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Ge F, Chen G, Qian M, Xu C, Liu J, Cao J, Li X, Hu D, Xu Y, Xin Y, Wang D, Zhou J, Shi H, Tan Z. Artificial Intelligence Aided Lipase Production and Engineering for Enzymatic Performance Improvement. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14911-14930. [PMID: 37800676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), tailoring methods for enzyme engineering have been widely expanded. Additional protocols based on optimized network models have been used to predict and optimize lipase production as well as properties, namely, catalytic activity, stability, and substrate specificity. Here, different network models and algorithms for the prediction and reforming of lipase, focusing on its modification methods and cases based on AI, are reviewed in terms of both their advantages and disadvantages. Different neural networks coupled with various algorithms are usually applied to predict the maximum yield of lipase by optimizing the external cultivations for lipase production, while one part is used to predict the molecule variations affecting the properties of lipase. However, few studies have directly utilized AI to engineer lipase by affecting the structure of the enzyme, and a set of research gaps needs to be explored. Additionally, future perspectives of AI application in enzymes, including lipase engineering, are deduced to help the redesign of enzymes and the reform of new functional biocatalysts. This review provides a new horizon for developing effective and innovative AI tools for lipase production and engineering and facilitating lipase applications in the food industry and biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyin Ge
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjing Qian
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Xu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Cao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchao Li
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Die Hu
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangsen Xu
- Dongtai Hanfangyuan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Yancheng 224241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Xin
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianlong Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Zhou
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Shi
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongbiao Tan
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
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Guesne S, Connole L, Kim S, Motevalli M, Robson L, Michael-Titus AT, Sullivan A. Umbelliferyloxymethyl phosphonate compounds-weakly binding zinc ionophores with neuroprotective properties. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17041-17051. [PMID: 34761777 PMCID: PMC8631114 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02298a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Umbelliferone is a member of the coumarin family of compounds which are known for diverse pharmacological activity including in targets relevant to Alzheimers disease, AD. The toxicity associated with some forms of the amyloid protein, Aβ, and the role of Zn2+ (and other biometals) dyshomeostasis in this, are of great interest in AD and make metal ionophore capability desirable in so called multi target drug ligands MTDLs. A new series of umbelliferyloxymethyl phosphonic acid diethylester compounds (umbelliferyloxymethyl phosphonates) bearing a phosphonate at the 7-position (compounds 1, 3-6), hydrolysis products 2, 2a and 2b from 1 and analogues 7 and 8 of 1 with 7-O to 7-S and 1-O to 1-NH substitutions, are reported. Single crystal X-ray structures of compounds 1, 2 and 2a were determined. In terms of neuroprotective properties, the compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 at 1 μM concentration, inhibited the toxicity of Aβ1-42 (Aβ42) in both toxic Amyloid Derived Diffusible Ligand (ADDL) and fibrillar (fibril) forms towards rat hippocampal cells. Compound 7 displayed cytotoxicity and 8 failed to inhibit Aβ42 toxicity. Concerning compound-metal ionophore activity (assessed using chemical experiments), despite weak binding to Zn2+ determined from 31P NMR titration of 1 and 2 by ZnCl2, compounds 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 demonstrated ionophore assisted partition of Zn2+ from water to octanol at micromolar concentrations with efficacy on a par with or better than the chelator MTDL clioquinol (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline). Partition was assessed using furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). In further experiments interaction of compound 1 with Zn2+ or it's pathways was inferred by (i) delayed fluorescence response with added Zn2+ in cells treated with FluoZin-3 and (ii) by suppression of Zn2+ promoted aggregation of Aβ42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Guesne
- Dept. of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Laura Connole
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Dept. of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Majid Motevalli
- Dept. of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Lesley Robson
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Adina T Michael-Titus
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Alice Sullivan
- Dept. of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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A simplified method for active-site titration of lipases immobilised on hydrophobic supports. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 113:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kasrayan A, Bocola M, Sandström AG, Lavén G, Bäckvall JE. Prediction of the Candida antarctica lipase A protein structure by comparative modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Chembiochem 2016; 8:1409-15. [PMID: 17631665 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A number of model structures of the CalA suggested by comparative modeling were tested by site-directed mutagenesis. Enzyme variants were created where amino acids predicted to play key roles for the lipase activity in the different models were replaced by an inert amino acid (alanine). The results from activity measurements of the overproduced and purified mutant enzymes indicate a structure where the active site consists of amino acid residues Ser184, His366, and Asp334 and in which there is no lid. This model can be used for future targeted modifications of the enzyme to obtain new substrate acceptance, better thermostability, and higher enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kasrayan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zisis T, Freddolino PL, Turunen P, van Teeseling MCF, Rowan AE, Blank KG. Interfacial Activation of Candida antarctica Lipase B: Combined Evidence from Experiment and Simulation. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5969-79. [PMID: 26346632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipase immobilization is frequently used for altering the catalytic properties of these industrially used enzymes. Many lipases bind strongly to hydrophobic surfaces where they undergo interfacial activation. Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB), one of the most commonly used biocatalysts, is frequently discussed as an atypical lipase lacking interfacial activation. Here we show that CalB displays an enhanced catalytic rate for large, bulky substrates when adsorbed to a hydrophobic interface composed of densely packed alkyl chains. We attribute this increased activity of more than 7-fold to a conformational change that yields a more open active site. This hypothesis is supported by molecular dynamics simulations that show a high mobility for a small "lid" (helix α5) close to the active site. Molecular docking calculations confirm that a highly open conformation of this helix is required for binding large, bulky substrates and that this conformation is favored in a hydrophobic environment. Taken together, our combined approach provides clear evidence for the interfacial activation of CalB on highly hydrophobic surfaces. In contrast to other lipases, however, the conformational change only affects large, bulky substrates, leading to the conclusion that CalB acts like an esterase for small substrates and as a lipase for substrates with large alcohol substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themistoklis Zisis
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Department of Molecular Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Freddolino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Petri Turunen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Department of Molecular Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Muriel C F van Teeseling
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Department of Molecular Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan E Rowan
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Department of Molecular Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin G Blank
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Department of Molecular Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kapoor S, Rafiq A, Sharma S. Protein engineering and its applications in food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:2321-2329. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.1000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Kapoor
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Aasima Rafiq
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Savita Sharma
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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Duo T, Goddard-Borger ED, Withers SG. Fluoro-glycosyl acridinones are ultra-sensitive active site titrating agents for retaining β-glycosidases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:9379-82. [PMID: 25004867 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03299c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Novel fluorogenic 2-deoxy-2-fluoroglycosyl acridinone active site titrating reagents were synthesised and kinetic parameters determined for their inactivation of two retaining β-glucosidases, a β-galactosidase, a β-xylosidase and several cellulases. Fluorescence-monitored active site titration using this class of reagents reliably measured active enzyme concentrations down to 3 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmeng Duo
- The Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1.
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9
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Active site titration of immobilized beta-galactosidase for the determination of active enzymes. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Jin Z, Zhang K, Zhang L, Zheng SP, Han SY, Lin Y. Quantification analysis of yeast-displayed lipase. Anal Biochem 2014; 450:46-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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The control of Novozym® 435 chemoselectivity and specificity by the solvents in acylation reactions of amino-alcohols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Screening for glycosylphosphatidylinositol-modified cell wall proteins in Pichia pastoris and their recombinant expression on the cell surface. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:5519-26. [PMID: 23835174 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00824-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoproteins have various intrinsic functions in yeasts and different uses in vitro. In the present study, the genome of Pichia pastoris GS115 was screened for potential GPI-modified cell wall proteins. Fifty putative GPI-anchored proteins were selected on the basis of (i) the presence of a C-terminal GPI attachment signal sequence, (ii) the presence of an N-terminal signal sequence for secretion, and (iii) the absence of transmembrane domains in mature protein. The predicted GPI-anchored proteins were fused to an alpha-factor secretion signal as a substitute for their own N-terminal signal peptides and tagged with the chimeric reporters FLAG tag and mature Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB). The expression of fusion proteins on the cell surface of P. pastoris GS115 was determined by whole-cell flow cytometry and immunoblotting analysis of the cell wall extracts obtained by β-1,3-glucanase digestion. CALB displayed on the cell surface of P. pastoris GS115 with the predicted GPI-anchored proteins was examined on the basis of potential hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate. Finally, 13 proteins were confirmed to be GPI-modified cell wall proteins in P. pastoris GS115, which can be used to display heterologous proteins on the yeast cell surface.
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13
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Ašler IL, Kovačić F, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Allmaier G, Štefanić Z, Kojić-Prodić B. Inhibition of extracellular lipase from Streptomyces rimosus with 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:1094-104. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.716834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Leščić Ašler
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Department for Physical Chemistry,
Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Filip Kovačić
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Research Center Jülich,
Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoran Štefanić
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Department for Physical Chemistry,
Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Active-site titration analysis of surface influences on immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Vallin M, Syrén PO, Hult K. Mutant Lipase-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of Bulky Phenyl Alkylsec-Alcohols: A Thermodynamic Analysis of Enantioselectivity. Chembiochem 2010; 11:411-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Hasan F, Shah AA, Hameed A. Methods for detection and characterization of lipases: A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:782-798. [PMID: 19539743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial lipases are very prominent biocatalysts because of their ability to catalyze a wide variety of reactions in aqueous and non-aqueous media. The chemo-, regio- and enantio-specific behaviour of these enzymes has caused tremendous interest among scientists and industrialists. Lipases from a large number of bacterial, fungal and a few plant and animal sources have been purified to homogeneity. This article presents a critical review of different strategies which have been employed for the detection, purification and characterization of microbial lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariha Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Qian Z, Fields CJ, Lutz S. Investigating the Structural and Functional Consequences of Circular Permutation on Lipase B fromCandida Antarctica. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1989-96. [PMID: 17876754 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The engineering of lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) by circular permutation has yielded over sixty hydrolase variants, and several show significantly improved catalytic performance. Here we report a detailed characterization of ten selected enzyme variants by kinetic and spectroscopic methods to further elucidate the impact of circular permutation on the structure and function of CALB. Our experiments identify lipase variants with up to 175-fold enhanced k(cat)/K(M) values over wild-type. In addition, circular permutation does not change the enzymes' enantiopreference and preserves or even improves their enantioselectivity compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. Finally, our spectroscopic analyses suggest that the structural effects of circular permutation on CALB are mostly local, concentrating on regions near the native and new protein termini. The observed changes in secondary structure and protein thermostability vary among enzyme variants but directly correlate with the locations of the new termini, a first step towards a predictive framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Nakagawa Y, Hasegawa A, Hiratake J, Sakata K. Engineering of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase by directed evolution for enhanced amidase activity: mechanistic implication for amide hydrolysis by serine hydrolases. Protein Eng Des Sel 2007; 20:339-46. [PMID: 17616559 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzm025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was subjected to directed evolution for increased amidase activity to probe the catalytic mechanism of serine hydrolases for the hydrolysis of amides. Random mutagenesis combined with saturation mutagenesis for all the amino acid residues at the substrate-binding site successfully identified the mutation at the residue 252 next to the catalytic H251 as a hot spot for selectively increasing the amidase activity of the lipase. The saturation mutagenesis targeted for the oxyanion hole (M16 and H83) gave no positive results. The substitutions of Met or Phe for Leu252 significantly increased the amidase activity toward N-(2-naphthyl)oleamide (2), whereas the esterase activity toward structurally similar 2-naphthyl oleate (1) was not affected by the substitution. The triple mutant F207S/A213D/M252F (Sat252) exhibited amidase activity (k(cat)/K(m)) 28-fold higher than that of the wild-type lipase. Kinetic analysis of Sat252 and its parental clone 10F12 revealed that the amidase activity was increased by the increase in the catalytic efficiency (k(cat)). The increase in k(cat) suggested the importance of the leaving group protonation by the catalytic His during the break down of the tetrahedral intermediate in the hydrolysis of amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Nakagawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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Hiratake J. Enzyme inhibitors as chemical tools to study enzyme catalysis: rational design, synthesis, and applications. CHEM REC 2005; 5:209-28. [PMID: 16041744 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.20045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Carefully designed molecules that are intimately related to the reaction mechanism of enzymes are often highly selective and potent inhibitors that serve as extremely useful chemical probes for understanding the reaction mechanism and structure of enzymes. This article describes the design, synthesis, and applications of specific inhibitors of two mechanistically distinct groups of enzymes, ATP-dependent amide ligases and Ser- and Thr-hydrolases. Our strategy is based on the premise that stable analogues of the transition state (transition-state analogues) are highly potent inhibitors that serve as good mechanistic probes, and that a key structure of a good inhibitor of one enzyme is also utilized for the inhibitors of other enzymes that share the same chemistry in their catalyzed reactions, irrespective of the degree of structural similarity and evolutionary link between the enzymes. According to these principles, we designed and synthesized a series of phosphinate- and sulfoximine-based transition-state analogue inhibitors of glutathione synthetase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and asparagine synthetase. For the second group of enzymes, we synthesized a gamma-monofluorophosphono glutamate analogue for mechanism-based affinity labeling of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and fluorescent phosphonic acid esters for the active-site titration of lipase. These inhibitors were used successfully as ligands for detailed kinetic analyses, X-ray crystallography, and mass analysis of the enzymes to identify the key amino acid residues responsible for catalysis and substrate recognition in the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hiratake
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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Magnusson AO, Rotticci-Mulder JC, Santagostino A, Hult K. Creating Space for Large Secondary Alcohols by Rational Redesign of Candida antarctica Lipase B. Chembiochem 2005; 6:1051-6. [PMID: 15883973 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The active site of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) hosts the catalytic triad (Ser-His-Asp), an oxyanion hole and a stereospecificity pocket. During catalysis, the fast-reacting enantiomer of secondary alcohols places its medium-sized substituent in the stereospecificity pocket and its large substituent towards the active-site entrance. The largest group to fit comfortably in the stereospecificity pocket is ethyl, and this restricts the number of secondary alcohols that are good substrates for CALB. In order to overcome this limitation, the size of the stereospecificity pocket was redesigned by changing Trp104. The substrate specificity of the Trp104Ala mutant compared to that of the wild-type lipase increased 270 times towards heptan-4-ol and 5500 times towards nonan-5-ol; this resulted in the high specificity constants 1100 and 830 s(-1) M(-1), respectively. The substrate selectivity changed over 400,000 times for nonan-5-ol over propan-2-ol with both Trp104Ala and the Trp104Gln mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders O Magnusson
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Fujii R, Nakagawa Y, Hiratake J, Sogabe A, Sakata K. Directed evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase for improved amide-hydrolyzing activity. Protein Eng Des Sel 2005; 18:93-101. [PMID: 15788423 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzi001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was subjected to directed molecular evolution for increased amide-hydrolyzing (amidase) activity. A single round of random mutagenesis followed by screening for hydrolytic activity for oleoyl 2-naphthylamide as compared with that for oleoyl 2-naphthyl ester identified five mutants with 1.7-2.0-fold increased relative amidase activities. Three mutational sites (F207S, A213D and F265L) were found to affect the amidase/esterase activity ratios. The combination of these mutations further improved the amidase activity. Active-site titration using a fluorescent phosphonic acid ester allowed the molecular activities for the amide and the ester to be determined for each mutant without purification of the lipase. A double mutant F207S/A213D gave the highest molecular activity of 1.1 min(-1) for the amide, corresponding to a 2-fold increase compared with that of the wild-type lipase. A structural model of the lipase indicated that the mutations occurred at the sites near the surface and remote from the catalytic triad, but close to the calcium binding site. This study is a first step towards understanding why lipases do not hydrolyze amides despite the similarities to serine proteases in the active site structure and the reaction mechanism and towards the preparation of a general acyl transfer catalyst for the biotransformation of amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Fujii
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan and Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, Toyobo Co., Ltd, 10-24 Toyo-Cho, Tsuruga, Fukui 914-0047, Japan
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