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Nautiyal A, Mondal T, Goel A, Dey SK, Mitra D. Biological Effects Associated with Internal and External Contamination of Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine Sources: An In vitro Study. Indian J Nucl Med 2021; 36:288-292. [PMID: 34658553 PMCID: PMC8481857 DOI: 10.4103/ijnm.ijnm_17_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In a Nuclear Medicine department, the risk of external and internal contamination in radiation workers is much higher than in other medical radiation facilities. The risk associated with both types of contaminations should be quantified to estimate the radiation dose received by the personal. Here, we designed an in vitro model to see the impact of internal and external contamination of F-18 and Technetium-99 m (Tc-99 m) on DNA damages. Methodology: Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79 was used for all of the experiments. Irradiation was performed internally and externally (scenarios activity is mixed with the cell line [Internal] and activity kept at 1 cm distance from cell line [external]) using two different diagnostic radioactive sources (Tc-99 m and F-18) of known quantity 37 MBq. Total cumulated activity (MBq-min) was calculated up to one half-life of sources for both internal and external setups. An alkaline single gel electrophoresis technique (comet assay) was used for DNA damage analysis. Olive tail moment (OTM) was used to characterize DNA damage. Results: We have not observed any significant difference (P > 0.05) in OTM between internal and external irradiation for cumulated activity presented before one half-life of both diagnostic isotopes. However, a significant difference in OTM was noted between internal and external irradiation for cumulated activity presented at one half-life of radioactive sources (P < 0.05). DNA damage with internal exposure was found to be 17.28% higher for F-18 and 23% higher for Tc-99 m than external exposure at one half-life of radioactive sources. Overall, we noted greater DNA damage in F-18 as compared to Tc-99 m. Conclusions: Our in vitro study practically demonstrated that internal contamination is more hazardous than external exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Nautiyal
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, AMRI Hospitals, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Amity Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tanmoy Mondal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Alpana Goel
- Amity Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Deepanjan Mitra
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, AMRI Hospitals, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ku A, Facca VJ, Cai Z, Reilly RM. Auger electrons for cancer therapy - a review. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:27. [PMID: 31659527 PMCID: PMC6800417 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Auger electrons (AEs) are very low energy electrons that are emitted by radionuclides that decay by electron capture (e.g. 111In, 67Ga, 99mTc, 195mPt, 125I and 123I). This energy is deposited over nanometre-micrometre distances, resulting in high linear energy transfer (LET) that is potent for causing lethal damage in cancer cells. Thus, AE-emitting radiotherapeutic agents have great potential for treatment of cancer. In this review, we describe the radiobiological properties of AEs, their radiation dosimetry, radiolabelling methods, and preclinical and clinical studies that have been performed to investigate AEs for cancer treatment. Results AEs are most lethal to cancer cells when emitted near the cell nucleus and especially when incorporated into DNA (e.g. 125I-IUdR). AEs cause DNA damage both directly and indirectly via water radiolysis. AEs can also kill targeted cancer cells by damaging the cell membrane, and kill non-targeted cells through a cross-dose or bystander effect. The radiation dosimetry of AEs considers both organ doses and cellular doses. The Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) schema may be applied. Radiolabelling methods for complexing AE-emitters to biomolecules (antibodies and peptides) and nanoparticles include radioiodination (125I and 123I) or radiometal chelation (111In, 67Ga, 99mTc). Cancer cells exposed in vitro to AE-emitting radiotherapeutic agents exhibit decreased clonogenic survival correlated at least in part with unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) detected by immunofluorescence for γH2AX, and chromosomal aberrations. Preclinical studies of AE-emitting radiotherapeutic agents have shown strong tumour growth inhibition in vivo in tumour xenograft mouse models. Minimal normal tissue toxicity was found due to the restricted toxicity of AEs mostly on tumour cells targeted by the radiotherapeutic agents. Clinical studies of AEs for cancer treatment have been limited but some encouraging results were obtained in early studies using 111In-DTPA-octreotide and 125I-IUdR, in which tumour remissions were achieved in several patients at administered amounts that caused low normal tissue toxicity, as well as promising improvements in the survival of glioblastoma patients with 125I-mAb 425, with minimal normal tissue toxicity. Conclusions Proof-of-principle for AE radiotherapy of cancer has been shown preclinically, and clinically in a limited number of studies. The recent introduction of many biologically-targeted therapies for cancer creates new opportunities to design novel AE-emitting agents for cancer treatment. Pierre Auger did not conceive of the application of AEs for targeted cancer treatment, but this is a tremendously exciting future that we and many other scientists in this field envision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie J Facca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhongli Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Joint Department of Medical Imaging and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Wendisch M, Freudenberg R, Runge R, Oehme L, Meyer G, Kunz-Schughart LA, Wunderlich G, Kotzerke J. Sodium-iodide symporter positive cells after intracellular uptake of 99mTc versus α-emitter 211At. Nuklearmedizin 2018; 51:170-8. [DOI: 10.3413/nukmed-0506-12-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SummaryPurpose: We evaluated the DNA damaging potential of Auger electrons emitted in the decay of 99mTc compared to α-particles of 211At. Material and methods: The impact of 99mTc and 211At was monitored in a NIS-expressing rat thyroid cell model PC Cl3 with varying, yet defined intra- and extracellular radionuclide distribution (using ± perchlorate). The radiotoxicity of 99mTc and 211At was studied by the comet assay under neutral and alkaline conditions and colony formation. Results: In the presence of perchlorate, the radioactivity yielding 37 % cellular survival, A37, was estimated to be (0.27 ± 0.02) MBq/ml and (450 ± 30) MBq/ml for 211At and 99mTc, respectively. In absence of perchlorate, cellular radiotracer uptake was similar for both radionuclides (2.2 %, 2.7 %), yet the A37 was reduced by 82% for the α-emitter and by 95 % for 99mTc. Cellular dose increased by a factor of 5 (211At) and 38 (99mTc). Comet assays revealed an increased DNA damage after intracellular uptake of both radiotracers. Conclusions: The data indicate damage to the cell to occur from absorbed dose without recognizable contribution from intracellular heterogeneity of radionuclide distribution. Comet assay under alkaline and neutral conditions did not reveal any shift to more complex DNA damage after radionuclide uptake. Cellular uptake of 99mTc and 211At increased cellular dose and reduced clonogenic survival.
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Maucksch U, Runge R, Wunderlich G, Freudenberg R, Naumann A, Kotzerke J. Comparison of the radiotoxicity of the 99mTc-labeled compounds 99mTc-pertechnetate, 99mTc-HMPAO and 99mTc-MIBI. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:698-706. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1168533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Maucksch
- University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roswitha Runge
- University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Wunderlich
- University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Freudenberg
- University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Naumann
- University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Kotzerke
- University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dresden, Germany
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Hickey RD, Mao SA, Amiot B, Suksanpaisan L, Miller A, Nace R, Glorioso J, Peng KW, Ikeda Y, Russell SJ, Nyberg SL, Nyberg SL. Noninvasive 3-dimensional imaging of liver regeneration in a mouse model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 using the sodium iodide symporter gene. Liver Transpl 2015; 21:442-53. [PMID: 25482651 PMCID: PMC5957080 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a potential treatment for the many liver disorders that are currently only curable by organ transplantation. However, one of the major limitations of hepatocyte (HC) transplantation is an inability to monitor cells longitudinally after injection. We hypothesized that the thyroidal sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene could be used to visualize transplanted HCs in a rodent model of inherited liver disease: hereditary tyrosinemia type 1. Wild-type C57Bl/6J mouse HCs were transduced ex vivo with a lentiviral vector containing the mouse Slc5a5 (NIS) gene controlled by the thyroxine-binding globulin promoter. NIS-transduced cells could robustly concentrate radiolabeled iodine in vitro, with lentiviral transduction efficiencies greater than 80% achieved in the presence of dexamethasone. Next, NIS-transduced HCs were transplanted into congenic fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase knockout mice, and this resulted in the prevention of liver failure. NIS-transduced HCs were readily imaged in vivo by single-photon emission computed tomography, and this demonstrated for the first time noninvasive 3-dimensional imaging of regenerating tissue in individual animals over time. We also tested the efficacy of primary HC spheroids engrafted in the liver. With the NIS reporter, robust spheroid engraftment and survival could be detected longitudinally after direct parenchymal injection, and this thereby demonstrated a novel strategy for HC transplantation. This work is the first to demonstrate the efficacy of NIS imaging in the field of HC transplantation. We anticipate that NIS labeling will allow noninvasive and longitudinal identification of HCs and stem cells in future studies related to liver regeneration in small and large preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond D. Hickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed, Contact Information Raymond Hickey, Ph.D., Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, Tel 507.283.0878, Fax 507.284.8388,
| | | | - Bruce Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Amber Miller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca Nace
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Kah Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Freudenberg R, Wendisch M, Runge R, Wunderlich G, Kotzerke J. Reduction in clonogenic survival of sodium-iodide symporter (NIS)-positive cells following intracellular uptake of99mTc versus188Re. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:991-7. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.728303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell transplantation for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatr Res 2012; 71:464-73. [PMID: 22430382 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2011.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) using therapeutic hypothermia, at least 30% of the cooled infants will die or have moderate/severe neurological disability. Umbilical cord blood cells (UCBCs), which are readily available at birth, have been shown to reduce sensorimotor and/or cognitive impairments in several models of brain damage, representing a promising option for the treatment of neurological diseases. In this review, we discuss recent preclinical studies that assessed the effects of UCBC transplantation in the Rice-Vannucci animal model of HIE. We also review the possible cell types and mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effect of UCBC transplantation, including neuroprotection, immunomodulation, and stimulation of neural plasticity and regeneration. In addition, we discuss how neuroimaging methods, such as bioluminescence imaging, nuclear-medicine imaging, or magnetic resonance imaging, could be used to evaluate the biodistribution of UCBCs in both preclinical and clinical studies.
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Tavares AAS, Tavares JMRS. Evaluating T99mc Auger electrons for targeted tumor radiotherapy by computational methods. Med Phys 2010; 37:3551-9. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3451117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Tavares AAS, Tavares JMRS. 99mTc Auger electrons for targeted tumour therapy: A review. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:261-70. [DOI: 10.3109/09553000903564083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Durgo K, Oreščanin V, Lulić S, Kopjar N, elježić DZ, Čolić JF. The assessment of genotoxic effects of wastewater from a fertilizer factory. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 29:42-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ulker O, Genç S, Ateş H, Durak H, Atabey N. 99mTc-HMPAO labelling inhibits cell motility and cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of NC-NC cells. Mutat Res 2007; 631:69-76. [PMID: 17512775 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
(99m)Tc-hexamethyl-propylenamine-oxime ((99m)Tc-HMPAO)-labelled leukocytes have been used in standard diagnostic procedures for the detection of infection and inflammation. Although some investigators have already pointed out that labelling of leukocytes with (99m)Tc-HMPAO has detrimental effects on the cells, still very little is known regarding the effects of ionizing radiation on lymphocyte function. The effects of (99m)Tc-HMPAO-labelling on lymphocyte adhesion, proliferation, mitotic index, migration and apoptosis were evaluated. The lymphoblastoid cell line NC-NC was used as the lymphocyte population. (99m)Tc-HMPAO-labelling decreased cell adhesion, proliferation, mitotic index and motility, whereas it induced apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. The rate of decrease in cell proliferation was up to 70% (P<0.001) by day 4 after labelling. (99m)Tc-HMPAO-labelling led a 35% decrease (P<0.001) in adhesion ability of the cells on fibronectin at 16h. Using the Boyden chamber motility assay, it was shown that both spontaneous and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1)-induced lymphocyte motility were strongly reduced by (99m)Tc-HMPAO-labelling. The decrease in motility was approximately five-fold (P<0.05). In addition, a 12-fold increase (P<0.05) was observed in apoptosis of the (99m)Tc-HMPAO-treated cells compared with control cells. Besides, it was shown that cell-cycle arrest was induced starting from the 3rd day after treatment with (99m)Tc-HMPAO. Our observations indicate that (99m)Tc-HMPAO-labelling has damaging effects on lymphocyte function including cell adhesion, proliferation, mitotic index, motility and cell cycle under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozden Ulker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, D.E.U. School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
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Grafström G, Jönsson BA, El Hassan AM, Tennvall J, Strand SE. Rat testis as a radiobiological in vivo model for radionuclides. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2006; 118:32-42. [PMID: 16046556 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The radiobiological effect of intracellularly localised radionuclides emitting low energy electrons (Auger electrons) has received much attention. Most in vivo studies reported have been performed in the mouse testis. We have investigated the rat testis as an in vivo radiobiological model, with sperm-head survival, testis weight loss and also alteration in the blood plasma hormone levels of FSH and LH as radiobiological endpoints. Validation of the rat testis model was evaluated by using mean absorbed doses of up to 10 Gy from intratesticularly (i.t.) injected (111)In oxine or local X-ray irradiation. Biokinetics of the i.t. injected radionuclide was analysed by scintillation camera imaging and used in the absorbed dose estimation. By the analysis of the autoradiographs, the activity distribution was revealed. Cell fractionation showed (111)In to be mainly associated with the cell nuclei. External irradiations were monitored by thermoluminescence dosimeters. The sperm-head survival was the most sensitive radiobiological parameter correlated to the mean absorbed dose, with a D(37) of 2.3 Gy for (111)In oxine and 1.3 Gy for X rays. The levels of plasma pituitary gonadal hormones FSH and LH were elevated for absorbed doses >7.7 Gy. This investigation shows that the radiobiological model based on the rat testis has several advantages compared with the previously commonly used mouse testis model. The model is appropriate for further investigations of basic phenomena such as radiation geometry, intracellular kinetics and heterogeneity, crucial for an understanding of the biological effect of low-energy electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grafström
- Departament of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Kopjar N, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Assessment of DNA damage in nuclear medicine personnel--comparative study with the alkaline comet assay and the chromosome aberration test. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2005; 208:179-91. [PMID: 15971857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite much research over the last few decades, there still remains considerable uncertainty as to the genetic impact of ionizing radiation on human populations, particularly at low levels. The aim of the present study was to provide data on the genetic hazards due to occupational exposure of low doses of ionizing radiation in nuclear medicine departments. The assessment of primary DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes of medical staff was performed using the alkaline comet assay and the data obtained were compared with the results of conventional cytogenetic biodosimetry using the chromosome aberration (CA) test. Altogether 120 subjects (60 exposed and 60 controls) participated in the study. Statistically significant increases in primary DNA damage and increased frequencies of CAs compared to controls were observed. Within the exposed population, significant inter-individual differences in DNA damage were found, indicating differences in genome sensitivity. Age and gender were not confounding factors, while smoking enhanced the levels of primary DNA damage only in control subjects, as revealed by both biomarkers studied. The present study suggests that genotoxic damage results from exposure to chronic low doses of ionizing radiation in nuclear medicine departments. Therefore, the exposed medical personnel should carefully comply with the radiation protection procedures and should minimize radiation exposure where possible to avoid potential genotoxic effects. The results obtained in this study point to the significance of biological indicators providing information on the actual risk to the radiation exposed individuals. According to our results, the alkaline comet assay and CA test are sensitive biomarkers that can be used as additional complements to physical dosimetry for assessing exposure to radiation in nuclear medicine personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevenka Kopjar
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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