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Jamin EL, Jacques C, Jourdes L, Tabet JC, Borotra N, Bessou-Touya S, Debrauwer L, Duplan H. Identification of lipids of the stratum corneum by high performance thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:278-290. [PMID: 30545248 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718815380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, is the most important skin barrier against exogenous physical and chemical effects, in addition to protecting against dehydration. Ceramides are integral parts of the intercellular lipid lamellae of the stratum corneum and play an important role in the barrier function of mammalian skin. Ceramides are sphingolipids consisting of sphingoid bases linked to fatty acids by an amide bond. Typical sphingoid bases in the skin are composed of dihydrosphingosine, sphingosine, phytosphingosine, and 6-hydroxysphingosine, and the fatty acid acyl chains are composed of non-hydroxy fatty acid, α-hydroxy fatty acid, ω-hydroxy fatty acid, and esterified ω-hydroxy fatty acid. Analytical methods, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, high performance thin layer chromatography with UV detection, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, have been developed for the identification and quantification of ceramides in the stratum corneum. However, only a few publications relate to the mass fragmentation patterns specific to ceramide types to determine the structure of skin ceramides. Moreover, these studies provide very limited structural information and only for some ceramides. Therefore, the aim of our study was to develop a quick and easy method of quantification of ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids by high performance thin layer chromatography with ultraviolet detection. High performance thin layer chromatography with ultraviolet detection was also coupled with mass spectrometry using negative ionization by electrospray and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for identification of ceramides' structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien L Jamin
- 1 Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
- 2 Axiom Platform, MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Carine Jacques
- 3 Pierre Fabre Dermo-cosmétique, Pharmacology Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Laëtitia Jourdes
- 3 Pierre Fabre Dermo-cosmétique, Pharmacology Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Claude Tabet
- 4 Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- 5 Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Borotra
- 3 Pierre Fabre Dermo-cosmétique, Pharmacology Unit, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Laurent Debrauwer
- 1 Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
- 2 Axiom Platform, MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Duplan
- 3 Pierre Fabre Dermo-cosmétique, Pharmacology Unit, Toulouse, France
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Tessema EN, Gebre-Mariam T, Frolov A, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH. Development and validation of LC/APCI-MS method for the quantification of oat ceramides in skin permeation studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4775-4785. [PMID: 29947900 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides (CERs) are the backbone of the intercellular lipid lamellae of the stratum corneum (SC), the outer layer of the skin. Skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and aged skin are characterized by dysfunctional skin barrier and dryness which are associated with reduced levels of CERs. Replenishing the depleted epidermal CERs with exogenous CERs has been shown to have beneficial effects in improving the skin barrier and hydration. The exogenous CERs such as phyto-derived CERs (PhytoCERs) can be delivered deep into the SC using novel topical formulations. This, however, requires investigating the rate and extent of skin permeation of CERs. In this study, an LC/APCI-MS method to detect and quantify PhytoCERs in different layers of the skin has been developed and validated. The method was used to investigate the skin permeation of PhytoCERs using Franz diffusion cells after applying an amphiphilic cream containing PhytoCERs to the surface of ex vivo human skin. As plant-specific CERs are not commercially available, well-characterized CERs isolated from oat (Avena abyssinica) were used as reference standards for the development and validation of the method. The method was linear over the range of 30-1050 ng/mL and sensitive with limit of detection and quantification of 10 and 30 ng/mL, respectively. The method was also selective, accurate, and precise with minimal matrix effect (with mean matrix factor around 100%). Even if more than 85% of oat CERs in the cream remained in the cream after the incubation periods of 30, 100, and 300 min, it was possible to quantify the small quantities of oat CERs distributed across the SC, epidermis, and dermis of the skin indicating the method's sensitivity. Therefore, the method can be used to investigate the skin permeation of oat CERs from the various pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products without any interference from the skin constituents such as the epidermal lipids. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrem N Tessema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tsige Gebre-Mariam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johannes Wohlrab
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 23, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reinhard H H Neubert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 23, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Tessema EN, Gebre-Mariam T, Lange S, Dobner B, Neubert RH. Potential application of oat-derived ceramides in improving skin barrier function: Part 1. Isolation and structural characterization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1065-1066:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Tessema EN, Gebre-Mariam T, Schmelzer CE, Neubert RH. Isolation and structural characterization of glucosylceramides from Ethiopian plants by LC/APCI-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:241-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Neubert RHH, Bayrak O, Steinbach S, Sonnenberger S, Dobner B. Development and Validation of Analytical Methods for the Detection and Quantification of a Novel Dimeric Ceramide in Stratum Corneum and Other Layers of the Skin. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Quantitative analysis of ceramides using a novel lipidomics approach with three dimensional response modelling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1652-1661. [PMID: 27422369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), ceramides form a diverse and essential pool of lipids. Due to their diversity and the limited availability of synthetic standards it is challenging to quantitatively analyse all SC ceramides independently. We aim to perform a detailed analysis of ceramides on SC harvested from in vivo and ex vivo skin, therefore, a LC/MS method was developed in which all steps from sample acquisition until data analysis were examined and optimized. Improving extraction efficiency of ceramides resulted in an increase in efficiency from 71.5% to 99.3%. It was shown that sample harvesting by tape-stripping in vivo was accurate and precise. A full scan MS method was developed, compatible with all sample types, enabling simultaneously qualitative and quantitative data analysis. A novel three dimensional response model was constructed to quantify all detected ceramides from full scan data using a limited amount of synthetic ceramides. The application is demonstrated on various SC sample types. When ex vivo SC was regenerated during human skin culture, increases are observed in the amount of the ceramide sphingosine subclasses, in mono unsaturated ceramides (which have an cis-double bond in the acyl chain), and ceramides with a short C34 carbon chain (ceramides with a total carbon chain of 34 carbon atoms), compared with native human skin. These changes in ceramide levels are also often encountered in diseased skin.
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A Hyphenated Technique based on High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography for Determining Neutral Sphingolipids: A Proof of Concept. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sahle FF, Gebre-Mariam T, Dobner B, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH. Skin diseases associated with the depletion of stratum corneum lipids and stratum corneum lipid substitution therapy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 28:42-55. [PMID: 25196193 DOI: 10.1159/000360009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body, whose main function is to protect the body against the loss of physiologically important components as well as harmful environmental insults. From the inside to the outside, the skin comprises three major structural layers: the hypodermis, the dermis and the epidermis. The epidermis contains four different sublayers, the stratum corneum (SC), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale, where the barrier function of the skin mainly lies in the outermost layer of the epidermis, the SC. The SC contains corneocytes that are embedded in a lipid matrix existing in the form of lipid bilayers. The lipid bilayers are formed mainly from ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol, constitute the only continuous pathway across the SC and are responsible for the barrier function of the skin. However, the depletion or disturbance of SC lipids in the SC leads to a perturbation of the barrier function of the skin, and, conversely, several skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are associated with the depletion of these SC lipids. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the interrelationship between the depletion of SC lipids and skin diseases as well as factors that affect the composition and organization of SC lipids in order to assess the potential benefit of a direct replacement of the missing SC lipids as a means of treating affected, aged or diseased skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum F Sahle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Haag SF, Tscherch K, Arndt S, Kleemann A, Gersonde I, Lademann J, Rohn S, Meinke MC. Enhancement of skin radical scavenging activity and stratum corneum lipids after the application of a hyperforin-rich cream. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:227-33. [PMID: 23811220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperforin is well-known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant properties. The application of a hyperforin-rich verum cream could strengthen the skin barrier function by reducing radical formation and stabilizing stratum corneum lipids. Here, it was investigated whether topical treatment with a hyperforin-rich cream increases the radical protection of the skin during VIS/NIR irradiation. Skin lipid profile was investigated applying HPTLC on skin lipid extracts. Furthermore, the absorption- and scattering coefficients, which influence radical formation, were determined. 11 volunteers were included in this study. After a single cream application, VIS/NIR-induced radical formation could be completely inhibited by both verum and placebo showing an immediate protection. After an application period of 4weeks, radical formation could be significantly reduced by 45% following placebo application and 78% after verum application showing a long-term protection. Furthermore, the skin lipids in both verum and placebo groups increased directly after a single cream application but only significantly for ceramide [AP], [NP1], and squalene. After long-term cream application, concentration of cholesterol and the ceramides increased, but no significance was observed. These results indicate that regular application of the hyperforin-rich cream can reduce radical formation and can stabilize skin lipids, which are responsible for the barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Haag
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
| | - K Tscherch
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Germany.
| | - S Arndt
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
| | - A Kleemann
- Klosterfrau Berlin GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
| | - I Gersonde
- Laser- und Medizin-Technologie GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
| | - J Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
| | - S Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Germany.
| | - M C Meinke
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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Meinke M, Friedrich A, Tscherch K, Haag S, Darvin M, Vollert H, Groth N, Lademann J, Rohn S. Influence of dietary carotenoids on radical scavenging capacity of the skin and skin lipids. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 84:365-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Windbergs M, Hansen S, Schroeter A, Schaefer U, Lehr CM, Bouwstra J. From the Structure of the Skin Barrier and Dermal Formulations to in vitro Transport Models for Skin Absorption: Skin Research in the Netherlands and in Germany. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:317-30. [DOI: 10.1159/000351936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sahle FF, Metz H, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH. Lecithin-based microemulsions for targeted delivery of ceramide AP into the stratum corneum: formulation, characterizations, and in vitro release and penetration studies. Pharm Res 2012; 30:538-51. [PMID: 23135817 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve the solubility and penetration of Ceramide AP (CER [AP]) into the stratum corneum that potentially restores the barrier function of aged and affected skin. METHODS CER [AP] microemulsions (MEs) were formulated using lecithin, Miglyol® 812 (miglyol) and water-1,2 pentandiol (PeG) mixture as amphiphilic, oily and hydrophilic components, respectively. The nanostructure of the MEs was revealed using electrical conductivity, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) was used to measure the sizes and shape of ME droplets. The release and penetration of the CER into the stratum corneum was investigated in vitro using a multi-layer membrane model. RESULTS The MEs exhibited excellent thermodynamic stability (>2 years) and loading capacity (0.5% CER [AP]). The pseudo-ternary phase diagrams of the MEs were obtained and PCS results showed that the droplets are spherical in shape and bigger in size. In vitro investigations showed that the MEs exhibited excellent rate and extent of release and penetration. CONCLUSIONS Stable lecithin-based CER [AP] MEs that significantly enhance the solubility and penetration of CER [AP] into the stratum corneum were developed. The MEs also have better properties than the previously reported polyglycerol fatty acid surfactant-based CER [AP] MEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum F Sahle
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Ochalek M, Heissler S, Wohlrab J, Neubert R. Characterization of lipid model membranes designed for studying impact of ceramide species on drug diffusion and penetration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:113-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Development and validation of LC/ESI-MS method for the detection and quantification of exogenous ceramide NP in stratum corneum and other layers of the skin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 60:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Escalas-Taberner J, González-Guerra E, Guerra-Tapia A. [Sensitive skin: a complex syndrome]. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011; 39:295-300. [PMID: 21757181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies indicate that ever larger numbers of people report having sensitive skin, for which a European prevalence of 50% is estimated. Sensitive skin is characterized by hyperreactivity, with manifestations varying in relation to many factors. The pathogenesis of this disorder is poorly understood, although studies point to a biophysical mechanism. Objective diagnosis of sensitive skin is difficult, as information comes mainly from the patient's report of symptoms in the absence of effective, strongly predictive tests because of great interindividual variability in skin sensitivity. Substances that trigger a reaction in hypersensitive skin also vary greatly. The impact of this syndrome on quality of life is considerable and patients often present psychiatric symptoms; therefore, dermatologists should explore this possibility when taking a patient's history. Patient cooperation and physician persistence are both essential for treating sensitive skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Escalas-Taberner
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, España.
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Angelova-Fischer I, Mannheimer AC, Hinder A, Ruether A, Franke A, Neubert RHH, Fischer TW, Zillikens D. Distinct barrier integrity phenotypes in filaggrin-related atopic eczema following sequential tape stripping and lipid profiling. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:351-6. [PMID: 21410766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filaggrin gene (FLG) loss-of-function mutations have been shown to represent the strongest so far known genetic risk factor for atopic dermatitis (AD). Whereas the barrier characteristics in FLG mutation carriers under baseline conditions have been investigated, there are only limited data on the permeability barrier function in filaggrin-AD under compromised conditions. AIM We investigated: (i) stratum corneum (SC) integrity/cohesion; (ii) barrier recovery after controlled mechanical and irritant-induced barrier abrogation; and (iii) the lipid composition of the non-lesional and lesional skin of AD patients harbouring the European R501X, 2282del4, 3702delG, R2447X or S3247X FLG variants. METHODS Thirty-seven AD patients (14 FLG mutation carriers and 23 non-carriers) and 20 healthy controls participated in the study. Stratum corneum integrity/cohesion was assessed by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and amount of removed protein following sequential tape stripping. Barrier recovery was monitored by repeated measurements of TEWL and erythema up to 96 h after barrier abrogation. Samples for lipid analysis were obtained from non-lesional and lesional skin using the cyanoacrylate method. RESULTS Tape stripping revealed distinct genotype-related impairment of the SC integrity/cohesion. No differences in the rate of barrier recovery among the groups were found. The SC lipid analysis revealed significant differences regarding the percentage amount of cholesterol, ceramide/cholesterol ratio and triglycerides in the uninvolved skin as well as the amounts of free fatty acids, CER[EOH] and triglycerides in the skin lesions of the AD FLG mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for discernible FLG-related barrier integrity phenotypes in atopic eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Angelova-Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, Germany.
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18
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Improved Method for Stratum Corneum Lipid Analysis by Automated Multiple Development HPTLC. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-1913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nie H, Liu R, Yang Y, Bai Y, Guan Y, Qian D, Wang T, Liu H. Lipid profiling of rat peritoneal surface layers by online normal- and reversed-phase 2D LC QToF-MS. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2833-44. [PMID: 20526000 PMCID: PMC2918466 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d007567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An online, two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography (LC) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QToF-MS) method was developed for lipid profiling of rat peritoneal surface layers, in which the lipid classes and species could be simultaneously separated in one injection with a significantly increased sensitivity. Different lipid classes were separated on a normal-phase column in the first dimension and lipid molecular species were separated on a reversed-phase column in the second dimension, so that the ion suppression effects were reduced while the detection sensitivity was improved. Identified were 721 endogenous lipid species from 12 lipid classes, in which 415 structures were confirmed using tandem mass spectra, and the other 306 lipid molecular species were identified by accurate masses. The linearity, limit of detection, and repeatability were all satisfactory. The method was applied to the investigation of the lipid changes in rat peritoneal surface layer after peritoneal dialysis, and 32 potential lipid biomarkers were identified, as their concentrations in the dosed group were 2.2-12.5 times of those in the control group. The results revealed that this 2D LC-MS system was a promising tool for lipid profiling of complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Youyou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- Department of Instrumental and Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Daqing Qian
- Department of Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Merle C, Laugel C, Chaminade P, Baillet-Guffroy A. QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE STRATUM CORNEUM LIPID CLASSES BY NORMAL PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO UNIVERSAL DETECTORS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826071003608520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Merle
- a Groupe Chimie Analytique de Paris-Sud EA, School of Pharmacy , Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - C. Laugel
- a Groupe Chimie Analytique de Paris-Sud EA, School of Pharmacy , Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - P. Chaminade
- a Groupe Chimie Analytique de Paris-Sud EA, School of Pharmacy , Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - A. Baillet-Guffroy
- a Groupe Chimie Analytique de Paris-Sud EA, School of Pharmacy , Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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Schröter A, Kessner D, Kiselev MA, Hauss T, Dante S, Neubert RHH. Basic nanostructure of stratum corneum lipid matrices based on ceramides [EOS] and [AP]: a neutron diffraction study. Biophys J 2009; 97:1104-14. [PMID: 19686658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the nanostructure of SC lipid model membranes comprising the most relevant SC lipids such as the unique-structured omega-acylceramide [EOS] in a near natural ratio with neutron diffraction. In models proposed recently the presence of ceramide [EOS] and FFA are necessary for the formation of one of the two existent crystalline lamellar phases of the SC lipids, the long-periodicity phase as well as for the normal barrier function of the SC. The focus of this study was placed on the influence of the FFA BA on the membrane structure and its localization within the membrane based on the ceramides [EOS] and [AP]. The internal nanostructure of such membranes was obtained by Fourier synthesis from the experimental diffraction patterns. The resulting neutron scattering length density profiles showed that the exceptionally long ceramide [EOS] is arranged in a short-periodicity phase created by ceramide [AP] by spanning through the whole bilayer and extending even further into the adjacent bilayer. Specifically deuterated BA allowed us to determine the exact position of this FFA inside this SC lipid model membrane. Furthermore, hydration experiments showed that the presented SC mimic system shows an extremely small intermembrane hydration of approximately 1 A, consequently the headgroups of the neighboring leaflets are positioned close to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Schröter
- Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Evidence of free fatty acid interdigitation in stratum corneum model membranes based on ceramide [AP] by deuterium labelling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:2194-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Normal phase liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for separation, detection and mass spectrometric profiling of neutral sphingolipids and cholesterol. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2976-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Zbytovská J, Kiselev M, Funari S, Garamus V, Wartewig S, Palát K, Neubert R. Influence of cholesterol on the structure of stratum corneum lipid model membrane. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Farwanah H, Pierstorff B, Schmelzer CEH, Raith K, Neubert RHH, Kolter T, Sandhoff K. Separation and mass spectrometric characterization of covalently bound skin ceramides using LC/APCI-MS and Nano-ESI-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:562-70. [PMID: 17368999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides covalently bound to keratinocytes are essential for the barrier function of the skin, which can be disturbed in diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. These ceramides of the classes omega-hydroxyacyl-sphingosine and omega-hydroxyacyl-6-hydroxysphingosine contain an omega-hydroxy fatty acid. For their separation and identification, a new analytical approach based on normal phase liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and tandem nano-electrospray mass spectrometry, respectively, is presented here. Tandem mass spectrometry provided structural information about the sphingoid base as well as the fatty acid moieties. The chain lengths of the bases ranged from C12 to C22, the chain lengths of the fatty acids varied between C28 and C36. In total, 67 ceramide species have been identified in human skin. The analytical methods presented in this work can be helpful for investigating alterations in the ceramide composition of the skin as seen in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and diseases with impaired epidermal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Farwanah
- LIMES-Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Program Unit Membrane and Lipid Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biology & Lipid Biochemistry, Friedrichs-Wilhelm-University, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Epp N, Fürstenberger G, Müller K, de Juanes S, Leitges M, Hausser I, Thieme F, Liebisch G, Schmitz G, Krieg P. 12R-lipoxygenase deficiency disrupts epidermal barrier function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:173-82. [PMID: 17403930 PMCID: PMC2064121 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200612116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
12R-lipoxygenase (12R-LOX) and the epidermal LOX-3 (eLOX-3) constitute a novel LOX pathway involved in terminal differentiation in skin. This view is supported by recent studies showing that inactivating mutations in 12R-LOX and eLOX-3 are linked to the development of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. We show that 12R-LOX deficiency in mice results in a severe impairment of skin barrier function. Loss of barrier function occurs without alterations in proliferation and stratified organization of the keratinocytes, but is associated with ultrastructural anomalies in the upper granular layer, suggesting perturbance of the assembly/extrusion of lamellar bodies. Cornified envelopes from skin of 12R-LOX–deficient mice show increased fragility. Lipid analysis demonstrates a disordered composition of ceramides, in particular a decrease of ester-bound ceramide species. Moreover, processing of profilaggrin to monomeric filaggrin is impaired. This study indicates that the 12R-LOX–eLOX-3 pathway plays a key role in the process of epidermal barrier acquisition by affecting lipid metabolism, as well as protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Epp
- Section Eicosanoids and Tumor Development, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Sherma J, Fried B. Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis of Biological Samples. A Review. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500187491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sherma
- a Department of Chemistry , Lafayette College , Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernard Fried
- b Department of Biology , Lafayette College , Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
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Geng S, Mezentsev A, Kalachikov S, Raith K, Roop DR, Panteleyev AA. Targeted ablation of Arnt in mouse epidermis results in profound defects in desquamation and epidermal barrier function. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4901-12. [PMID: 17105764 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of skin adaptation to the environmental stress are poorly understood. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt) lies at the intersection of several crucial adaptive pathways. Nevertheless, its role in adaptation of the skin to environmental stress has just begun to be unraveled. Here we show that Arnt is expressed in human and mouse skin in a developmentally dependent manner. Targeted K14-driven deletion of Arnt in the mouse epidermis resulted in early postnatal death, associated with a failure of epidermal barrier function. Gene expression profiling of Arnt-null mouse epidermis revealed upregulation of genes of the epidermal differentiation complex on mouse chromosome 3, including S100a genes (S100a8, S100a9, S100a10) and genes coding for small proline-rich proteins (Sprr1a, Sprr2i, Sprr2j, Sprrl1). HPTLC analysis showed significant accumulation of Cer[NS] and Cer[NH] ceramide species in Arnt-null epidermis, suggesting alterations in lipid metabolism. Continuous retention of corneosomes in Arnt-null epidermis that resulted in an abnormally dense corny layer and impaired desquamation was associated with upregulation of Slpi, an inhibitor of stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (SCCE) that plays a key role in corneosome degradation. The functional defects in Arnt-null mouse epidermis underscore the crucial role of Arnt in the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis, especially during the perinatal transition to the ex utero environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Zbytovská J, Kiselev MA, Funari SS, Garamus VM, Wartewig S, Neubert R. Influence of phytosphingosine-type ceramides on the structure of DMPC membrane. Chem Phys Lipids 2005; 138:69-80. [PMID: 16202987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes the influence of the ceramides with phytosphingosine base, N-stearoylphytosphingosine (Cer[NP]) and alpha-hydroxy-N-stearoylphytosphingosine (Cer[AP]), on the structure and properties of multilamellar (MLVs) and unilamellar vesicles (ULVs) of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). The lamellar repeat distance, D, has been measured at various temperatures using small angle X-ray diffraction. The incorporation of ceramides into the DMPC membrane causes larger D compared to pure DMPC membrane. For both ceramide types, at 32 degrees C, there is a linear relationship between the D value and the ceramide concentration. However, there is no such dependence at 13 or 60 degrees C. Unlike Cer[AP], Cer[NP] induces a new phase with a repeat distance of 38.5A. The membrane thickness and the vesicle radius of ULVs in water and in sucrose solution were calculated from small angle neutron scattering curves. Phytosphingosine ceramides increase both the membrane thickness and the radius in comparison to pure DMPC ULVs. The stability of ULVs in time was studied by dynamic light scattering. Both ceramides induce an aggregation of the ULVs into micrometer sized non-multilamellar structures in pure water. Presence of sucrose in the environment averts the vesicle aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zbytovská
- Department of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck Str. 4, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Farwanah H, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH, Raith K. Profiling of human stratum corneum ceramides by means of normal phase LC/APCI–MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:632-7. [PMID: 16184366 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 07/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ceramides of the stratum corneum are critical to maintaining the epidermal barrier function of the skin. A number of skin diseases and disorders are known to be related to impairments of the ceramide pattern. Therefore, obtaining mass spectrometric profiles of the nine ceramide classes known to exist aids our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, which should eventually lead to new diagnostic opportunities: for example, the mass spectrometric profiles of patients suffering from serious skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis can be compared to those of healthy controls. Previous work on mass spectrometric analysis of ceramides relied mostly on GC/MS after hydrolysis and derivatization. The introduction of ESI-MS and LC/ESI-MS has provided new options for directly analyzing intact ceramides. However, some of the ceramide classes are not accessible to ESI-MS. However, as shown in this work, these limitations of GC/MS and ESI-MS can be overcome using a new approach based on normal phase LC interfaced with APCI-MS. Separation and online detection of the stratum corneum ceramide classes became possible in one run. Ceramide species with C26 and/or C28 fatty acid chains were the most abundant ones in Cer [NP], Cer [NH], Cer [AP], and Cer [AH]. The main component of Cer [AS] was C16. The omega-esterified ceramide classes Cer [EOS], Cer [EOP] and Cer [EOH] contained mostly species with fatty acids >C30. This was also the case for Cer [NS], suggesting an analogy to the omega-esterified ceramides. In addition, evidence for a new ceramide class Cer [NdS] was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Farwanah
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Martin Luther University, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (S.), Germany
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Heinemann C, Paschold C, Fluhr J, Wigger-Alberti W, Schliemann-Willers S, Farwanah H, Raith K, Neubert R, Elsner P. Induction of a Hardening Phenomenon by Repeated Application of SLS: Analysis of Lipid Changes in the Stratum Corneum. Acta Derm Venereol 2005; 85:290-5. [PMID: 16191847 DOI: 10.1080/00015550410026362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of the skin to repeated influence of exogenous irritants is called the hardening phenomenon. We investigated the stratum corneum lipid composition before and after induction of a hardening phenomenon. Irritant contact dermatitis was induced in 23 non-atopic volunteers by repeated occlusive application of 0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) over 3 weeks. At 3, 6 and 9 weeks after irritation, the SLS responses of pre-irritated skin and normal skin were compared. The horny layer lipid composition (ceramides 1-7, cholesterol and free fatty acids) was assessed before irritation and 3, 6 and 9 weeks after irritation. During the first 2 weeks of irritation the transepidermal water loss increased continuously and seemed to decrease during the third week (effect of adaptation). The barrier function of pre-irritated sites was more stable to SLS challenge. Three weeks after irritation, there was a significant increase of ceramide 1 (p<0.001). The only volunteer without hardening phenomenon showed no increase of ceramide 1. Ceramide 1 seems to play a key role as a protection mechanism against repeated irritation.
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Farwanah H, Raith K, Neubert RHH, Wohlrab J. Ceramide profiles of the uninvolved skin in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are comparable to those of healthy skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2005; 296:514-21. [PMID: 15803327 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-005-0551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides are sphingolipids consisting of sphingoidbases, which are amide-linked to fatty acids. In the stratum corneum, they represent the major constituent of the free extractable intercellular lipids and play a significant role in maintaining and structuring the water permeability barrier of the skin. Using thin layer chromatography, which represents the method of the first choice in analyzing the stratum corneum ceramides, at least seven classes can be distinguished. Each ceramide class contains various species, which have the same head group and different chain lengths. As in many other skin disorders, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis show derangements in content and profile of the ceramides. Such derangements were reported for both the lesional involved as well as for the normal-appearing uninvolved skin. In this study, we focused on investigating the stratum corneum ceramides of the uninvolved skin in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis patients compared to healthy skin. The aim of the investigations was to explore possible significant and specific differences which can be accomplished for purposes of early diagnostics. The skin lipids were collected by means of an in vivo topical extraction procedure using an extraction mixture consisting of n-hexane and ethanol, (2:1). An automated multiple development-high performance thin layer chromatography (AMD-HPTLC) method with photodensitometric detection were applied to separate the ceramides and to estimate their contents. For studying their molecular profile within each ceramide class, a new method of normal phase HPLC with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry were used. The results obtained by AMD-HPTLC exposed no significant alterations regarding the relative composition of the major stratum corneum lipids and primarily the ceramides. In addition, the mass spectrometric profiles within each ceramide class were similar in the patients and the healthy control subjects. In conclusion, this study revealed that the normal-appearing uninvolved skin of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis patients does not prove significant or specific deficiencies with respect to the free extractable major stratum corneum lipids and mainly the ceramides, when compared to healthy skin. Thus, they cannot be used for diagnostic purposes. Furthermore, our data are not consistent with the concept that impairments in the ceramide composition represent an obligate etiologic factor for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Farwanah
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Martin Luther University, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (S.), Germany
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Raith K, Farwanah H, Wartewig S, Neubert RHH. Progress in the analysis of Stratum corneum ceramides. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200400982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sherma
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, USA
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35
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Normal-phase liquid chromatographic separation of stratum corneum ceramides with detection by evaporative light scattering and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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