabolism in woody tissues. PLANTA 2018; 248:559-568. [PMID: 30022278 PMCID: PMC6096779 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of starch synthesis and mobilization in perennial woody tissues is of the utmost scientific and agricultural importance. Starch is the main carbohydrate reserve in plants and is fundamental in human nutrition and several industrial processes. In leaves, starch accumulated during the day is degraded throughout the night and the resulting sugars, glucose and maltose, are exported to the cytosol by the specialized transmembrane translocators pGT and MEX, respectively. Nevertheless, the degradation of the starch granule is a complex process not completely elucidated. While the mechanisms of starch mobilization during germination in the dead endosperm of cereal seeds are well described, the molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in starch storage in the heterotrophic tissues of woody plants and its utilization in spring and winter are still puzzling. It is known that some biochemical steps of starch synthesis are conserved in heterotrophic tissues and in the leaves, but some aspects are particular to sink organs. From an agronomic standpoint, the knowledge on starch storage and mobilization in woody tissues is pivotal to understand (and to optimize) some common practices in the field that modify source-sink relationships, such as pruning and defoliation. Soluble sugars resulting from starch are also pivotal to cold adaptation, and in several fruits, such as banana and kiwifruit, starch may provide soluble sugars during ripening. In this review, we explore the recent advances on the molecular mechanisms and regulations involved in starch synthesis and mobilization, with a focus on perennial woody tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Noronha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Angélica Silva
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Zhanwu Dai
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Science Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Philippe Gallusci
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Science Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Adamo D Rombolà
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serge Delrot
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Science Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Guleria P, Kumar V, Guleria S. Genetic Engineering: A Possible Strategy for Protein-Energy Malnutrition Regulation. Mol Biotechnol 2017; 59:499-517. [PMID: 28828714 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) has adversely affected the generations of developing countries. It is a syndrome that in severity causes death. PEM generally affects infants of 1-5 age group. This manifestation is maintained till adulthood in the form of poor brain and body development. The developing nations are continuously making an effort to curb PEM. However, it is still a prime concern as it was in its early years of occurrence. Transgenic crops with high protein and enhanced nutrient content have been successfully developed. Present article reviews the studies documenting genetic engineering-mediated improvement in the pulses, cereals, legumes, fruits and other crop plants in terms of nutritional value, stress tolerance, longevity and productivity. Such genetically engineered crops can be used as a possible remedial tool to eradicate PEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Guleria
- Department of Biotechnology, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144012, India.
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144012, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Shiwani Guleria
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
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Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles-Complexed Cationic Amylose for In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tracking of Transplanted Stem Cells in Stroke. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7050107. [PMID: 28489049 PMCID: PMC5449988 DOI: 10.3390/nano7050107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising strategy for acute ischemic stroke. In vivo tracking of therapeutic stem cells with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is imperative for better understanding cellular survival and migrational dynamics over time. In this study, we develop a novel biocompatible nanocomplex (ASP-SPIONs) based on cationic amylose, by introducing spermine and the image label, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), to label MSCs. The capacity, efficiency, and cytotoxicity of the nanocomplex in transferring SPIONs into green fluorescence protein-modified MSCs were tested; and the performance of in vivo MRI tracking of the transplanted cells in acute ischemic stroke was determined. The results demonstrated that the new class of SPIONs-complexed nanoparticles based on biodegradable amylose can serve as a highly effective and safe carrier to transfer magnetic label into stem cells. A reliable tracking of transplanted stem cells in stroke was achieved by MRI up to 6 weeks, with the desirable therapeutic benefit of stem cells on stroke retained. With the advantages of a relatively low SPIONs concentration and a short labeling period, the biocompatible complex of cationic amylose with SPIONs is highly translatable for clinical application. It holds great promise in efficient, rapid, and safe labeling of stem cells for subsequent cellular MRI tracking in regenerative medicine.
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Mitchell M, Pritchard J, Okada S, Larroque O, Yulia D, Pettolino F, Szydlowski N, Singh S, Liu Q, Ral JP. Oil Accumulation in Transgenic Potato Tubers Alters Starch Quality and Nutritional Profile. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:554. [PMID: 28446916 PMCID: PMC5388768 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant storage compounds such as starch and lipids are important for human and animal nutrition as well as industry. There is interest in diverting some of the carbon stored in starch-rich organs (leaves, tubers, and cereal grains) into lipids in order to improve the energy density or nutritional properties of crops as well as providing new sources of feedstocks for food and manufacturing. Previously, we generated transgenic potato plants that accumulate up to 3.3% triacylglycerol (TAG) by dry weight in the tubers, which also led to changes in starch content, starch granule morphology and soluble sugar content. The aim of this study was to investigate how TAG accumulation affects the nutritional and processing properties of high oil potatoes with a particular focus on starch structure, physical and chemical properties. Overall, TAG accumulation was correlated with increased energy density, total nitrogen, amino acids, organic acids and inorganic phosphate, which could be of potential nutritional benefit. However, TAG accumulation had negative effects on starch quality as well as quantity. Starch from high oil potatoes had lower amylose and phosphate content, reduced peak viscosity and higher gelatinization temperature. Interestingly, starch pasting properties were disproportionately affected in lines accumulating the highest levels of TAG (>2.5%) compared to those accumulating only moderate levels (0.2-1.6%). These results indicate that optimized engineering of specialized crops for food, feed, fuel and chemical industries requires careful selection of traits, and an appropriate level of transgene expression, as well as a better understanding of starch structure and carbon partitioning in plant storage organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Mitchell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Madeline Mitchell
| | - Jenifer Pritchard
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shoko Okada
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Oscar Larroque
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Dina Yulia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Filomena Pettolino
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nicolas Szydlowski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290 - MSAP - Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la ProtéomiqueLille, France
| | - Surinder Singh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Qing Liu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
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Cheng L, Liu X, Yin J, Yang J, Li Y, Hui L, Li S, Li L. Activity and expression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase during rhizome formation in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). BOTANICAL STUDIES 2016; 57:26. [PMID: 28597436 PMCID: PMC5432948 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-016-0140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lotus root is a traditional and popular aquatic vegetable in China. Starch is an important component of the rhizome and directly affects the quality of processed products. ADP -glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a rate-limiting enzyme associated with starch biosynthesis in plants. Therefore, in the present study, AGPase activity and NnAGP expression during rhizome development of lotus were analyzed. RESULTS Among 15 cultivars analyzed, the contents of amylose and total starch in the rhizome were highest in 'Mei Ren Hong'. 'Su Zhou' and 'Zhen Zhu' showed the lowest amylose, amylopectin and total starch contents. In the rhizome, activity of AGPase was highest at the middle swelling stage of development, and higher activity was observed in the 'Hou ba' leaf and terminational leaf at the same stage. Three AGPase genes, comprising two large subunit genes (NnAGPL1 and NnAGPL2) and one small subunit gene (NnAGPS), were isolated and identified. The deduced amino acid sequences showed 40.5 % similarity among the three genes. Full-length genomic DNA sequences of NnAGPL1, NnAGPL2, and NnAGPS were 4841, 11,346 and 4169 bp, respectively. Analysis of the temporal and spatial expression patterns revealed that the transcription levels of NnAGPL1 and NnAGPS were higher in the rhizome, followed by the 'Hou ba' leaf, whereas NnAGPL2 was significantly detected in the 'Hou ba' leaf and terminational leaf. The initial swelling stage of rhizome development was accompanied by the highest accumulation of mRNAs of NnAGPL1, whereas expression of NnAGPL2 was not detected during rhizome development. The transcript level of NnAGPS was highest at the initial swelling stage compared with the other rhizome developmental stages. Transcription of NnAGPL1, NnAGPL2, and NnAGPS was induced within 24 h after treatment with exogenous sucrose. The mRNA level of NnAGPL1 and NnAGPS was increased by exogenous ABA, whereas transcription of NnAGPL2 was not affected by ABA. CONCLUSIONS The three AGPase genes display marked differences in spatial and temporal expression patterns. Regulation of AGPase in relation to starch synthesis in lotus is indicated to be complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libao Cheng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Xian Liu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Jingjing Yin
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Jianqiu Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Linchong Hui
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Shuyan Li
- College of Guangling, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Liangjun Li
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu China
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27
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Seferoglu AB, Gul S, Dikbas UM, Baris I, Koper K, Caliskan M, Cevahir G, Kavakli IH. Glu-370 in the large subunit influences the substrate binding, allosteric, and heat stability properties of potato ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:125-132. [PMID: 27717448 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key allosteric enzyme in plant starch biosynthesis. Plant AGPase is a heterotetrameric enzyme that consists of large (LS) and small subunits (SS), which are encoded by two different genes. In this study, we showed that the conversion of Glu to Gly at position 370 in the LS of AGPase alters the heterotetrameric stability along with the binding properties of substrate and effectors of the enzyme. Kinetic analyses revealed that the affinity of the LSE370GSSWT AGPase for glucose-1-phosphate is 3-fold less than for wild type (WT) AGPase. Additionally, the LSE370GSSWT AGPase requires 3-fold more 3-phosphogyceric acid to be activated. Finally, the LSE370GSSWTAGPase is less heat stable compared with the WT AGPase. Computational analysis of the mutant Gly-370 in the 3D modeled LS AGPase showed that this residue changes charge distribution of the surface and thus affect stability of the LS AGPase and overall heat stability of the heterotetrameric AGPase. In summary, our results show that LSE370 intricately modulate the heat stability and enzymatic activity of potato the AGPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Bengisu Seferoglu
- Koc University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seref Gul
- Koc University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Meric Dikbas
- Koc University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Baris
- Koc University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kaan Koper
- Koc University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Caliskan
- Istanbul University, Department of Biology, 34134 Suleymaniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gul Cevahir
- Istanbul University, Department of Biology, 34134 Suleymaniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Koc University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey; Koc University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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28
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Palacios OA, Choix FJ, Bashan Y, de-Bashan LE. Influence of tryptophan and indole-3-acetic acid on starch accumulation in the synthetic mutualistic Chlorella sorokiniana – Azospirillum brasilense system under heterotrophic conditions. Res Microbiol 2016; 167:367-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Karlström A, Calle F, Salazar S, Morante N, Dufour D, Ceballos H. Biological Implications in Cassava for the Production of Amylose-Free Starch: Impact on Root Yield and Related Traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:604. [PMID: 27242813 PMCID: PMC4873506 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) is an important food security crop, but it is becoming an important raw material for different industrial applications. Cassava is the second most important source of starch worldwide. Novel starch properties are of interest to the starch industry, and one them is the recently identified amylose-free (waxy) cassava starch. Waxy mutants have been found in different crops and have been often associated with a yield penalty. There are ongoing efforts to develop commercial cassava varieties with amylose-free starch. However, little information is available regarding the biological and agronomic implications of starch mutations in cassava, nor in other root and tuber crops. In this study, siblings from eight full-sib families, segregating for the waxy trait, were used to determine if the mutation has implications for yield, dry matter content (DMC) and harvest index in cassava. A total of 87 waxy and 87 wild-type starch genotypes from the eight families were used in the study. The only significant effect of starch type was on DMC (p < 0.01), with waxy clones having a 0.8% lower content than their wild type counterparts. There was no effect of starch type on fresh root yield (FRY), adjusted FRY and harvest index. It is not clear if lower DMC is a pleiotropic effect of the waxy starch mutation or else the result of linked genes introgressed along with the mutation. It is expected that commercial waxy cassava varieties will have competitive FRYs but special efforts will be required to attain adequate DMCs. This study contributes to the limited knowledge available of the impact of starch mutations on the agronomic performance of root and tuber crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Karlström
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, AlnarpSweden
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, PalmiraColombia
| | - Fernando Calle
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, PalmiraColombia
| | - Sandra Salazar
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, PalmiraColombia
| | - Nelson Morante
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, PalmiraColombia
| | - Dominique Dufour
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, PalmiraColombia
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR Qualisud, MontpellierFrance
| | - Hernán Ceballos
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, PalmiraColombia
- *Correspondence: Hernán Ceballos,
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30
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Feng L, Fawaz R, Hovde S, Gilbert L, Chiou J, Geiger JH. Crystal Structures of Escherichia coli Branching Enzyme in Complex with Linear Oligosaccharides. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6207-18. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Remie Fawaz
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Stacy Hovde
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Lindsey Gilbert
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Janice Chiou
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - James H. Geiger
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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31
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Mohamed IO, Babucurr J. Effect of date syrup on pasting, rheological, and retrogradation properties of corn starch gels. STARCH-STARKE 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201500062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim O. Mohamed
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture; United Arab Emirates University; Al-Ain UAE
| | - Jobe Babucurr
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture; United Arab Emirates University; Al-Ain UAE
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32
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Cimini S, Locato V, Vergauwen R, Paradiso A, Cecchini C, Vandenpoel L, Verspreet J, Courtin CM, D'Egidio MG, Van den Ende W, De Gara L. Fructan biosynthesis and degradation as part of plant metabolism controlling sugar fluxes during durum wheat kernel maturation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:89. [PMID: 25750648 PMCID: PMC4335405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Wheat kernels contain fructans, fructose based oligosaccharides with prebiotic properties, in levels between 2 and 35 weight % depending on the developmental stage of the kernel. To improve knowledge on the metabolic pathways leading to fructan storage and degradation, carbohydrate fluxes occurring during durum wheat kernel development were analyzed. Kernels were collected at various developmental stages and quali-quantitative analysis of carbohydrates (mono- and di-saccharides, fructans, starch) was performed, alongside analysis of the activities and gene expression of the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and hydrolysis. High resolution HPAEC-PAD of fructan contained in durum wheat kernels revealed that fructan content is higher at the beginning of kernel development, when fructans with higher DP, such as bifurcose and 1,1-nystose, were mainly found. The changes in fructan pool observed during kernel maturation might be part of the signaling pathways influencing carbohydrate metabolism and storage in wheat kernels during development. During the first developmental stages fructan accumulation may contribute to make kernels more effective Suc sinks and to participate in osmotic regulation while the observed decrease in their content may mark the transition to later developmental stages, transition that is also orchestrated by changes in redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cimini
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Campus Bio-Medico UniversityRome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Locato
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Campus Bio-Medico UniversityRome, Italy
| | - Rudy Vergauwen
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | | | - Cristina Cecchini
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Unità di ricerca per la Valorizzazione Qualitativa dei CerealiRome, Italy
| | - Liesbeth Vandenpoel
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Campus Bio-Medico UniversityRome, Italy
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | | | - Maria Grazia D'Egidio
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Unità di ricerca per la Valorizzazione Qualitativa dei CerealiRome, Italy
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Laura De Gara
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Campus Bio-Medico UniversityRome, Italy
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33
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Zhao Z, Shi HJ, Wang ML, Cui L, Zhao H, Zhao Y. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency on transcriptional regulation of genes encoding key enzymes of starch metabolism in duckweed (Landoltia punctata). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 86:72-81. [PMID: 25438139 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The production of starch by plants influences their use as biofuels. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) regulate starch gene expression during plant growth and development, yet the role of key enzymes such as ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (E.C. 2.7.7.27 AGPase) in starch metabolism during N- and P-deficiency remains unknown. We investigated the effect of N- and P-deficiency on the expression of large (LeAPL1, LeAPL2, and LeAPL3) and small (LeAPS) subunits of AGPase in duckweed (Landoltia punctata) and their correlation with starch content. We first isolated the full-length cDNA encoding LeAPL1 (GenBank Accession No. KJ603244) and LeAPS (GenBank Accession No. KJ603243); they contained open reading frames of 1554 bp (57.7-kDa polypeptide of 517 amino acids) and 1578 bp (57.0 kDa polypeptide of 525 amino acids), respectively. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that LeAPL1 and LeAPL3 were highly expressed during early stages of N-deficiency, while LeAPL2 was only expressed during late stage. However, in response to P-deficiency, LeAPL1 and LeAPL2 were upregulated during early stages and LeAPL3 was primarily expressed in the late stage. Interestingly, LeAPS was highly expressed following N-deficiency during both stages, but was only upregulated in the early stage after P-deficiency. The activities of AGPase and soluble starch synthesis enzyme (SSS EC 2.4.1.21) were positively correlated with changes in starch content. Furthermore, LeAPL3 and LeSSS (SSS gene) were positively correlated with changes in starch content during N-deficiency, while LeAPS and LeSSS were correlated with starch content in response to P-deficiency. These results elevate current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying starch synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, 550000 Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610064 Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610064 Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hui-Juan Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, 550000 Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Mao-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610064 Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Long Cui
- Livzon Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hai Zhao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610064 Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610064 Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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34
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Ali Akbari Ghavimi S, Ebrahimzadeh MH, Solati-Hashjin M, Abu Osman NA. Polycaprolactone/starch composite: Fabrication, structure, properties, and applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:2482-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Ali Akbari Ghavimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | | | - Mehran Solati-Hashjin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Amirkabir University of Technology; 15914 Tehran Iran
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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35
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Structural comparison, substrate specificity, and inhibitor binding of AGPase small subunit from monocot and dicot: present insight and future potential. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:583606. [PMID: 25276800 PMCID: PMC4167649 DOI: 10.1155/2014/583606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is the first rate limiting enzyme of starch biosynthesis pathway and has been exploited as the target for greater starch yield in several plants. The structure-function analysis and substrate binding specificity of AGPase have provided enormous potential for understanding the role of specific amino acid or motifs responsible for allosteric regulation and catalytic mechanisms, which facilitate the engineering of AGPases. We report the three-dimensional structure, substrate, and inhibitor binding specificity of AGPase small subunit from different monocot and dicot crop plants. Both monocot and dicot subunits were found to exploit similar interactions with the substrate and inhibitor molecule as in the case of their closest homologue potato tuber AGPase small subunit. Comparative sequence and structural analysis followed by molecular docking and electrostatic surface potential analysis reveal that rearrangements of secondary structure elements, substrate, and inhibitor binding residues are strongly conserved and follow common folding pattern and orientation within monocot and dicot displaying a similar mode of allosteric regulation and catalytic mechanism. The results from this study along with site-directed mutagenesis complemented by molecular dynamics simulation will shed more light on increasing the starch content of crop plants to ensure the food security worldwide.
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36
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Seferoglu AB, Koper K, Can FB, Cevahir G, Kavakli IH. Enhanced heterotetrameric assembly of potato ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase using reverse genetics. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1473-1483. [PMID: 24891561 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key allosteric enzyme in plant starch biosynthesis. Plant AGPase is a heterotetrameric enzyme that consists of large (LS) and small subunits (SS), which are encoded by two different genes. Computational and experimental studies have revealed that the heterotetrameric assembly of AGPase is thermodynamically weak. Modeling studies followed by the mutagenesis of the LS of the potato AGPase identified a heterotetramer-deficient mutant, LS(R88A). To enhance heterotetrameric assembly, LS(R88A) cDNA was subjected to error-prone PCR, and second-site revertants were identified according to their ability to restore glycogen accumulation, as assessed with iodine staining. Selected mutations were introduced into the wild-type (WT) LS and co-expressed with the WT SS in Escherichia coli glgC(-). The biochemical characterization of revertants revealed that LS(I90V)SS(WT), LS(Y378C)SS(WT) and LS(D410G)SS(WT) mutants displayed enhanced heterotetrameric assembly with the WT SS. Among these mutants, LS(Y378C)SS(WT) AGPase displayed increased heat stability compared with the WT enzyme. Kinetic characterization of the mutants indicated that the LS(I90V)SS(WT) and LS(Y378C)SS(WT) AGPases have comparable allosteric and kinetic properties. However, the LS(D410G)SS(WT) mutant exhibited altered allosteric properties of being less responsive and more sensitive to 3-phosphoglyceric acid activation and inorganic phosphate inhibition. This study not only enhances our understanding of the interaction between the SS and the LS of AGPase but also enables protein engineering to obtain enhanced assembled heat-stable variants of AGPase, which can be used for the improvement of plant yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bengisu Seferoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Turkey
| | - Kaan Koper
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Turkey
| | - F Betul Can
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Turkey
| | - Gul Cevahir
- Istanbul University, Department of Biology, 34134 Suleymaniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - I Halil Kavakli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, TurkeyDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Turkey
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37
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Choix FJ, Bashan Y, Mendoza A, de-Bashan LE. Enhanced activity of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and formation of starch induced by Azospirillum brasilense in Chlorella vulgaris. J Biotechnol 2014; 177:22-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Wang K, Henry RJ, Gilbert RG. Causal Relations Among Starch Biosynthesis, Structure, and Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40362-014-0016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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39
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Hamada S, Suzuki K, Suzuki Y. Development of a new selection method and quality improvement of sugary-1 rice mutants. BREEDING SCIENCE 2014; 63:461-467. [PMID: 24757385 PMCID: PMC3949582 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.63.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Brown rice of sugary-1 mutants has a wrinkled character because of the presence of phytoglycogen instead of starch in the inner part of the endosperm. Because the wrinkled phenotype was used as a sole selection marker for progeny of the sugary-1 strain, identification of mutant seeds with improved appearance is very difficult. We found that sugary-1 varieties contained not only phytoglycogen but also free glucose in the endosperm, and these were positively correlated. In the segregated F2 seeds that resulted from crossing Hokurikutou237 (sugary-1) and Koshihikari strains, glucose and phytoglycogen were also significantly correlated. Thus, we identified new sugary types with improved appearance from these progeny using glucose measurements. The F4 seeds of the improved strain had moderate phytoglycogen contents and seed germination characteristics. Native-PAGE showed that pullulanase activity in the improved strain increased in developing seeds compared with Hokurikutou237, although isoamylase activity was extremely low and similar to that in sugary-1 types. The new selection method in this study efficiently aids the development of improved sugary rice types that lack the wrinkled phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Hamada
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Crop Science,
2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518,
Japan
- Present address: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Keitaro Suzuki
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Crop Science,
2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518,
Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Crop Science,
2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518,
Japan
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40
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Alamri MS. Sweet potato/potato starch andAbelmoschus esculentus-gum blends: Thermal and textural properties. STARCH-STARKE 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S. Alamri
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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41
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Rani S, Sharma P, Sharma A, Chatrath R. Comparative computational analysis of ADP Glucose Pyrophosphorylase in plants. Bioinformation 2013; 9:572-6. [PMID: 23888098 PMCID: PMC3717185 DOI: 10.6026/97320630009572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), a key enzyme involved in higher plant starch biosynthesis, is composed of pairs of
large (LS) and small subunits (SS). Ample evidence has shown that the AGPase catalyzes the rate limiting step in starch
biosynthesis in higher plants. In this study, we compiled detailed comparative information about ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase
in selected plants by analyzing their structural features e.g. amino acid content, physico-chemical properties, secondary structural
features and phylogenetic classification. Functional analysis of these proteins includes identification of important 10 to 20 amino
acids long motifs arise because specific residues and regions proved to be important for the biological function of a group of
proteins, which are conserved in both structure and sequence during evolution. Phylogenetic analysis depicts two main clusters.
Cluster I encompasses large subunits (LS) while cluster II contains small subunits (SS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Rani
- Biotechnology Unit, Directorate of Wheat Research Karnal, Haryana, India ; Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar University Mullana, Ambala, India
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Bahaji A, Li J, Sánchez-López ÁM, Baroja-Fernández E, Muñoz FJ, Ovecka M, Almagro G, Montero M, Ezquer I, Etxeberria E, Pozueta-Romero J. Starch biosynthesis, its regulation and biotechnological approaches to improve crop yields. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:87-106. [PMID: 23827783 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Structurally composed of the glucose homopolymers amylose and amylopectin, starch is the main storage carbohydrate in vascular plants, and is synthesized in the plastids of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic cells. Its abundance as a naturally occurring organic compound is surpassed only by cellulose, and represents both a cornerstone for human and animal nutrition and a feedstock for many non-food industrial applications including production of adhesives, biodegradable materials, and first-generation bioethanol. This review provides an update on the different proposed pathways of starch biosynthesis occurring in both autotrophic and heterotrophic organs, and provides emerging information about the networks regulating them and their interactions with the environment. Special emphasis is given to recent findings showing that volatile compounds emitted by microorganisms promote both growth and the accumulation of exceptionally high levels of starch in mono- and dicotyledonous plants. We also review how plant biotechnologists have attempted to use basic knowledge on starch metabolism for the rational design of genetic engineering traits aimed at increasing starch in annual crop species. Finally we present some potential biotechnological strategies for enhancing starch content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Miroslav Ovecka
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Manuel Montero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ed Etxeberria
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850-2299, USA
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain.
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Multigene engineering of starch biosynthesis in maize endosperm increases the total starch content and the proportion of amylose. Transgenic Res 2013; 22:1133-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Insight into the 3D structure of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Mol Model 2013; 19:3351-67. [PMID: 23674369 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (E.C. 2.7.7.27; AGPase) is a key regulatory enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of starch biosynthesis in higher plants. AGPase consists of pair of small (SS) and large (LS) subunits thereby constituting a heterotetrameric structure. No crystal structure of the native heterotetrameric enzyme is available for any species, thus limiting the complete understanding of structure-function relationships of this enzyme. In this study, an attempt was made to deduce the heterotetrameric assembly of AGPase in rice. Homology modeling of the three-dimensional structure of the LS and SS was performed using the Swiss Model Server, and the models were evaluated and docked using GRAMM-X to obtain the stable heterodimer orientation (LS as receptor and SS as ligand) and then the heterotetrameric orientation. The initial heterotetrameric orientation was further refined using the RosettaDock Server. MD simulation of the representative heterodimer/tetramer was performed using NAMD, which indicated that the tail-to-tail interaction of LS and SS was more stable than the head-to-head orientation, and the heterotetramer energy was also minimized to -767,011 kcal mol(-1). Subunit-subunit interaction studies were then carried out using the programs NACCESS and Dimplot. A total of 57 interface residues were listed in SS and 63 in LS. The residues plotted by Dimplot were similar to those listed by NACCESS. Multiple sequence alignment of the sequences of LS and SS from potato, maize and rice validated the interactions inferred in the study. RMSD of 1.093 Å was obtained on superimposition of the deduced heterotetramer on the template homo-tetramer (1YP2), showing the similarity between the two structures.
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Seferoglu AB, Baris I, Morgil H, Tulum I, Ozdas S, Cevahir G, Kavakli IH. Transcriptional regulation of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase isoforms in the leaf and the stem under long and short photoperiod in lentil. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 205-206:29-37. [PMID: 23498860 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key enzyme in plant starch biosynthesis. It contains large (LS) and small (SS) subunits encoded by two different genes. In this study, we explored the transcriptional regulation of both the LS and SS subunits of AGPase in stem and leaf under different photoperiods length in lentil. To this end, we first isolated and characterized different isoforms of the LS and SS of lentil AGPase and then we performed quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) to see the effect of photoperiod length on the transcription of the AGPase isforms under the different photoperiod regimes in lentil. Analysis of the qPCR results revealed that the transcription of different isoforms of the LSs and the SSs of lentil AGPase are differentially regulated when photoperiod shifted from long-day to short-day in stem and leaves. While transcript levels of LS1 and SS2 in leaf significantly decreased, overall transcript levels of SS1 increased in short-day regime. Our results indicated that day length affects the transcription of lentil AGPase isoforms differentially in stems and leaves most likely to supply carbon from the stem to other tissues to regulate carbon metabolism under short-day conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Bengisu Seferoglu
- Koc University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sonnewald U, Kossmann J. Starches--from current models to genetic engineering. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013. [PMID: 23190212 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As the world's second most abundant biopolymer, starch serves as food, feed and renewable resource for bioenergy production and other industrial applications. Unlike storage lipids, starch is stored in the form of semi-crystalline granules, which are tissue- and species-specific in number, shape and size. Over the last decades, most biosynthetic and degradative enzymes of starch metabolism have been identified in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Based on this, biotechnological applications have arisen that led to a number of transgenic crop plants with elevated starch content or improved starch quality. Irrespective of this great success, there are still numerous open questions including the regulation of starch metabolism, the initiation of granule formation, the regulation of granule shape and size and many more, which will be tackled over the next decades. Here, we briefly summarize current knowledge concerning starch metabolism and its regulation and biotechnological use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Szecowka M, Osorio S, Obata T, Araújo WL, Rohrmann J, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR. Decreasing the mitochondrial synthesis of malate in potato tubers does not affect plastidial starch synthesis, suggesting that the physiological regulation of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase is context dependent. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:2227-38. [PMID: 23064409 PMCID: PMC3510143 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the malate content of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit by altering the expression of mitochondrially localized enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle resulted in enhanced transitory starch accumulation and subsequent effects on postharvest fruit physiology. In this study, we assessed whether such a manipulation would similarly affect starch biosynthesis in an organ that displays a linear, as opposed to a transient, kinetic of starch accumulation. For this purpose, we used RNA interference to down-regulate the expression of fumarase in potato (Solanum tuberosum) under the control of the tuber-specific B33 promoter. Despite displaying similar reductions in both fumarase activity and malate content as observed in tomato fruit expressing the same construct, the resultant transformants were neither characterized by an increased flux to, or accumulation of, starch, nor by alteration in yield parameters. Since the effect in tomato was mechanistically linked to derepression of the reaction catalyzed by ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, we evaluated whether the lack of effect on starch biosynthesis was due to differences in enzymatic properties of the enzyme from potato and tomato or rather due to differential subcellular compartmentation of reductant in the different organs. The results are discussed in the context both of current models of metabolic compartmentation and engineering.
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Alamri MS, Mohamed AA, Hussain S. Effect of okra gum on the pasting, thermal, and viscous properties of rice and sorghum starches. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hill H, Slade Lee L, Henry RJ. Variation in sorghum starch synthesis genes associated with differences in starch phenotype. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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