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Evarista Arellano-García M, Torres-Bugarín O, Roxana García-García M, García-Flores D, Toledano-Magaña Y, Sofia Sanabria-Mora C, Castro-Gamboa S, Carlos García-Ramos J. Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species. Vet Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a condition that may be associated with carcinogenesis and/or physiological disorders when genetic lesions are not repaired. Besides, wild, captive, and domesticated vertebrates are exposed to xenobiotics, leading to health disorders due to cytogenotoxicity. This chapter provides an overview of tests to assess cytogenotoxicity based on micronuclei (MNi) formation. Bone marrow micronuclei test (BmMNt), peripheral blood erythrocyte micronuclei test (PBMNt), and lymphocyte cytokinesis blocking micronuclei assay (CBMN) are discussed. The most illustrative studies of these techniques applied in different vertebrates of veterinary interest are described. The values of spontaneous basal micronuclei in captive, experimental, and farm animals (rodents, hamsters, pigs, goats, cattle, horses, fish) are summarized. In addition, a flow cytometry technique is presented to reduce the time taken to record MNi and other cellular abnormalities. Flow cytometry is helpful to analyze some indicators of genomic instability, such as cell death processes and stages (necrosis, apoptosis) and to efficiently evaluate some biomarkers of genotoxicity like MNi in BmMNt, PBMNt, and CBMN. The intention is to provide veterinary professionals with techniques to assess and interpret cytogenotoxicity biomarkers to anticipate therapeutic management in animals at risk of carcinogenesis or other degenerative diseases.
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Arellano-García ME, Izaguirre-Pérez ME, Molina-Noyola LD, Castañeda-Yslas IY, Luna-Vázquez-Gómez R, Torres-Bugarín O. Genetic Instability of a Polydactyl Hypopigmented Cat With Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Case Report. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:258. [PMID: 32528983 PMCID: PMC7247834 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydactyly, hypopigmentation, and squamous cell carcinoma are common in cats. However, a cat exhibiting all of these conditions has not yet been reported. This study presents the case of a 14- year-old male Mexican cat, hypopigmented, with supernumerary fingers, two preaxial and one on each posterior limb, admitted to the clinic with a lesion in the left periocular region. The cat was subjected to a general physical examination, blood, and urine chemistry, as well as a biopsy and genomic instability assessment with an analysis of the red blood cells (RBC) micronucleated erythrocytes (RBC-MNE) in the peripheral blood. The biopsy was positive for squamous cell carcinoma, and the RBC-MNE count (8.6 MNE/1000 erythrocytes) was high compared to that previously described in other domestic cats or wild cats. Thus, the genomic instability of the RBC-MNE could be used as an indicator to identify clinical conditions of felines, particularly those with one of the characteristics exhibited by this Mexican cat. The RBC-MNE test is the most widely used in the world for the evaluation of DNA damage, but to our knowledge, it has not been used to identify vulnerable non-human specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Evarista Arellano-García
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | | | | | - Idalia Yazmín Castañeda-Yslas
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Roberto Luna-Vázquez-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Olivia Torres-Bugarín
- Programa Internacional de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
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Micronucleated Erythrocytes in Peripheral Blood from Neonate Rats Exposed by Breastfeeding to Cyclophosphamide, Colchicine, or Cytosine-Arabinoside. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9161648. [PMID: 28018917 PMCID: PMC5149595 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9161648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic exposure to chemical substances is common, and nursing mothers could transmit harmful substances or their metabolites to their offspring through breast milk. We explored the possibility of determining genotoxic effects in the erythrocytes of breastfeeding rat pups whose mothers received a genotoxic compound while nursing. Ten groups of female rats and five pups per dam were studied. The control group received sterile water, and the experimental groups received one of three different doses of cyclophosphamide, colchicine, or cytosine-arabinoside. Blood smears were prepared from samples taken from each dam and pup every 24 h for six days. There were increased numbers of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs) and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) in the samples from pups in the experimental groups (P < 0.02) and increased MNPCE frequencies in the samples from the dams (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate the vertical transmission of the genotoxic effect of the compounds tested. In conclusion, assessing MNEs in breastfeeding neonate rats to assess DNA damage may be a useful approach for identifying genotoxic compounds and/or cytotoxic effects. This strategy could help in screening for therapeutic approaches that are genotoxic during the lactation stage and these assessments might also be helpful for developing preventive strategies to counteract harmful effects.
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Udroiu I, Antoccia A, Tanzarella C, Giuliani L, Pacchierotti F, Cordelli E, Eleuteri P, Villani P, Sgura A. Genotoxicity Induced by Foetal and Infant Exposure to Magnetic Fields and Modulation of Ionising Radiation Effects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142259. [PMID: 26559811 PMCID: PMC4641635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have investigated the toxicity and genotoxicity of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) during prenatal and neonatal development. These phases of life are characterized by cell proliferation and differentiation, which might make them sensitive to environmental stressors. Although in vitro evidences suggest that ELF-MF may modify the effects of ionizing radiation, no research has been conducted so far in vivo on the genotoxic effects of ELF-MF combined with X-rays. Aim and methods Aim of this study was to investigate in somatic and germ cells the effects of chronic ELF-MF exposure from mid gestation until weaning, and any possible modulation produced by ELF-MF exposure on ionizing radiation-induced damage. Mice were exposed to 50 Hz, 65 μT magnetic field, 24 hours/day, for a total of 30 days, starting from 12 days post-conception. Another group was irradiated with 1 Gy X-rays immediately before ELF-MF exposure, other groups were only X-irradiated or sham-exposed. Micronucleus test on blood erythrocytes was performed at multiple times from 1 to 140 days after birth. Additionally, 42 days after birth, genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on male germ cells were assessed by comet assay and flow cytometric analysis. Results ELF-MF exposure had no teratogenic effect and did not affect survival, growth and development. The micronucleus test indicated that ELF-MF induced a slight genotoxic damage only after the maximum exposure time and that this effect faded away in the months following the end of exposure. ELF-MF had no effects on ionizing radiation (IR)-induced genotoxicity in erythrocytes. Differently, ELF–MF appeared to modulate the response of male germ cells to X-rays with an impact on proliferation/differentiation processes. These results point to the importance of tissue specificity and development on the impact of ELF-MF on the early stages of life and indicate the need of further research on the molecular mechanisms underlying ELF-MF biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Udroiu
- Dept. of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Livio Giuliani
- Research Center of Monteporzio Catone, INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eugenia Cordelli
- Technical Unit for Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Eleuteri
- Technical Unit for Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Villani
- Technical Unit for Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Sgura
- Dept. of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
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Udroiu I, Sgura A, Vignoli L, Bologna MA, D'Amen M, Salvi D, Ruzza A, Antoccia A, Tanzarella C. Micronucleus test on Triturus carnifex as a tool for environmental biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:412-417. [PMID: 25263003 DOI: 10.1002/em.21914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The amphibian micronucleus test has been widely used during the last 30 years to test the genotoxic properties of several chemicals and as a tool for ecogenotoxic monitoring. The vast majority of these studies were performed on peripheral blood of urodelan larvae and anuran tadpoles and to a lesser extent adults were also used. In this study, we developed protocols for measuring micronuclei in adult shed skin cells and larval gill cells of the Italian crested newt (Triturus carnifex). Amphibians were collected from ponds in two protected areas in Italy that differed in their radon content. Twenty-three adult newts and 31 larvae were captured from the radon-rich pond, while 20 adults and 27 larvae were taken from the radon-free site. The animals were brought to the laboratory and the micronucleus test was performed on peripheral blood and shed skins taken from the adults and on larval gills. Samples from the radon-rich site showed micronucleus frequencies higher than those from the radon-free site and the difference was statistically significant in gill cells (P < 0.00001). Moreover, the larval gills seem to be more sensitive than the adult tissues. This method represents an easy (and noninvasive in the case of the shed skin) application of the micronucleus assay that can be useful for environmental studies in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Udroiu
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università "Roma Tre,", Rome, Italy
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Zúñiga-González GM, Gómez-Meda BC, Zamora-Perez AL, Ramos-Ibarra ML, Batista-González CM, Lemus-Varela ML, Rodríguez-Avila JL, Gallegos-Arreola MP. Micronucleated erythrocyte frequencies in old and new world primates: measurement of micronucleated erythrocyte frequencies in peripheral blood of Callithrix jacchus as a model for evaluating genotoxicity in primates. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2005; 46:253-9. [PMID: 15971258 DOI: 10.1002/em.20154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are of particular relevance in evaluating the potential toxicity of drugs and environmental agents. We have used previously published information and data from the present study to establish a relationship for New World (NW) and Old World (OW) primates on the basis of the frequency of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs) observed in peripheral blood. Data on spontaneous MNEs in peripheral blood from 15 species of primates, including humans, indicate that NW primates have significantly (P < 0.01) higher MNE frequencies (group mean, 9.5 +/- 7.3 MNEs/10,000 erythrocytes; range, 0.7-20.5/10,000 erythrocytes) than OW primates (group mean, 1.0 +/- 0.9 MNEs/10,000 erythrocytes; range, 0.0-2.6 MNEs/10,000 erythrocytes). Humans are believed to have developed in the OW, and human MNE frequencies were similar to those described for OW primate species. We selected the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a NW primate, to determine whether therapeutic pediatric doses of Metotrexate (MTX; 2.5 mg/kg), Cyclophosphamide (CP; 5 mg/kg), Cytosine-arabinoside (Ara-C; 3 mg/kg), or 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU; 10 mg/kg), administered daily for two consecutive days, increase the frequency of micronuclei. Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte frequencies were increased significantly in groups receiving MTX, CP and Ara-C, while MNE frequencies were increased by the Ara-C treatment. The results of this study indicate that NW primates have higher spontaneous MNE frequencies than OW primates, and because of this, NW primates like the common marmoset, may be suitable for evaluating the genotoxicity of chemical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo M Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Zamora-Perez A, Zúñiga-González GM, Gómez-Meda BC, Ramos-Ibarra ML, Batista-González CM, Torres-Bugarín O. Induction of micronucleated cells in the shed skin of salamanders (Ambystoma sp.) treated with colchicine or cyclophosphamide. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2004; 44:436-440. [PMID: 15540193 DOI: 10.1002/em.20074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The micronucleus (MN) assay can be used to detect the genotoxic effects of chemical agents in virtually any cell that divides frequently. Salamanders (Ambystoma sp.) are amphibians that can be easily maintained and bred in the laboratory and spontaneously shed their skin every 2.5-4 days. In this present study, we have evaluated the usefulness of this shed skin for the MN assay. We exposed salamanders to different concentrations of both the aneugen colchicine (COL) and the clastogen cyclophosphamide (CP) and we determined the frequency of micronucleated cells (MNCs) in their sheds. Fragments of shed skin were placed on clean slides, fixed, stained, observed with a light microscope, and the number of MNCs was counted. The MNC frequency was increased significantly by all doses of COL and CP tested, administered either as single or repeated exposures. The presence of MNCs in the shed skin and the speed of sloughing lead us to propose that the sheds of Ambystoma sp., or other amphibians that slough their skin, are suitable alternative models for detecting genotoxic exposures relevant to aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zamora-Perez
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Zúñiga-González G, Torres-Bugarín O, Zamora-Perez A, Gómez-Meda BC, Ramos Ibarra ML, Martínez-González S, González-Rodríguez A, Luna-Aguirre J, Ramos-Mora A, Ontiveros-Lira D, Gallegos-Arreola MP. Differences in the number of micronucleated erythrocytes among young and adult animals including humans. Spontaneous micronuclei in 43 species. Mutat Res 2001; 494:161-7. [PMID: 11423355 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In our previous report we speculated about the possibility that some species had high levels of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE) just in a juvenile stage, this is, that the MNE diminish as the reticuloendothelial system matures. Here we show this effect in species including rat, rabbit, pig, dog, cat, gray squirrel, lion, giraffe, white-tailed deer, opossum and even human. The number of spontaneous MNE that we found in 43 species is shown, and the proportions of polychromatic and normochromatic. This is our third report on spontaneous MNE in different species. We obtained 189 peripheral blood samples of mammals, birds and reptiles. From 12 species we obtained only one sample, and 16 were reported previously, but now the size of the sample has been increased. The species with the highest spontaneous MNE were the Vietnamese potbelly pig (with the highest MNE number), Bengal tiger, capuchin monkey, puma, ferret, owl, hedgehog, squirrel monkey, pig and white-tailed deer. These species could be used as monitors for genotoxic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorios de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada 800, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Zúñiga-González G, Torres-Bugarín O, Luna-Aguirre J, González-Rodríguez A, Zamora-Perez A, Gómez-Meda BC, Ventura-Aguilar AJ, Ramos-Ibarra ML, Ramos-Mora A, Ortíz GG, Gallegos-Arreola MP. Spontaneous micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes from 54 animal species (mammals, reptiles and birds): part two. Mutat Res 2000; 467:99-103. [PMID: 10771274 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The normal numbers of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE) observed in peripheral blood samples differ among species. This depends on the effectiveness of the spleen (or the rest of the reticuloendothelial system) to withdraw them from circulation. In our previous report, we assessed the number of MNE in the peripheral blood of 35 mammalian species. Here we show the results observed in 54 species including mammals, reptiles and birds. We obtained 212 peripheral blood samples from different species. In 14 species, only one individual was studied. Slides were stained with acridine orange. The total number of MNE (normo and polychromatic) in 10,000 erythrocytes per animal are shown. The species that display the higher MNE were: ocelote, lynx, owl, gray squirrel, hedgehog, lion, orange fronted parakeet and common barn owl. For this reason, these species could be tested as monitors for genotoxic events. Another interesting observation was that in the gray squirrel, we found the highest values of MNE in the smaller (younger) animals when compared with the larger (older) of the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, I.M.S.S., Sierra Mojada #800, Colonia Independencia C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Mexico.
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