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Aydın M, Aydın EB, Sezgintürk MK. Carboxyethylsilanetriol-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as an Ultrasensitive Immunoplatform for Electrochemical Magnetosensing of Cotinine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2567-2580. [PMID: 38529538 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, an innovative and simple electrochemical magneto biosensor based on carboxyethylsilanetriol-modified iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles was designed for ultrasensitive and specific analysis of cotinine, an important marker of smoking. Anticotinine antibodies were covalently immobilized on carboxylic acid-modified magnetic nanoparticles, and the cotinine-specific magnetic nanoparticles created a specific surface on the working electrode surface. The use of magnetic nanoparticles as an immobilization platform for antibodies provided a large surface area for antibody attachment and increased sensitivity. In addition, the advantages of the new immobilization platform were reusing the working electrode numerous times, recording repeatable and reproducible signals, and reducing the necessary volume of biomolecules. The specific interaction between cotinine and cotinine-specific antibody-attached magnetic nanoparticles restricted the electron transfer of the redox probe and changed the impedimetric response of the electrode correlated to the concentration of cotinine. The magneto biosensor had a wide detection range (2-300 pg/mL), a low LOD (606 fg/mL), and an acceptable recovery (97.24-105.31%) in real samples. In addition, the current biosensor's measurement results were in good agreement with those found by the standard liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. These results showed that a simple impedimetric immunosensing platform was generated for the cotinine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Aydın
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Elif Burcu Aydın
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Çanakkale 17110, Turkey
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Development of an Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography method for the simultaneous mass detection of tobacco biomarkers in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1210:123476. [PMID: 36174263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The quantification of tobacco exposure biomarkers is relevant to follow the patients' tobacco use. They allow to discriminate between tobacco users, non-users, passive smokers, and nicotine products users, such as in nicotine replacement therapy. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a quantification method of tobacco biomarkers of choice - nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, anatabine and anabasine - in urine. The challenge was to develop an easy and rapid liquid chromatography method requiring only one extraction step and allowing simultaneous detections. Some methods are described in the literature but need specific investment in terms of instrumentation and users training. Here, the developed method had to be carried out with instrumentation easily accessible for medical laboratories. The extraction of the analytes was performed by Supported Liquid Extraction (SLE), which consists in liquid-liquid extraction but supported by a sorbent. It allows to insure efficient neutrals extraction with less organic solvent and without any emulsion formation. 200 µl of basified urine - analytes of interest are neutral in this condition - were loaded on Novum SLE 96-Well Plates (Phenomenex) and analytes were eluted with 1 % formic acid in dichloromethane/propan-2-ol (95/5). After solvent evaporation, samples were reconstituted with 100 µl of water for injection. A mass detector (QDa, Waters) was used to detect analytes, this pre-optimised quadrupole mass analyser being less expensive and requiring less adjustments than traditional mass spectrometers while benefiting of the reliability of mass spectral data. This detector was integrated after an Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) separation on a BEH C18 column (Waters) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. A gradient elution of H2O (pH 10 with NH4OH) and CH3CN was used. Finally, the developed method was validated. This new method is conclusive to assess the patients' tobacco exposure and is easy to implement in medical laboratories.
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Al-Saleh I, Coskun S, Al-Rouqi R, Al-Rajudi T, Eltabache C, Abduljabbar M, Al-Hassan S. Oxidative stress and DNA damage status in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment. REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 2022; 2:117-139. [PMID: 35128448 PMCID: PMC8812407 DOI: 10.1530/raf-20-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the status of oxidative stress in 599 couples undertaking in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment and its association with reproductive hormones, smoking, and outcomes. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined in follicular fluid and seminal plasma. Tail moment (TM) was used to evaluate DNA damage in the sperm and granulosa cells. Reproductive hormones in serum and cotinine (COT) in urine, follicular fluid, and seminal plasma samples were determined. Separate multivariate linear regression was used to assess associations between levels of each oxidative stress biomarker and each hormone and smoking parameter (modeled as natural log-transformed). The findings indicate that some oxidative stress and DNA damage biomarkers played a role in disrupting certain reproductive hormones in women and their male partners either by overproducing reactive oxygen species or reducing antioxidant defense capacity. Although women were nonsmokers, COT levels > 50 and 10 µg/L in urine and follicular were observed in 5.7 and 1.7%, respectively. Levels of follicular fluid COT were positively associated with H2O2 and TM. We used log-binomial multivariate regression to estimate relative risks for the association between oxidative stress/DNA damage and IVF binary outcomes (fertilization rate > 50%, biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, and live birth). An increase in the CAT levels of follicular fluid was associated with a 48 and 41% decrease in the risk of poor fertilization rate (≤50%) and unsuccessful live birth, respectively. After the models were adjusted for hormonal factors, the associations remained the same, except that the elevated TAC in follicular fluid became significantly associated with a decrease of 42% in the risk of poor fertilization rate (≤50%). The higher antioxidant activity (CAT and TAC) in follicular fluid might positively impact specific IVF outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Serdar Coskun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Al-Rouqi
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahreer Al-Rajudi
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chafica Eltabache
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai Abduljabbar
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Al-Hassan
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Hwang JS, Lee CM, Lee K, Kim CY. Nicotine Dependence Evaluated by Urinary Cotinine and Heaviness of Smoking Index among Smokers, Vapers, and Dual Users: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Korean J Fam Med 2021; 42:197-203. [PMID: 34038987 PMCID: PMC8164922 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.20.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many people use both combustible cigarette (CC) and electronic cigarette (EC). We compared nicotine dependence among CC, EC, and dual users using questionnaires and urinary cotinine levels. METHODS Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014-2017) databases were analyzed; 3,917 CC, EC, and dual users were administered the urinary cotinine test, and 1,045 current CC and dual users completed the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) questionnaires. Weighted geometric means of urine cotinine levels were compared between exclusive CC, exclusive EC, and dual users. The distribution rate, based on time to first cigarette (TTFC), cigarettes per day (CPD), and the HSI was analyzed in two weighted groups, exclusive CC and dual users. RESULTS Among those who currently use any type of cigarette, 89.4%, 1.4%, and 9.2% were exclusive CC, exclusive EC, and dual users, respectively. Weighted geometric means of urine cotinine were highest in dual users (1,356.4 ng/mL), followed by exclusive CC (1,270.3 ng/mL), and exclusive EC (867.7 ng/mL) with significant differences between all three groups (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in CPD between exclusive CC and dual users (P=0.626). The proportion of TTFC ≤5 minutes was 21.5% and 29.5% in the two groups, respectively (P=0.010); however, HSI differences in the two groups was marginal (P=0.557). CONCLUSION In this study, the urinary cotinine value could distinguish the three groups, CC, EC, and dual users, but the questionnaire using HSI could not distinguish the three groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Sam Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Min Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiheon Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Choon-Young Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Vinoth Kumar NM, Khijmatgar S, Chowdhury A, Gootveld M, Lynch E, Chowdhury C. The interrelationship between urinary cotinine and nicotine dependence among tobacco users in an Indian de-addiction centre: A cohort pilot study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2019; 9:326-330. [PMID: 31360631 PMCID: PMC6642268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nalini M. Vinoth Kumar
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Nitte Usha Institute of Nursing Sciences, Nitte- Deemed to be University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shahnawaz Khijmatgar
- Department of Oral Biology, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte- Deemed to be University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Martin Gootveld
- Health and Life Science, De Montfort University, Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Edward Lynch
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Chitta Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Biology and Genomic Studies, A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte- Deemed to be University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India Mangalore, 575 018, Karnataka, India
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Aslan D, Gürbay A, Hayran M, Şengelen M, Paslı D, Hüseyin B. Carbon Monoxide in the Expired Air and Urinary Cotinine Levels of e-Cigarette Users. Turk Thorac J 2019; 20:125-129. [PMID: 30958985 DOI: 10.5152/turkthoracj.2018.18110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this descriptive study was to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of electronic (e)-cigarette users for clarifying the causes of e-cigarette smoking and to identify the carbon monoxide (CO) and urinary cotinine levels of the volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty volunteers who smoked e-cigarettes completed a questionnaire, and their exhaled CO and urinary cotinine levels were measured. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used for cotinine analysis. RESULTS Overall, 85% of the participants were males, 60% were married, and 75% were college/university graduates. The median age of participants was 38.5 years. The participants' main reasons for starting to smoke were peer influence and curiosity. The participants' main reasons for smoking e-cigarettes were to quit and reduce smoking the conventional cigarettes and cost effectiveness. Only three people knew that smoking was harmful to health. The participants' CO levels were measured as a median of 3, lowest of 1, and highest of 22. Cotinine levels were "positive" in all samples. A moderate and statistically significant correlation was found between the amount of fluids used by the participants in 1 day (mL) and cotinine levels in urine specimens (Pearson correlation test, r=0.511, p=0.025). CONCLUSION The study is an important proof of the country's scientific work on e-cigarettes. Preventive strategies should be very strictly implemented for any tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, as they harm individuals and the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Aslan
- Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylin Gürbay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mutlu Hayran
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meltem Şengelen
- Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Paslı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beril Hüseyin
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
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Ko K, Kwon MJ, Yang SH, Moon CJ, Lee EH, Woo HY, Park H. Evaluation of Serum Cotinine Cut-Off to Distinguish Smokers From Nonsmokers in the Korean Population. Ann Lab Med 2017; 36:427-33. [PMID: 27374707 PMCID: PMC4940485 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2016.36.5.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cotinine has been widely used as an objective marker to identify current smokers. We conducted this study to address the absence of Korean studies investigating the efficacy of immunoassays and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the detection of serum cotinine and to determine the optimal serum cotinine cut-off level for differentiating current smokers from nonsmokers. Methods Serum specimens were obtained from 120 subjects. They were randomly chosen to represent a broad distribution of urine cotinine levels based on a retrospective review of questionnaires and results of urine cotinine levels. We determined serum cotinine levels using the IMMULITE 2000 XPi Immunoassay System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., USA) and LC-MS/MS (API-4000, Applied Biosystems, USA). Correlation was analyzed between IMMULITE serum cotinine, urine cotinine, and LC-MS/MS serum cotinine levels. ROC curve was analyzed to identify the optimal IMMULITE serum cotinine cut-off level for differentiating current smokers from nonsmokers. Results IMMULITE serum cotinine levels correlated with both urine cotinine and LC-MS/MS serum cotinine levels, with correlation coefficients of 0.958 and 0.986, respectively. The optimal serum cotinine cut-off level for distinguishing current smokers from nonsmokers was 13.2 ng/mL (95.7% sensitivity, 94.1% specificity) using IMMULITE. Conclusions This is the first study to investigate the use of LC-MS/MS for the measurement of serum cotinine and to determine the optimal serum cotinine cut-off level for the IMMULITE immunoassay. Our results could provide guidelines for differentiating current smokers from nonsmokers in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwoong Ko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Song Hyun Yang
- Institute of Metabolism, Green Cross Laboratories, Yongin, Korea
| | - Chul Jin Moon
- Institute of Metabolism, Green Cross Laboratories, Yongin, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Lee
- Institute of Metabolism, Green Cross Laboratories, Yongin, Korea
| | - Hee Yeon Woo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hyosoon Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Electrochemical behavior of the cotinine at a boron-doped diamond electrode and its determination in saliva by multiple-pulse amperometry in an FIA system. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Cao L, Ping NN, Cao YX, Li W, Cai Y, Warfvinge K, Edvinsson L. The effects of MEK1/2 inhibition on cigarette smoke exposure-induced ET receptor upregulation in rat cerebral arteries. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 304:70-8. [PMID: 27212444 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking, a major stroke risk factor, upregulates endothelin receptors in cerebral arteries. The present study examined the effects of MEK1/2 pathway inhibition on cigarette smoke exposure-induced ET receptor upregulation. Rats were exposed to the secondhand smoke (SHS) for 8weeks followed by intraperitoneal injection of MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126 for another 4weeks. The urine cotinine levels were assessed with high-performance liquid chromatography. Contractile responses of isolated cerebral arteries were recorded by a sensitive wire myograph. The mRNA and protein expression levels of receptor and MEK/ERK1/2 pathway molecules were examined by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Cerebral artery receptor localization was determined with immunohistochemistry. The results showed the urine cotinine levels from SHS exposure group were significantly higher than those from the fresh group. In addition, the MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126 significantly reduced SHS exposure-increased ETA receptor mRNA and protein levels as well as contractile responses mediated by ETA receptors. The immunoreactivity of increased ETA receptor expression was primarily cytoplasmic in smooth muscle cells. In contrast, ETB receptor was noted in endothelial cells. However, the SHS-induced decrease in endothelium-dependent relaxation was unchanged after U0126 treatment. Furthermore, SHS increased the phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 protein in cerebral arteries. By using U0126 could inhibit the phosphorylated ERK1/2 protein but not MEK1/2. Taken together, our data show that treatment with MEK1/2 pathway inhibitor offsets SHS exposure-induced ETA receptor upregulation in rat cerebral arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na-Na Ping
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Sweden
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Valladolid-López MDC, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T, Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Thrasher JF, Peláez-Ballestas I, Lazcano-Ponce E, Hernández-Ávila M. Evaluating the validity of self-reported smoking in Mexican adolescents. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e007485. [PMID: 26453588 PMCID: PMC4606437 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the validity of the self-reported smoking indicator used in the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). SETTING 43 middle and high-school classrooms from 26 schools were selected from Mexico City and Cuernavaca, Morelos. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1257 students provided both a questionnaire and a urine sample. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME Sensitivity and specificity of self-reported smoking compared to urinary cotinine. Validity indices were evaluated by subgroups of gender, social acceptability of smoking (ie, smoking parents or friends) and smoking frequency. RESULTS Sensitivity and specificity for current smoking were 93.2% and 81.7%, respectively. Validity indices remained stable across gender. Parental smoking status moderated the validity of self-report, which had lower sensitivity in adolescents with non-smoking parents (86.7%) than in adolescents with smoking parents (96.6%). Sensitivity and specificity increased with smoking frequency. CONCLUSIONS This first validation study of self-reported current smoking used in the GYTS among Mexican adolescents suggests that self-reported smoking in the past 30 days is a valid and stable indicator of current smoking behaviour. This measure appears suitable for public health research and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James F Thrasher
- National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Davis MC, Broadwater DR, Amburgy JW, Harrigan MR. The clinical significance and reliability of self-reported smoking status in patients with intracranial aneurysms: A review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2015; 137:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Martins MCG, Maia PP, Bergamin Boralli V, Figueiredo EC, Martins I. Determination of Cotinine in Urine by Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Solid Phase and Liquid–Liquid Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.979359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Shastri MD, Lu W, Ferguson SG, Narkowicz CK, Davies NW, Jacobson GA. Determination of Cotinine, 3′-Hydroxycotinine, and Their Glucuronides in Urine by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.979363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Sensitive detection of multiple mycotoxins by SPRi with gold nanoparticles as signal amplification tags. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 431:71-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Hu W, Li X, He G, Zhang Z, Zheng X, Li P, Li CM. Sensitive competitive immunoassay of multiple mycotoxins with non-fouling antigen microarray. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 50:338-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Yarnall NJ, Hughes LM, Turnbull PS, Michaud M. Evaluating the effectiveness of the US Navy and Marine Corps Tobacco Policy: an assessment of secondhand smoke exposure in US Navy submariners. Tob Control 2012; 22:e66-72. [PMID: 22871902 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of the US Navy and Marine Corps tobacco policy in protecting submariners from secondhand smoke (SHS) by determining if non-tobacco users experienced a significant increase in urinary cotinine levels at sea when compared with in port levels. METHODS From February to August 2009, 634 volunteers recruited from nine US Navy submarines completed a survey to collect demographic data, information on tobacco use and pre-deployment exposure to SHS. Non-tobacco users (n=239) were requested to provide two urine samples (pre-deployment and while at sea) to quantify exposure to SHS using urinary cotinine as a biomarker. Matched samples were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Overall, deployed cotinine levels were 2.1 times the in port levels in non-tobacco using submariners (95% CI 1.8 to 2.4, p<0.001, n=197). A significant increase in deployed urinary cotinine levels was found aboard six of nine submarines (p<0.05). A subgroup of submariners (n=91) who reported no SHS exposure within 10 days prior to in port cotinine sampling had deployed cotinine levels 2.7 times the in port levels (95% CI 2.2 to 3.3, p<0.001). Applying a 4.5:1 urine cotinine to serum cotinine correction factor, submariners' deployed geometric means are similar to recent US male population values at the 75th percentile. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that non-tobacco using submariners were exposed to SHS. Exposure was seen in all submarine classes and was not limited to personnel working in proximity to the smoking area. The existing policy was inadequate to protect non-smokers from exposure to SHS and required revision. As a result of a policy review, informed by this study, smoking below decks was banned aboard all US Navy submarines effective 31 December 2010.
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Nian H, Wang J, Wu H, Lo JG, Chiu KH, Pounds JG, Lin Y. Electrochemical immunoassay of cotinine in serum based on nanoparticle probe and immunochromatographic strip. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 713:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Vitor RV, Martins MCG, Figueiredo EC, Martins I. Application of molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction for salivary cotinine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2109-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Petersen GO, Leite CE, Chatkin JM, Thiesen FV. Cotinine as a biomarker of tobacco exposure: development of a HPLC method and comparison of matrices. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:516-21. [PMID: 20155742 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco dependence reaches one-third of the world population, and is the second leading cause of death around the world. Cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine, is the most appropriate parameter to evaluate tobacco exposure and smoking status due to its higher stability and half-life when compared to nicotine. The procedure involves liquid-liquid extraction, separation on a RP column (Zorbax XDB C(8)), isocratic pump (0.5 mL/min of water-methanol-sodium acetate (0.1 M)-ACN (50:15:25:10, v/v/v/v), 1.0 mL of citric acid (0.034 M) and 5.0 mL of triethylamine for each liter) and HPLC-UV detection (261 nm). The analytical procedure proved to be sensitive, selective, precise, accurate and linear (r>0.99) in the range of 5-500.0 ng/mL for cotinine. 2-Phenylimidazole was used as the internal standard. The LOD was 0.18 ng/mL and the LOQ was 5.0 ng/mL. All samples from smoking volunteers were collected simultaneously to establish a comparison between serum, plasma, and urine. The urinary cotinine levels were normalized by the creatinine and urine density. A significant correlation was found (p<0.01) between all matrices. Results indicate that the urine normalization by creatinine or density is unnecessary. This method is considered reliable for determining cotinine in serum and plasma of smokers and in environmental tobacco smoke exposure.
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Matsumoto A, Ino T, Ohta M, Otani T, Hanada S, Sakuraoka A, Matsumoto A, Ichiba M, Hara M. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of nicotine metabolites. Environ Health Prev Med 2010; 15:211-6. [PMID: 21432547 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-009-0129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The level of cotinine in biological specimens, such as serum, urine, and saliva, measured by gas or liquid chromatography is the most validated and reliable indicator of exposure to tobacco smoke. However, chromatographic methods are not always suitable for all types of situations. METHODS We validated a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that uses a polyclonal antibody to cotinine as a practical alternative to chromatographic methods. RESULTS The cotinine antibody cross-reacts to 3-hydroxycotinine (3HC) and its glucuronide, thus generating a value for immunoreactive (IR) cotinine, which is a complex comprising cotinine, 3HC, and 3HC-glucuronide. The levels of IR cotinine in the urine of kindergarten children closely correlated with those of cotinine measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and reflected the smoking behavior of their parents more precisely than cotinine levels determined by GC-MS. DISCUSSION Our findings showed that the cotinine-based ELISA can be a practical biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacology, Colorado University, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Zhang SP, Wu YW, Wu ZZ, Liu HY, Nie JH, Tong J. Up-regulation of RAGE and S100A6 in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 28:259-264. [PMID: 21784013 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke has been widely investigated in terms of epidemiology and pathological endpoints in relation to human lung diseases and animal study. In this study we exposed Wistar rats to cigarette smoke at concentrations of 20% and 60% to explore potential molecular mechanisms at the protein level. Exposures were conducted twice a day, 5 days a week for 43 weeks. As a major metabolite of nicotine in cigarette, cotinine level in rat urine was determined by HPLC-MS. A dose-dependent analysis indicated that cotinine may be used as an exposure marker of cigarette smoke. Expression of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), an immunoglobulin super family that triggers the intracellular signal cascade reaction leading to inflammation and its ligand S100A6 (calgranulin) in bronchial epithelial cells and lung tissues of rats, were found to be positive correlated with cotinine levels, indicating that RAGE and S100A6 may be attributable to inflammation and oxidative damage caused by cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ping Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Radiation Medicine and Public Health, Soochow University, The Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou City 215123, China
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Ozdener MH, Yee KK, McDermott R, Cowart BJ, Vainius AA, Dalton P, Rawson NE. Assessment of smoking status based on cotinine levels in nasal lavage fluid. Tob Induc Dis 2009; 5:11. [PMID: 19575799 PMCID: PMC2711055 DOI: 10.1186/1617-9625-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotinine is a principal metabolite of nicotine with a substantially longer half-life, and cotinine levels in saliva, urine or serum are widely used to validate self-reported smoking status. The nasal cavity and olfactory system are directly exposed to tobacco smoke in smokers and in non-smokers who live with or work around smokers. However, despite the potential for a direct impact of tobacco smoke on the nasal epithelium and olfactory neurons, no prior studies have assessed cotinine levels in nasal mucus. We sought to determine whether cotinine levels in nasal lavage fluid (NLF) would provide a reasonable estimate of smoke exposure. We assayed cotinine using a competitive immunoassay in NLF from 23 smokers, 10 non-smokers exposed to tobacco smoke (ETS) and 60 non-smokers who did not report smoke exposure. NLF cotinine levels were significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers, regardless of their exposure to ambient tobacco smoke. Cotinine levels in this small group of exposed non-smokers were not significantly different than those of non-exposed non-smokers. A cutoff of 1 ng/ml provided a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 99% for smoking status in this sample. Data were consistent with self-reported smoking status, and a cutoff of 1.0 ng/ml NLF cotinine may be used to classify smoking status. While saliva is the most easily obtained body fluid, NLF can be used to provide an objective and precise indication of smoking status and more directly reflects smoke exposure in the nasal and olfactory mucosa.
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Man CN, Fathelrahman AI, Harn GL, Lajis R, Samin ASM, Omar M, Awang R, Bayanuddin NA. Correlation between urinary nicotine, cotinine and self-reported smoking status among educated young adults. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 28:92-96. [PMID: 21783987 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to correlate, differentiate and validate the self-reported smoking status of educated young adults with urinary biomarkers (i.e. nicotine and cotinine). Freshmen students were recruited on voluntary basis. They filled-up self-administered questionnaire and their urine samples were collected for analysis. The urinary nicotine (UN) and cotinine (UC) were measured by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. Smokers, non-smokers and ex-smokers were found to be both significantly correlated and different in their UN and UC levels. UC level of 25ng/ml was the optimal cut-off to differentiate smokers from non-smokers. Using this cut-off value, the prevalence of smoking among the students was found to be higher (15.4%) than the self-reported data (14.3%). UC is useful in validating individual recent smoking history and the cut-off could serve as a marker for assessing the clinical impact of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Nin Man
- National Poison Centre, Universiti National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Martínez-Sánchez JM, Fu M, Ariza C, López MJ, Saltó E, Pascual JA, Schiaffino A, Borràs JM, Peris M, Agudo A, Nebot M, Fernández E. [Optimal cut-point of salivary cotinine concentration to discriminate smoking status in the adult population in Barcelona]. GACETA SANITARIA 2009; 23:501-5. [PMID: 19573954 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the optimal cut-point for salivary cotinine concentration to identify smoking status in the adult population of Barcelona. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of a representative sample (n=1,117) of the adult population (>16 years) in Barcelona (2004-2005). This study gathered information on active and passive smoking by means of a questionnaire and a saliva sample for cotinine determination. We analyzed sensitivity and specificity according to sex, age, smoking status (daily and occasional), and exposure to second-hand smoke at home. ROC curves and the area under the curve were calculated. RESULTS The prevalence of smokers (daily and occasional) was 27.8% (95% CI: 25.2-30.4%). The optimal cut-point to discriminate smoking status was 9.2 ng/ml (sensitivity=88.7% and specificity=89.0%). The area under the ROC curve was 0.952. The optimal cut-point was 12.2 ng/ml in men and 7.6 ng/ml in women. The optimal cut-point was higher at ages with a greater prevalence of smoking. Daily smokers had a higher cut-point than occasional smokers. CONCLUSIONS The optimal cut-point to discriminate smoking status in the adult population is 9.2 ng/ml, with sensitivities and specificities around 90%. The cut-point was higher in men and in younger people. The cut-point increases with higher prevalence of daily smokers.
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Biological matrices for the evaluation of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during prenatal life and childhood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:379-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Song SM, Park YS, Lee A, Cho YG, Kim DS, Lee HS, Choi SI, Lee KR. Concentrations of Blood Vitamin A, C, E, Coenzyme Q10 and Urine Cotinine Related to Cigarette Smoking Exposure. Ann Lab Med 2009; 29:10-6. [DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2009.29.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Lee
- Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Gon Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dal Sik Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hye Soo Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sam Im Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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Weiss KB, Shannon JJ, Sadowski LS, Sharp LK, Curtis L, Lyttle CS, Kumar R, Shalowitz MU, Weiselberg L, Catrambone CD, Evans A, Kee R, Miller J, Kimmel L, Grammer LC. The burden of asthma in the Chicago community fifteen years after the availability of national asthma guidelines: the design and initial results from the CHIRAH study. Contemp Clin Trials 2009; 30:246-55. [PMID: 19470314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Weiss
- Institute for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Kataoka H, Inoue R, Yagi K, Saito K. Determination of nicotine, cotinine, and related alkaloids in human urine and saliva by automated in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:108-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chiu HT, Isaac Wu HD, Kuo HW. The relationship between self-reported tobacco exposure and cotinines in urine and blood for pregnant women. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 406:331-336. [PMID: 18789488 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To explore the relationship of self-reported exposure to tobacco smoke and the cotinine levels in the urine and blood over the follow-up period for pregnant women. Three hundred ninety-eight pregnant women undergoing prenatal care were interviewed in different trimesters at three hospitals in central Taiwan using a structured questionnaire. Based on their self-reported smoking experience, the participants were classified into three groups (25 smokers, 191 passive smokers, and 182 non-smokers) and were tracked in this study up to the time of delivery. Cotinine levels were tested for the maternal blood and urine at the end of each trimester and for the umbilical cord-blood of the newborns. All specimens were measured using a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique. In general, urinary cotinine levels were higher in subjects who smoked (including current- and ex-smokers) than those who never smoked. The pattern of distribution of cotinine levels among smoking/ETS exposure group in the urine sample was similar to that in the blood sample. The umbilical cord-blood cotinine levels was found to be highest in the active smoking group, followed by the ETS group exposed to ETS both at home and in the workplace. Over the course of the pregnancies, there was an increase in cotinine levels in urine and maternal blood for each of 3 exposure groups. Exposure to smoking by self-reported information in pregnant women has been found to be directly related to the levels of cotinine in the umbilical cord-blood of the fetus. Cotinine is a sensitive measure of ETS exposure, but if biochemical analysis is not available or convenient for a pregnant woman, then self-reported exposure to ETS can provide a good estimate if the information is gathered by a well-trained interviewer in a structured way.
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Wu FY, Chiu HT, Wu HDI, Lin CJ, Lai JS, Kuo HW. Comparison of urinary and plasma cotinine levels during the three trimesters of pregnancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2008; 22:296-301. [PMID: 18426525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2008.00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Assays of metabolised cotinine are considered to be an accurate measure of exposure to cigarette smoke among pregnant women. We investigated the association and differences between the cotinine levels in maternal urine and blood, and the umbilical cord blood of three tobacco exposure groups at different stages of pregnancy. A prospective study was conducted among 398 pregnant women undergoing prenatal care in different trimesters at two medical centres and one regional hospital in central Taiwan. All 398 subjects (including 25 smokers, 191 passive smokers and 182 non-smokers) remained in the study up to the time of delivery; 384 of them delivered singleton live births. Cotinine levels were assayed in the maternal plasma and urine of the mothers at each trimester and in the cord blood of the newborns. All specimens were measured using a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography. Cotinine concentrations in plasma and urine showed a significant dose-dependent difference among the three groups (non-smoker, passive and active smoker) and a trend that increased with gestation among the pregnant women. Significant correlations between cotinine concentrations in plasma and urine among the pregnant women in each trimester were found. In addition, the level of cotinine in umbilical cord blood was significantly correlated with that in maternal blood at term (r = 0.89, P < 0.001). A pattern of elevated cotinine concentrations in the plasma and urine of pregnant women from the beginning to the end of pregnancy was found, and this correlated significantly with the cotinine levels in the umbilical cord blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Y Wu
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taiwan
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31
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Chou SY, Hsu HH, Kuo HH, Kuo HW. Association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and breastfeeding behaviour. Acta Paediatr 2008; 97:76-80. [PMID: 18201310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the association between breastfeeding behaviour and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). METHOD Questionnaires were collected from 552 women. Blood and urine specimens were taken from part of the population at the time of delivery. The study population was classified into two groups: those exposed to ETS and those unexposed, based on self-reports from the subjects involved in the study. Cotinine levels in the urine and blood specimens were analysed by HPLC-UV under strict quality control procedures. RESULTS There was a significant negative association between the exposure to ETS at home or in the workplace and the prevalence of breastfeeding in each of the 6 months following delivery using multiple logistic regression adjusted for other covariates. The cotinine levels in the urine and blood were dose-dependent, but not significantly so. However, women with lower cotinine levels had a higher probability of breastfeeding than those with higher levels. CONCLUSION Women who are exposed to ETS have a low likelihood of breastfeeding. It is necessary for the government to regulate ETS in public areas and confined spaces in order to reduce the levels of ETS that women are exposed to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Yuan Chou
- Department of Surgery, Cheng-Ching General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Kowalski P, Marszałł M, Olędzka I, Czarnowski W. Comparative Evaluation of CE and HPLC for Determination of Cotinine in Human Urine. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Welerowicz T, Śliwka K, Buszewski B. HPLC Analysis of Cotinine in Urine After SPE with a Cholesterol-Modified Adsorbent. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Man CN, Gam LH, Ismail S, Lajis R, Awang R. Simple, rapid and sensitive assay method for simultaneous quantification of urinary nicotine and cotinine using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 844:322-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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White WD, Crockford D, Patten S, El-Guebaly N. A randomized, open-label pilot comparison of gabapentin and bupropion SR for smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2006; 7:809-13. [PMID: 16191752 DOI: 10.1080/14622200500259887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This 6-week, randomized, open-label pilot study estimated the treatment effect size of gabapentin (n = 17) compared with bupropion SR (n = 19) for smoking cessation, thereby allowing sample size calculations for a definitive comparison study. The primary outcome measure was smoking cessation. Secondary outcome measures included smoking reduction and withdrawal severity. Gabapentin was less efficacious than bupropion for smoking cessation but was associated with fewer dropouts from adverse effects. Withdrawal severity was less with bupropion. Bupropion remains the first-line non-nicotine pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Further study is required to determine if gabapentin has any useful role in smoking cessation. Based on our primary outcome measure, 79 subjects would be required in each treatment group of a two-armed study to achieve 90% power for detecting a difference in efficacy between gabapentin and bupropion.
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Song L, Davis W, Abrams SM, Hemiup J, Latif Kazim A, Michael Cummings K, Mahoney MC. Sensitive and rapid method for the determination of urinary cotinine in non-smokers: an application for studies assessing exposures to second hand smoke (SHS). Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ziegler UE, Kauczok J, Dietz UA, Reith HB, Schmidt K. Clinical correlation between the consumption of nicotine and cotinine concentrations in urine and serum by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pharmacology 2005; 72:254-9. [PMID: 15539886 DOI: 10.1159/000080381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Different negative effects of smoking are known (e.g. postoperative complications), which lead, especially in plastic surgery, to unsatisfactory results. The aim of this study was to examine the appropriateness of a cotinine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for routine usage in operative disciplines. By correlation of smoking habits and concentration of cotinine in serum and urine, we tried to ascertain reference values for smokers, passive smokers and non-smokers. The reliability and sensitivity of the cotinine ELISA concerning nicotine exposure need to be proven. 165 (108 men, 57 women) test persons were examined by detecting cotinine in serum and urine by ELISA. The study shows a very good sensitivity, precision and reproducibility of the cotinine ELISA according to the laboratory criteria. The test shows significance of a good differentiation between smokers, passive smokers and non-smokers in urine. In serum, cotinines are excellent to differentiate between smokers and non-smokers/passive smokers. Urine and serum tests demonstrate valid and comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich E Ziegler
- Plastic and Hand Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoke is one of the most common air pollutants found in the indoor environment. Passive smoking is defined as the involuntary inhalation of tobacco smoke present in the air. This article examines the advantages and limitations of the methods that are available to measure environmental tobacco smoke exposure. STATE OF THE ART Passive smoking can be assessed either by measuring tobacco smoke pollutants found in the air directly or by using biomarker assays, an indirect measure of exposure. CONCLUSION As far as the direct measurement of air pollutants is concerned, nicotine and 3-Ethenylpyridine levels seem most suitable because of their specificity. Four specific biological markers of tobacco smoke exposure are available: nicotine, cotinine, thiocyanates, and protein or DNA adducts. Only urinary cotinine assay can be retained as a reliable marker of exposure to tobacco smoke. It has been used as a reference in most epidemiological studies but only reflects tobacco exposure over the preceding 48 hours. The measurement of nicotine and cotinine levels in the appendages of the skin (hair and nails) reflects exposure to tobacco over the previous three months and could become a better reference marker in epidemiological and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Metz-Favre
- Service de pneumologie, Hôpital Lyautey, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France
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Dhar P. Measuring tobacco smoke exposure: quantifying nicotine/cotinine concentration in biological samples by colorimetry, chromatography and immunoassay methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:155-68. [PMID: 15030890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Accepted: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Procedures to assess tobacco smoke exposure are reviewed and biomarkers used for determining the smoking status of an individual are compared. Methods used to extract these biomarkers from saliva, urine, and blood and the advantages and disadvantages of the assays are discussed. Finally, the procedures used to measure the levels of cortisol, a stress hormone speculated to be linked to nicotine metabolism, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dhar
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA.
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