Kinetic study of the reaction of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate with hydrazine

Cuprizone Intoxication Induces Cell Intrinsic Alterations in Oligodendrocyte Metabolism Independent of Copper Chelation

Cuprizone intoxication is a common animal model used to test myelin regenerative therapies for the treatment of diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Mice fed this copper chelator develop reversible, region-specific oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination. While the cellular changes influencing the demyelinating process have been explored in this model, there is no consensus about the biochemical mechanisms of toxicity in oligodendrocytes and about whether this damage arises from the chelation of copper in vivo. Here we have identified an oligodendroglial cell line that displays sensitivity to cuprizone toxicity and performed global metabolomic profiling to determine biochemical pathways altered by this treatment. We link these changes with alterations in brain metabolism in mice fed cuprizone for 2 and 6 weeks. We find that cuprizone induces widespread changes in one-carbon and amino acid metabolism as well as alterations in small molecules that are important for energy generation. We used mass spectrometry to examine chemical interactions that are important for copper chelation and toxicity. Our results indicate that cuprizone induces global perturbations in cellular metabolism that may be independent of its copper chelating ability and potentially related to its interactions with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, a coenzyme essential for amino acid metabolism.

In-situ formation of growth-factor-loaded coacervate microparticle-embedded hydrogels for directing encapsulated stem cell fate

The spontaneous formation of coacervate microdroplet-laden photo-crosslinked hydrogels derived from the simple mixing of oxidized, methacrylated alginate (OMA) and methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) enables simultaneous creation of drug-laden microdroplets and encapsulation of stem cells in photopolymerized coacervate hydrogels under physiological conditions. This can be utilized as a novel platform for in situ formation of localized, sustained bioactive molecule delivery to encapsulate stem cells for therapeutic applications.