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Nakatake R, Schulz M, Kalvelage C, Benstoem C, Tolba RH. Effects of iNOS in Hepatic Warm Ischaemia and Reperfusion Models in Mice and Rats: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911916. [PMID: 36233220 PMCID: PMC9569681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Warm ischaemia is usually induced by the Pringle manoeuver (PM) during hepatectomy. Currently, there is no widely accepted standard protocol to minimise ischaemia-related injury, so reducing ischaemia-reperfusion damage is an active area of research. This systematic review and meta-analysis focused on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as an early inflammatory response to hepatic ischaemia reperfusion injury (HIRI) in mouse- and rat-liver models. A systematic search of studies was performed within three databases. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were subjected to qualitative and quantitative synthesis of results. We performed a meta-analysis of studies grouped by different HIRI models and ischaemia times. Additionally, we investigated a possible correlation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) regulation with iNOS expression. Of 124 included studies, 49 were eligible for the meta-analysis, revealing that iNOS was upregulated in almost all HIRIs. We were able to show an increase of iNOS regardless of ischemia or reperfusion time. Additionally, we found no direct associations of eNOS or NO with iNOS. A sex gap of primarily male experimental animals used was observed, leading to a higher risk of outcomes not being translatable to humans of all sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richi Nakatake
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Mareike Schulz
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Kalvelage
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carina Benstoem
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - René H. Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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2
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Nasiri-Ansari N, Androutsakos T, Flessa CM, Kyrou I, Siasos G, Randeva HS, Kassi E, Papavassiliou AG. Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Concise Review. Cells 2022; 11:2511. [PMID: 36010588 PMCID: PMC9407007 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide. It is strongly associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and other metabolic syndrome features. Reflecting the underlying pathogenesis and the cardiometabolic disorders associated with NAFLD, the term metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has recently been proposed. Indeed, over the past few years, growing evidence supports a strong correlation between NAFLD and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, independent of the presence of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. This implies that NAFLD may also be directly involved in the pathogenesis of CVD. Notably, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) dysfunction appears to be implicated in the progression of NAFLD via numerous mechanisms, including the regulation of the inflammatory process, hepatic stellate activation, augmented vascular resistance, and the distortion of microcirculation, resulting in the progression of NAFLD. Vice versa, the liver secretes inflammatory molecules that are considered pro-atherogenic and may contribute to vascular endothelial dysfunction, resulting in atherosclerosis and CVD. In this review, we provide current evidence supporting the role of endothelial cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NAFLD-associated atherosclerosis. Endothelial cells could thus represent a "golden target" for the development of new treatment strategies for NAFLD and its comorbid CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Androutsakos
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina-Maria Flessa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- Third Department of Cardiology, ‘Sotiria’ Thoracic Diseases General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, ‘Laiko’ General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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3
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Yun B, Ahn SH, Yoon JH, Kim BK. Statin use and risk of progression to liver cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B independent of conventional risk factors: A nationwide study. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2455-2464. [PMID: 35766457 PMCID: PMC9426396 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have elucidated the protective associations of statin use with liver cancer or mortality, but studies examining statin's effect on the risk of progression to liver cirrhosis considering medical/metabolic conditions or lifestyle factors are lacking. We aimed to assess statin's benefit independent of conventional risk factors. We identified 25,033 pairs of statin users (using statins for ≥90 days) and nonusers among patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in the Republic of Korea's National Health Insurance Service database from 2010 to 2018. The primary endpoint was progression to cirrhosis from an inactive carrier or simple CHB. The cumulative probability was plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using the multivariable Cox proportional hazard model. During a 218,472 person-year follow-up, 2210 incident cases of progression to cirrhosis occurred. The 5-year cumulative risks were 4.0% and 6.3% in statin users and nonusers, respectively (p < 0.001). Statin use was significantly associated with a decreased risk of progression to cirrhosis (aHR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.55-0.65; p < 0.001), after adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, antiviral therapy, aspirin use, metformin use, nonstatin medication for dyslipidemia, smoking, drinking, obesity, exercise, and liver dysfunction. This protective association was still significant in a dose-response manner and with different time lags for outcomes. Conclusion: Statin use is associated with a decreased risk of progression to cirrhosis among patients with CHB, independent of metabolic and lifestyle factors. Future studies are required to validate this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungyoon Yun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Yoon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Simvastatin Improves Microcirculatory Function in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Downregulates Oxidative and ALE-RAGE Stress. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030716. [PMID: 35277075 PMCID: PMC8838100 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased reactive oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and fibrosis, which contribute to tissue damage and development and progression of nonalcoholic liver disease (NAFLD), play important roles in microcirculatory disorders. We investigated the effect of the modulatory properties of simvastatin (SV) on the liver and adipose tissue microcirculation as well as metabolic and oxidative stress parameters, including the advanced lipoxidation end product–receptors of advanced glycation end products (ALE-RAGE) pathway. SV was administered to an NAFLD model constructed using a high-fat–high-carbohydrate diet (HFHC). HFHC caused metabolic changes indicative of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; treatment with SV protected the mice from developing NAFLD. SV prevented microcirculatory dysfunction in HFHC-fed mice, as evidenced by decreased leukocyte recruitment to hepatic and fat microcirculation, decreased hepatic stellate cell activation, and improved hepatic capillary network architecture and density. SV restored basal microvascular blood flow in the liver and adipose tissue and restored the endothelium-dependent vasodilatory response of adipose tissue to acetylcholine. SV treatment restored antioxidant enzyme activity and decreased lipid peroxidation, ALE-RAGE pathway activation, steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammatory parameters. Thus, SV may improve microcirculatory function in NAFLD by downregulating oxidative and ALE-RAGE stress and improving steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammatory parameters.
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Bosch J, Gracia-Sancho J, Abraldes JG. Cirrhosis as new indication for statins. Gut 2020; 69:953-962. [PMID: 32139553 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, there have been an increasing number of reports on favourable effects of statins in patients with advanced chronic liver disease. These include reduction in portal pressure, improved liver sinusoidal endothelial and hepatic microvascular dysfunction, decreased fibrogenesis, protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury, safe prolongation of ex vivo liver graft preservation, reduced sensitivity to endotoxin-mediated liver damage, protection from acute-on-chronic liver failure, prevention of liver injury following hypovolaemic shock and preventing/delaying progression of cirrhosis of any aetiology. Moreover, statins have been shown to have potential beneficial effects in the progression of other liver diseases, such as chronic sclerosing cholangitis and in preventing hepatocellular carcinoma. Because of these many theoretically favourable effects, statins have evolved from being considered a risk to kind of wonder drugs for patients with chronic liver diseases. The present article reviews the current knowledge on the potential applications of statins in chronic liver diseases, from its mechanistic background to objective evidence from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Bosch
- Inselspital Universitatsspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Inselspital Universitatsspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan G Abraldes
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Gu Y, Yang X, Liang H, Li D. Comprehensive evaluation of effects and safety of statin on the progression of liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:231. [PMID: 31888534 PMCID: PMC6938024 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Statin has been more and more widely used in chronic liver disease, however, existed studies have attained contradictory results. According to the present study, we aimed to test the efficacy and safety of statin via a meta-analysis. Methods Different databases were searched for full-text publication based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. For data-pooling, fixed-effect model was applied if heterogeneity wasn’t detected. Otherwise, random-effect model was adopted. Heterogeneity was detected by I squire (I2) test. All results of analysis were illustrated as forest plots. Publication bias was assessed using the Begg’s adjusted rank correlation test. Standard mean difference (SMD) was calculated in continuous variables. Pooled hazard ratio or odds ratio was calculated in catergorical variables. Results Seventeen clinical studies were finally included. Hepatic portal hemodynamic parameters were improved in statin users for a short-term response. For a long-term follow-up, statin treatment surprisingly decreased mortality rate (HR = 0.782, 95% CI: 0.718–0.846, I2 > 50%) and lower the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.64–0.86, I2 > 50%) in liver cirrhosis. Statin seemed not to decrease the risk of esophageal variceal bleeding and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. However, statin was proved to decrease the risk of hepatic encephalopathy and ascites. Incidence of drug related adverse events didn’t increase in statin users. Dose-dependent effects of statin on hepatocellular carcinoma development, decompensated cirrhosis events occurrence, and liver cirrhosis progression. Conclusion Statin influenced parameters of hepatic portal vessel pressure in short-term treatment. Prognosis of liver cirrhosis benefited from statin treatment in long term follow-up. The efficacy and safety of statin in liver cirrhosis treatment is confirmed. To date, similar study is hardly seen before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xueqin Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hang Liang
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory II, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Deli Li
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory II, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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Kırzıoğlu FY, Özmen Ö, Doğan B, Bulut MT, Fentoğlu Ö, Özdem M. Effects of rosuvastatin on inducible nitric oxide synthase in rats with hyperlipidaemia and periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:258-266. [PMID: 29086411 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Nitric oxide is a free radical that is synthesized from l-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The level of inducible NOS (iNOS) in gingiva with periodontitis is higher than that in healthy gingiva. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rosuvastatin administration on alveolar bone loss (ABL) and iNOS(+) cell counts in gingival tissues in rats with ligature-induced experimental periodontitis with/without hyperlipidaemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS The rats were randomly divided into seven groups: Hy (cholesterol-added diet/water administration); HyP (cholesterol-added diet/periodontitis/water administration); HyPR (cholesterol-added diet/periodontitis/rosuvastatin administration); P (standard diet/periodontitis/water administration); PR (standard diet/periodontitis/rosuvastatin administration); C (standard diet/water administration); and R (standard diet/rosuvastatin administration). Experimental periodontitis was induced with silk ligatures, and rosuvastatin/water was administered to rats by oral gavage for the last 2 weeks of the 8-week study. After the rats were killed in week 8, histomorphometric and histological analyses were performed. Immunostained iNOS(+) cells were counted in the gingival samples and the Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The experimental groups exhibited increases in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein, except for Groups C and R. The cholesterol-added diet induced ABL in Group Hy. Of the periodontitis groups, the lowest ABL was found in Group PR. While there was a significant difference in ABL between Groups P (0.82 ± 0.15 mm) and PR (0.70 ± 0.21 mm) receiving a standard diet (P < .05), no difference was observed between Groups HyP (0.77 ± 0.07 mm) and HyPR (0.76 ± 0.11 mm) receiving a cholesterol-added diet (P ˃ .05). Rosuvastatin significantly reduced expression of iNOS in Groups PR (18.40 ± 2.31%) and HyPR (24.00 ± 4.83%) compared with Group P (30.90 ± 2.42%; P < .001). However, a larger number of iNOS(+) cells was found in Group HyPR than in Group PR (P < .001). CONCLUSION Administration of rosuvastatin reduced gingival iNOS expression in ligature-induced periodontitis with/without hyperlipidaemia. It also led to significant differences in ABL in rats with periodontitis, except when periodontitis was associated with hyperlipidaemia. These findings could provide an important contribution in further studies to evaluate the role of rosuvastatin as a host modulatory agent in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Kırzıoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ö Özmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - B Doğan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - M T Bulut
- Private Elitia Oral and Dental Health Polyclinic, Alanya - Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ö Fentoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - M Özdem
- Private Clinic, Bolu, Turkey
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Duan YF, An Y, Zhu F, Jiang Y. Remote ischemic preconditioning protects liver ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating eNOS-NO pathway and liver microRNA expressions in fatty liver rats. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2017; 16:387-394. [PMID: 28823369 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(17)60006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a strategy to reduce ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The protective effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) on liver I/R injury is not clear. This study aimed to investigate the roles of RIPC in liver I/R in fatty liver rats and the involvement of endothelial nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide (eNOS-NO) pathway and microRNA expressions in this process. METHODS A total of 32 fatty rats were randomly divided into the sham group, I/R group, RIPC group and RIPC+I/R group. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe histological changes of liver tissues, TUNEL to detect hepatocyte apoptosis, and immunohistochemistry assay to detect heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression. Western blotting was used to detect liver inducible NOS (iNOS) and eNOS protein levels and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect miR-34a, miR-122 and miR-27b expressions. RESULTS Compared with the sham and RIPC groups, serum ALT, AST and iNOS in liver tissue were significantly higher in other two groups, while serum NO and eNOS in liver tissue were lower, and varying degrees of edema, degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration were found. Cell apoptosis number was slightly lower in the RIPC+I/R group than that in I/R group. Compared with the sham group, HSP70 expressions were significantly increased in other three groups (all P<0.05). Compared with the sham and RIPC groups, elevated miR-34a expressions were found in I/R and RIPC+I/R groups (P<0.05). MiR-122 and miR-27b were found significantly decreased in I/R and RIPC+I/R groups compared with the sham and RIPC groups (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION RIPC can reduce fatty liver I/R injury by affecting the eNOS-NO pathway and liver microRNA expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Yong An
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China.
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Zhang FQ, Lu W, Yuan WX, Li X. Regulation of c-Jun N-Terminal Protein Kinase (JNK) Pathway in Apoptosis of Endothelial Outgrowth Cells Induced by Asymmetric Dimethylarginine. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2535-2542. [PMID: 28546532 PMCID: PMC5455802 DOI: 10.12659/msm.904718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs) are terminal endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) has been identified as a novel risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Our aim in the present study was to investigate the effect of regulation of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) on EOCs apoptosis and to explore the underlining mechanisms of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) pathway in the process. MATERIAL AND METHODS EOCs were harvested from umbilical cord blood and obtained by using density gradient centrifugation and adhesive culture methods. Endothelial characteristics were identified by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence staining. EOCs were treated with different concentrations of ADMA and detected by flow cytometry. After JNK specific inhibitor (SP600125) was added, EOCs apoptosis protein expressions were measured by Western blot analysis. Proliferation, migration, and vascularization were detected by CCK-8 assay, wound healing assay, and tube-like formation assay, respectively. RESULTS EOCs were successfully extracted from umbilical cord blood and different concentrations of ADMA aggravated EOCs apoptosis. ADMA distinctly activates the phosphorylation activity of JNK. Supplementation of JNK-specific inhibitor (SP600125) decreased expression of Bax and cleaved caspase 3/9, and alleviated ADMA-induced apoptosis. SP600125 also promoted angiogenesis viability. CONCLUSIONS The JNK pathway participates in the apoptosis-promoting process of EOCs, and targeted inhibition of the JNK pathway can alleviate ADMA-induced injury, which I s the potential underlying mechanism of vascular endothelium injury in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin Li
- Corresponding Author: Xin Li, e-mail:
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10
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Guixé-Muntet S, de Mesquita FC, Vila S, Hernández-Gea V, Peralta C, García-Pagán JC, Bosch J, Gracia-Sancho J. Cross-talk between autophagy and KLF2 determines endothelial cell phenotype and microvascular function in acute liver injury. J Hepatol 2017; 66:86-94. [PMID: 27545498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), inducible by simvastatin, confers endothelial vasoprotection. Considering recent data suggesting activation of autophagy by statins, we aimed to: 1) characterize the relationship between autophagy and KLF2 in the endothelium, 2) assess this relationship in acute liver injury (cold ischemia/reperfusion) and 3) study the effects of modulating KLF2-autophagy in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Autophagic flux, the vasoprotective KLF2 pathway, cell viability and microvascular function were assessed in endothelial cells and in various pre-clinical models of acute liver injury (cold storage and warm reperfusion). RESULTS Positive feedback between autophagy and KLF2 was observed in the endothelium: KLF2 inducers, pharmacological (statins, resveratrol, GGTI-298), biomechanical (shear stress) or genetic (adenovirus containing KLF2), caused endothelial KLF2 overexpression through a Rac1-rab7-autophagy dependent mechanism, both in the specialized liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In turn, KLF2 induction promoted further activation of autophagy. Cold ischemia blunted autophagic flux. Upon reperfusion, LSEC stored in University of Wisconsin solution did not reactivate autophagy, which resulted in autophagosome accumulation probably due to impairment in autophagosome-lysosome fusion, ultimately leading to increased cell death and microvascular dysfunction. Simvastatin pretreatment maintained autophagy (through the upregulation of rab7), resulting in increased KLF2, improved cell viability, and ameliorated hepatic damage and microvascular function. CONCLUSIONS We herein describe for the first time the complex autophagy-KLF2 relationship, modulating the phenotype and survival of the endothelium. These results help understanding the mechanisms of protection conferred by KLF2-inducers, such as simvastatin, in hepatic vascular disorders. LAY SUMMARY Autophagy and the transcription factor KLF2 share a common activation pathway in the endothelium, being able to regulate each other. Statins maintain microvascular function through the inhibition of Rac1, which consequently liberates Rab7, activates autophagy and increments the expression of KLF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Guixé-Muntet
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab., IDIBAPS - Hospital Clínic - CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernanda Cristina de Mesquita
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab., IDIBAPS - Hospital Clínic - CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona Medical School, Barcelona, Spain; Laboratório de Biofisica Celular e Inflamação, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sergi Vila
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab., IDIBAPS - Hospital Clínic - CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Hernández-Gea
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab., IDIBAPS - Hospital Clínic - CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos García-Pagán
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab., IDIBAPS - Hospital Clínic - CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab., IDIBAPS - Hospital Clínic - CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona Medical School, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab., IDIBAPS - Hospital Clínic - CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona Medical School, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abd-Elbaset M, Arafa ESA, El Sherbiny GA, Abdel-Bakky MS, Elgendy ANAM. Thymoquinone mitigate ischemia-reperfusion-induced liver injury in rats: a pivotal role of nitric oxide signaling pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 390:69-76. [PMID: 27717985 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress-induced endothelial cell damage play an essential role in the pathogenesis of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. IR is associated with reduced eNOS expression and exacerbated by superimposed stress. NOSTRIN induces intracellular endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) translocation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases nitric oxide (NO) production. Our aim was to assess hepatic expression of iNOS, eNOS, and NOSTRIN in IR with or without N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or thymoquinone (TQ) pretreatment and to compare their hepatoprotective effects. Surgical induction of IR was performed by occlusion of hepatic pedicle for 30 min with mini-clamp and reperfused for 30 min. The effects of TQ (20 mg/kg/day) or NAC (300 mg/kg/day) administered orally for 10 days were evaluated by serum ALT and AST, oxidative stress parameters, NO production, and histopathological analysis. Also, localization and expression of iNOS, eNOS, and NOSTRIN were assessed by immunofluorescence. TQ or NAC pretreatment significantly decreased elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and NO production. In addition, they restored the depleted GSH content and alleviated histopathological changes. Furthermore, they up-regulated eNOS and down-regulated iNOS and NOSTRIN expressions. TQ exerts its hepatoprotective effect, at least in part, by nitric oxide signaling pathway through modulation of iNOS, eNOS, and NOSTRIN expressions as well as suppression of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abd-Elbaset
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - El-Shaimaa A Arafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University of Science and Technology, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Gamal A El Sherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Bakky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology, College of pharmacy, Al Jouf University, Al Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel Nasser A M Elgendy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
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12
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Zhang B, Liu QH, Zhou CJ, Hu MZ, Qian HX. Protective effect of eNOS overexpression against ischemia/reperfusion injury in small-for-size liver transplantation. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3181-3188. [PMID: 27882135 PMCID: PMC5103764 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can occur during small-for-size liver transplantation, resulting in delayed graft function and decreased long-term graft survival. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of genetic overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in protecting hepatocytes against I/R injury in a rat model of small-for-size liver transplantation. L02 liver cells were transfected with the eNOS gene using an adenovirus (Ad-eNOS). eNOS expression was detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. To evaluate the effect of eNOS overexpression, L02 cells were placed in a hypoxic environment for 12 h and immediately transferred to an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. For in vivo testing, rats pretreated with Ad-eNOS or control underwent small-for-size liver transplantation. At 6 h after reperfusion, the bile quantity, serum transaminase and nitric oxide (NO) levels, and histological outcomes were evaluated. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry or TUNEL assay. In vitro, Ad-eNOS prevented apoptosis in L02 cells with an increase in the level of NO in culture supernatant. In vivo, Ad-eNOS pre-treatment significantly increased bile production, improved abnormal transaminase levels, diminished apoptosis among liver cells, and decreased hepatocellular damage at 6 h after I/R injury. The eNOS-mediated renal protective effects might be associated with the downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α and a reduction in macrophage activation in the early stage of reperfusion in small-for-size liver allografts. eNOS-derived NO production significantly attenuates hepatic I/R injury. Thus, eNOS overexpression constitutes a promising therapeutic approach to prevent liver I/R injury following small-for-size liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Hua Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Jie Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Zheng Hu
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Yichang Central People's Hospital, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443003, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Xin Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
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13
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Effects of preoperative statin on liver reperfusion injury in major hepatic resection: a pilot study. Updates Surg 2016; 68:191-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13304-016-0370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Kocak FE, Kucuk A, Ozyigit F, Tosun M, Kocak C, Kocak A, Ekici MF, Yaylak F, Genc O. Protective effects of simvastatin administered in the experimental hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury rat model. J Surg Res 2015; 199:393-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Bal A, Gonul Y, Hazman O, Kocak A, Bozkurt MF, Yilmaz S, Kokulu S, Oruc O, Demir K. Interleukin 18--binding protein ameliorates liver ischemia--reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2015; 201:13-21. [PMID: 26850179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effect of interleukin 18-binding protein (IL-18BP) on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced liver injury in experimental rat models. Liver is one of the most affected organs from I/R process. IL-18 is an important proinflammatory cytokine, which may induce some events such as production of reactive oxygen substances and release of various cytokines. IL-18BP acts as an inhibitor of IL-18. The relationship between IL-18 and IL-18BP has an important place in inflammatory process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were equally divided into three groups as follows: sham: Hepatic pedicle dissection was done, but hepatic pedicle clamping was not used. I/R: Sixty minutes of ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion were applied. IR + IL-18BP: Recombinant human IL-18BP (100 μg/kg) was administered 30 min before the surgery. Hepatic pedicle was clamped during 60 min of ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion was achieved. RESULTS Liver enzyme levels were significantly lower in the IR + IL-18BP group, when compared with the I/R group. Serum and tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and IL-18 were considerably lower in the IR + IL-18BP group, when compared with the I/R group, but hepatic interferon-γ and IL1β levels were not significant. Serum oxidative stress index level was significantly higher in the I/R group, when compared with the IR + IL-18BP group. In immunostaining, it was observed that pathologic changes were lower in IR + IL-18BP group than the I/R group. CONCLUSIONS IL-18BP exhibited anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protective effects in I/R-mediated hepatic injury via regulating some liver enzyme activities and cytokine levels. Additionally, these effects have been verified by histomorphologic examination and oxidative stress markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Bal
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Yucel Gonul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Omer Hazman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kocak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Bozkurt
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Yilmaz
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Serdar Kokulu
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Oya Oruc
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Kasim Demir
- Department of Gastroenterology, Samsun Training and Education Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
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16
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El-Shitany NA, El-Desoky K. Cromoglycate, not ketotifen, ameliorated the injured effect of warm ischemia/reperfusion in rat liver: role of mast cell degranulation, oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokine, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:5237-46. [PMID: 26396497 PMCID: PMC4577270 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s88337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (ISCH/REP) is a major clinical problem that is considered to be the most common cause of postoperative liver failure. Recently, mast cells have been proposed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of ISCH/REP in many organs. In contrast, the role played by mast cells during ISCH/REP-induced liver damage has remained an issue of debate. This study aimed to investigate the protective role of mast cells in order to search for an effective therapeutic agent that could protect against fatal ISCH/REP-induced liver damage. A model of warm ISCH/REP was induced in the liver of rats. Four groups of rats were used in this study: Group I: SHAM (normal saline, intravenously [iv]); Group II: ISCH/REP; Group III: sodium cromoglycate + ISCH/REP (CROM + ISCH/REP), and Group IV: ketotifen (KET) + ISCH/REP (KET + ISCH/REP). Liver damage was assessed both histopathologically and biochemically. Mast cell degranulation was assessed histochemically. Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA]) as well as the levels of glutathione (GSH), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), the formation of nitric oxide (NO), and the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were determined. The results of this study revealed increased mast cell degranulation in the liver during the acute phase of ISCH/REP. Moreover, CROM, but not KET, decreased the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactic dehydrogenase and maintained normal liver tissue histology. Both CROM and KET protected against mast cell degranulation in the liver. In addition, both CROM and KET decreased IL-6 and TNF-α. However, CROM, but not KET, decreased MDA formation and increased GSH. Furthermore, KET, but not CROM, increased both NO formation and iNOS expression. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrated mast cell degranulation in warm ISCH/REP in the liver of rats. More importantly, CROM, but not KET, ameliorated the effect of ISCH/REP-induced injury in rat liver. CROM may protect the liver through mast cell stabilization, inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, and iNOS and increased GSH. KET may maintain ISCH/REP-induced liver injury through the NO/iNOS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagla A El-Shitany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Karema El-Desoky
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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17
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Bekpinar S, Vardagli D, Unlucerci Y, Can A, Uysal M, Gurdol F. Effect of rosiglitazone on asymmetric dimethylarginine metabolism in thioacetamide-induced acute liver injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26224212 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, is metabolized in the liver by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). We aimed to investigate the effect of rosiglitazone, a peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist, on ADMA metabolism in acute liver injury. Male Sprague Dawley rats were injected thioacetamide (TAA; 500mgkg(-1)) intraperitoneally in order to induce acute liver injury. ADMA, SDMA and arginine levels were determined in plasma by the HPLC. Liver DDAH activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured by spectrophotometric procedures. TAA injection caused marked increases in ALT and AST activities. Plasma ADMA levels were increased, while arginine levels and arginine/ADMA ratio were decreased. Liver DDAH activity was significantly diminished and MDA levels were elevated. In another group of animals which were treated with a PPAR-γ agonist (rosiglitazone, 5mgkg(-1)) daily via gastric intubation for a week prior to TAA injection, significant recoveries in DDAH activity and antioxidant status were observed when compared with solely TAA-injected animals. Rosiglitazone pretreatment improved the plasma arginine/ADMA ratio. Our findings indicated that PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone beneficially influenced hepatic metabolism of ADMA in TAA-induced acute liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seldag Bekpinar
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Vardagli
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yesim Unlucerci
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayten Can
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mujdat Uysal
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Figen Gurdol
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Tsai CF, Kuo YH, Yeh WL, Wu CYJ, Lin HY, Lai SW, Liu YS, Wu LH, Lu JK, Lu DY. Regulatory effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on neuroinflammation in microglial cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5572-89. [PMID: 25768341 PMCID: PMC4394493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation has been widely demonstrated to mediate inflammatory processes that are crucial in several neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmaceuticals that can deliver direct inhibitory effects on microglia are therefore considered as a potential strategy to counter balance neurodegenerative progression. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a natural phenol in honeybee propolis, is known to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Accordingly, the current study intended to probe the effects of CAPE on microglia activation by using in vitro and in vivo models. Western blot and Griess reaction assay revealed CAPE significantly inhibited the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and the production of nitric oxide (NO). Administration of CAPE resulted in increased expressions of hemeoxygenase (HO)-1and erythropoietin (EPO) in microglia. The phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α was further found to regulate the anti-inflammatory effects of caffeic acid. In vivo results from immunohistochemistry along with rotarod test also revealed the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of CAPE in microglia activation. The current study has evidenced several possible molecular determinants, AMPKα, EPO, and HO-1, in mediating anti-neuroinflammatory responses in microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Lan Yeh
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Caren Yu-Ju Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Wei Lai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Shu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Ling-Hsuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Jheng-Kun Lu
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
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19
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Matsuo S, Saiki Y, Adachi O, Kawamoto S, Fukushige S, Horii A, Saiki Y. Single-dose rosuvastatin ameliorates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury via upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and inhibition of macrophage infiltration in rats with pulmonary hypertension. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 149:902-9. [PMID: 25454916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lung ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury during cardiopulmonary surgery is associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Using a rat model for monocrotaline-induced PH, we investigated the protective effect of rosuvastatin against IR injury in lungs affected by PH and attempted to elucidate its mechanism of action. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley monocrotaline-treated rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 8-9): sham, control + IR, statin + IR, and statin + mevalonolactone + IR. Lung ischemia was induced by left pulmonary artery occlusion (1 hour), followed by reperfusion (4 hours). Rosuvastatin (2 mg/kg) was injected 18 hours before reperfusion and mevalonolactone (1 mg/kg) was injected immediately before reperfusion. The arterial oxygen tension/inspired oxygen fraction ratio was used as a measure of lung oxygenation. Left lung tissue was analyzed for the wet-to-dry lung weight ratio and protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and phospho-eNOS. Macrophage recruitment was assessed by CD68 immunostaining. RESULTS Our results showed that rosuvastatin decreased IR lung injury (control + IR vs statin + IR) in terms of the arterial oxygen tension/inspired oxygen fraction ratio (272 ± 43 vs 442 ± 13), wet-to-dry ratio (5.7 ± 0.7 vs 4.8 ± 0.6), and macrophage infiltration (8.0 ± 0.6/field vs 4.0 ± 0.5/field) (P < .05 for all). eNOS and phospho-eNOS were downregulated by IR, which was blocked by rosuvastatin. Effects of rosuvastatin were blunted by mevalonolactone. CONCLUSIONS Single-dose rosuvastatin decreased IR injury in lungs affected by PH via 2 anti-inflammatory mechanisms: preserving eNOS function and inhibiting macrophage infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Matsuo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuriko Saiki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Osamu Adachi
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kawamoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinichi Fukushige
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Horii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Saiki
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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20
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Cure E, Cure MC, Tumkaya L, Kalkan Y, Aydin I, Kirbas A, Yilmaz A, Yuce S, Gokce MF. Topiramate ameliorates abdominal aorta cross-clamping induced liver injury in rats. SAUDI JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SAUDI GASTROENTEROLOGY ASSOCIATION 2014. [PMID: 25253365 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.141690.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the liver occurs after a prolonged period of ischemia followed by restoration of hepatic blood perfusion. During the surgery of abdominal aorta, I/R injury causes damage to lower extremities and many organs, especially liver. The antioxidant and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) suppression effects of topiramate (TPM) have been reported in several studies. We evaluated the potential protective effect of TPM on cellular damage in liver tissue during I/R injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: Control, I/R, and I/R plus TPM (I/R + TPM) groups. Laparotomy without I/R injury was performed in the control group. After laparotomy, cross-ligation of infrarenal abdominal aorta was applied for 2 h in I/R groups that was followed by 2 h of reperfusion. TPM (100 mg/kg/day) was orally administrated to the animals in the I/R + TPM group for seven consecutive days before I/R procedure. RESULTS The I/R group's TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly higher than those of the control (P = 0.010; P = 0.002) and I/R + TPM groups (P = 0.010; P = 0.002, respectively). Asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) levels of I/R group were higher than the control (P = 0.015) and I/R + TPM groups. I/R caused serious histopathological damage to liver tissue; however, TPM led to very low histopathological changes. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that TPM treatment prominently decreases the severity of liver I/R injury. TPM pretreatment may have preventive effects on liver injury via I/R during intra-abdominal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Cure
- Department of Internal Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
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21
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Cure E, Cure MC, Tumkaya L, Kalkan Y, Aydin I, Kirbas A, Yilmaz A, Yuce S, Gokce MF. Topiramate ameliorates abdominal aorta cross-clamping induced liver injury in rats. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:297-303. [PMID: 25253365 PMCID: PMC4196345 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.141690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the liver occurs after a prolonged period of ischemia followed by restoration of hepatic blood perfusion. During the surgery of abdominal aorta, I/R injury causes damage to lower extremities and many organs, especially liver. The antioxidant and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) suppression effects of topiramate (TPM) have been reported in several studies. We evaluated the potential protective effect of TPM on cellular damage in liver tissue during I/R injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: Control, I/R, and I/R plus TPM (I/R + TPM) groups. Laparotomy without I/R injury was performed in the control group. After laparotomy, cross-ligation of infrarenal abdominal aorta was applied for 2 h in I/R groups that was followed by 2 h of reperfusion. TPM (100 mg/kg/day) was orally administrated to the animals in the I/R + TPM group for seven consecutive days before I/R procedure. RESULTS The I/R group's TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly higher than those of the control (P = 0.010; P = 0.002) and I/R + TPM groups (P = 0.010; P = 0.002, respectively). Asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) levels of I/R group were higher than the control (P = 0.015) and I/R + TPM groups. I/R caused serious histopathological damage to liver tissue; however, TPM led to very low histopathological changes. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that TPM treatment prominently decreases the severity of liver I/R injury. TPM pretreatment may have preventive effects on liver injury via I/R during intra-abdominal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Cure
- Department of Internal Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Erkan Cure, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, School of Medicine, Rize - 53100, Turkey. E-mail:
| | - Medine C. Cure
- Department of Biochemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Levent Tumkaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Yildiray Kalkan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Aydin
- Department of Surgery, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Aynur Kirbas
- Department of Biochemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Arif Yilmaz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Yuce
- Department of Internal Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Mehmet F. Gokce
- Department of Physiology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
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Changes in ADMA/DDAH pathway after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats: the role of bile. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:627434. [PMID: 25243167 PMCID: PMC4160639 DOI: 10.1155/2014/627434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury on asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), protein methyltransferase (PRMT) and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) (involved, resp., in ADMA synthesis and degradation), and the cationic transporter (CAT). Male Wistar rats were subjected to 30 or 60 min hepatic ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion. ADMA levels in serum and bile were determined. Tissue ADMA, DDAH activity, DDAH-1 and CAT-2 protein, DDAH-1 and PRMT-1 mRNA expression, GSH/GSSG, ROS production, and lipid peroxidation were detected. ADMA was found in bile. I/R increased serum and bile ADMA levels while an intracellular decrease was detected after 60 min ischemia. Decreased DDAH activity, mRNA, and protein expression were observed at the end of reperfusion. No significant difference was observed in GSH/GSSG, ROS, lipid peroxidation, and CAT-2; a decrease in PRMT-1 mRNA expression was found after I/R. Liver is responsible for the biliary excretion of ADMA, as documented here for the first time, and I/R injury is associated with an oxidative stress-independent alteration in DDAH activity. These data are a step forward in the understanding of the pathways that regulate serum, tissue, and biliary levels of ADMA in which DDAH enzyme plays a crucial role.
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Age-related changes in ADMA-DDAH-NO pathway in rat liver subjected to partial ischemia followed by global reperfusion. Exp Gerontol 2013; 50:45-51. [PMID: 24269305 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver function is affected during ischemia/reperfusion (IR). We evaluated the effect of the aging process on selected parameters determining the NO level in rat liver subjected to IR. METHODS The animals were divided into the C-2 and the IR-2 group of young rats (2-4 months old) and the C-12 and the IR-12 group of older rats (12-14 months old). Livers belonging to the IR-2 and the IR-12 group were subjected to partial ischemia (60 min) and reperfusion (4 h). Blood samples were obtained after surgeries to estimate the activity of aminotransferases, as well as just before ischemia and during reperfusion (15, 120, and 240 min) to estimate concentration of arginine (Arg) and its derivatives: asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA, SDMA). After IR, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) activity and protein concentration of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were measured in liver homogenates. RESULTS In the IR-2 group ADMA level increased the most between 15 and 120 min of reperfusion and was the highest of all the groups (0.72±0.2 μmol/l). In the IR-12 group ADMA level decreased significantly and was lower compared to all the other groups at 15 min (0.42±0.2 μmol/l) and to IR-2 at 120 (0.52±0.1 μmol/l) and 240 min (0.38±0.1 μmol/l) of reperfusion. Only the IR-2 group SDMA level increased significantly between 15 (0.75±0.9 μmol/l) and 240 min (1.0±1.2 μmol/l) of reperfusion. At the beginning of the surgery the Arg level was significantly higher in young rats (C-2: 102.1±35.7 μmol/l; IR-2: 114.63±28.9 μmol/l) than in older ones (C-12: 41.88±44.7 μmol/l; IR-12: 28.64±30.6 μmol/l). In the C-2 group the Arg level (77.41±37.5 μmol/l) and Arg/ADMA (A/A) ratio (138.03±62.8 μmol/l) were significantly higher compared to the ischemic groups at 15 min and to all the other groups at 120 (Arg: 47.17±31.7 μmol/l; A/A: 88.28±66.2 μmol/l) and 240 min (Arg: 43.87±21.9 μmol/l; A/A: 118.02±106.3 μmol/l). In the IR-2 group Arg level (11.4±12.0 μmol/l) and A/A ratio (16.11±16.2 μmol/l) decreased significantly at 15 min and during the next phase of reperfusion the levels of those parameters were low, comparably to those in IR-12. As a result of IR, a decrease in DDAH activity and an increase in iNOS protein concentration were observed only in the young rats. CONCLUSIONS We found that in the non-ischemic groups the Arg level may be affected by the aging process. Under IR conditions, important changes in DDAH-ADMA-NO pathway were observed only in young livers.
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Influence of ezetimibe on ADMA-DDAH-NO pathway in rat liver subjected to partial ischemia followed by global reperfusion. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:122-33. [PMID: 23563030 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)70970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated effect of ezetimibe on selected parameters determining NO level in rat liver subjected to ischemia reperfusion (IR). METHODS Rats received ezetimibe (5 mg/kg) (groups E0 and EIR) or saline solution (groups C0 and CIR) intragastrically for 21 days. Then, the livers of CIR and EIR underwent ischemia (60 min) and reperfusion (4 h). Blood samples were obtained before surgery to estimate activities of aminotransferases, and just before ischemia and during reperfusion to estimate asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA, SDMA) and arginine (Arg) levels. After IR, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) activity and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein concentration were measured in liver homogenates. DDAH and protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) mRNA were quantified by real-time PCR in liver tissue samples. RESULTS In CIR, the ADMA level was significantly higher compared to all other groups in 30 min and to E0 group in 120 min of reperfusion. In EIR, ADMA was low, compared to non-ischemic groups. At 30 and 120 min of reperfusion, in non-ischemic groups the level of Arg and Arg/ADMA ratio were significantly higher than in ischemic groups and E0 was the group with the highest levels of those parameters of all. In CIR, eNOS protein concentration was significantly lower than in ezetimibe-treated groups. Activity of DDAH was significantly higher in E0 than in non-treated groups. In ischemic groups, DDAH mRNA expression was significantly higher than in non-ischemic ones and PRMT mRNA expression was significantly higher in C0 than in all other groups. CONCLUSIONS Influence of ezetimibe on ADMA/DDAH/NO pathway demonstrated in this work may suggest protective properties of this drug on rat livers injured by IR and, to a lower extent, on livers non-subjected to IR.
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Wang W, Zhao C, Zhou J, Zhen Z, Wang Y, Shen C. Simvastatin ameliorates liver fibrosis via mediating nitric oxide synthase in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76538. [PMID: 24098525 PMCID: PMC3788732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Simvastatin exerts pleiotropic effects on cardiovascular system. However, its effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, especially the liver fibrosis, remains obscure. We aimed to clarify the relationship between simvastatin and liver fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro. Methods A High-fat diet was given to establish rat models with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related liver fibrosis and simvastatin (4mg·kg-1·d-1) was administrated intragastrically until hepatic histological findings confirmed the appearance of fibrosis. Human hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line lx-2 cells were cultured in an adipogenic differentiating mixture (ADM) and then were treated with transforming growth factorβ1 (TGF-β1), served as a positive control, simvastatin, TGF-β1 plus simvastatin, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME, a inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase), and L-NAME plus simvastatin, respectively. The expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and Collagen І as well as cellular α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were measured by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot in liver tissue and HSC. Results With the progress of NASH-related fibrosis, hepatic mRNA and protein expressions of iNOS, α-SMA, and Collagen І were increased while those of eNOS were decreased. Compared with model rats in 24th week group, rats in simvastatin group had less expressions of iNOS, α-SMA, and Collagen І and more expressions of eNOS. In vitro, LX-2 cells acquired quiescent phenotype when cultured in ADM, and TGF-β1 could activate the quiescent HSC. Simvastatin inhibited LX-2 cells activation due to TGF-β1 or L-NAME by increasing the expression of eNOS and decreasing the expression of iNOS. Conclusions Simvastatin improves the prognosis of NASH-related fibrosis by increasing the expression of eNOS, decreasing the expression of iNOS, and inhibiting the activation of HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Caiyan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Junying Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chuan Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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Miyake T, Yokoyama Y, Kokuryo T, Mizutani T, Imamura A, Nagino M. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase plays a main role in producing nitric oxide in the superacute phase of hepatic ischemia prior to the upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Surg Res 2013; 183:742-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Protective effect of sildenafil on liver injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:1707-15. [PMID: 23932610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the protective effect of sildenafil on liver injury induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. METHODS Forty female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: sham-control (SC), ischemia (I), ischemia-reperfusion (IR), and ischemia-reperfusion+sildenafil (SIL; sildenafil gavaged at 50mg/kg before operating). A 2-h ischemia-reperfusion was performed by clamping the superior mesenteric artery. Liver function, plasma alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferase, and intestinal and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured at the end of the experiment. Intestinal and liver tissue damage was examined by histology. Liver samples were immunologically stained for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). RESULTS The ALT and AST levels were highest in the IR group and were lower in the SIL group (p<0.05). Intestinal MDA levels were statistically higher in the IR group than in the SC, I and SIL groups. Liver MDA levels were significantly higher in the IR group than in the I and SC groups (p<0.05) and higher than in the SIL group (p>0.05). Intestinal damage based on Chiu scoring was more severe in the IR than in the SIL group (p<0.05). Sildenafil reduced damage and also increased eNOS and PCNA immunoreactivity in liver tissue. CONCLUSIONS Sildenafil shows a protective effect on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion-induced liver injury, possibly by decreasing vascular resistance through increased nitric oxide levels.
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Altunal C, Agalar F, Agalar C, Daphan C, Saygun O, Aydinuraz K, Sahiner T, Atasoy P, Caglayan O, Dom S. The Effect of Simvastatin on Pulmonary Damage in Experimental Peritonitis in Rats. Indian J Surg 2013; 77:370-5. [PMID: 26730028 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-013-0845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are widely used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, as they inhibit cholesterol synthesis. They also have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and positive endothelial-functional effects. It is hypothesized that simvastatin ameliorates pulmonary damage secondary to peritonitis in rats. Forty Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. In sham group, laparotomy was the standard procedure. In simvastatin group, simvastatin was given perorally before laparotomy. In sepsis group, peritoneal sepsis was constituted by cecal ligation and puncture technique. In sepsis + simvastatin group, the procedures of simvastatin and sepsis groups were applied together. After sacrification at the 72nd hour, tissue samples from lungs were harvested for histopathological examination, wet and dry weight measurements, and tissue culture, tissue malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide tests. Blood samples were taken for C-reactive protein and whole blood count. While the malondialdehyde levels were found to be significantly higher in sepsis group, nitric oxide levels were found to be significantly lower in simvastatin + sepsis group. Alveolar hemorrhage was highest in simvastatin + sepsis group. There was no difference for C-reactive protein, leukocyte levels, and histopathological examination between any groups. The ratios of wet and dry lung weights were higher in simvastatin-given groups. Simvastatin has no positive effect in terms of lung dysfunction on experimental sepsis model. For a better understanding of the effects of simvastatin on lung injury in peritoneal sepsis, experimental models of longer duration that enable to search the effects of simvastatin beyond 3 days will be more useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cetin Altunal
- Department of General Surgery, Muş State Hospital, Muş, Turkey
| | - Fatih Agalar
- Department of General Surgery, Anadolu Medical Center, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Canan Agalar
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Daphan
- Departments of General Surgery, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey ; Tip Fakultesi Genel Cerrahi A.D, Kırıkkale Universitesi, Sağlık Cad, 71100 Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Oral Saygun
- Departments of General Surgery, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Kuzey Aydinuraz
- Departments of General Surgery, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Sahiner
- Department of General Surgery, Kırşehir State Hospital, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Pinar Atasoy
- Departments of Pathology, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Osman Caglayan
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Sedat Dom
- Departments of General Surgery, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
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Merwid-Ląd A, Trocha M, Chlebda-Sieragowska E, Sozański T, Magdalan J, Ksiądzyna D, Szuba A, Kopacz M, Kuźniar A, Nowak D, Pieśniewska M, Fereniec-Gołębiewska L, Szeląg A. Effect of cyclophosphamide and morin-5’-sulfonic acid sodium salt, alone or in combination, on ADMA/DDAH pathway in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:201-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)70979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Krauss H, Bogdański P, Sosnowski P, Suliburska J, Jabłecka A, Jastak R, Sassek M, Maćkowiak P, Cieślewicz A, Pupek-Musialik D. Influence of short-term L-arginine supplementation on carbohydrate balance in rats with ischemia-reperfusion syndrome. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:635-42. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Srivastava K, Bath PMW, Bayraktutan U. Current therapeutic strategies to mitigate the eNOS dysfunction in ischaemic stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 32:319-36. [PMID: 22198555 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity is implicated in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in many diseases including ischaemic stroke. The modulation of eNOS during and/or following ischaemic injury often represents a futile compensatory mechanism due to a significant decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability coupled with dramatic increases in the levels of reactive oxygen species that further neutralise NO. However, applications of a number of therapeutic agents alone or in combination have been shown to augment eNOS activity under a variety of pathological conditions by potentiating the expression and/or activity of Akt/eNOS/NO pathway components. The list of these therapeutic agents include NO donors, statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors, aspirin, dipyridamole and ellagic acid. While most of these compounds exhibit anti-platelet properties and are able to up-regulate eNOS expression in endothelial cells and platelets, others suppress eNOS uncoupling and tetrahydrobiopterin (an eNOS stabiliser) oxidation. As the number of therapeutic molecules that modulate the expression and activity of eNOS increases, further detailed research is required to reveal their mode of action in preventing and/or reversing the endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtiman Srivastava
- Division of Stroke, Clinical Sciences Building, Nottingham City Hospital Campus, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Gonçalves DO, Calou IBF, Siqueira RP, Lopes AA, Leal LKA, Brito GAC, Tomé AR, Viana GSB. In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of lovastatin in rodents. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:173-81. [PMID: 21243316 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are among the most prescribed drugs in recent clinical practice. They are also known for their pleiotropic actions, which are independent of their lipid-lowering properties. The effect of lovastatin was investigated against carrageenan-induced paw edema in male Wistar rats (200-250 g) and on leukocyte migration, as measured by carrageenan-induced peritonitis in male Swiss mice (20-25 g), which are models of acute inflammation. Lovastatin (administered 1 h prior to carrageenan), at oral doses of 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg, markedly attenuated paw edema formation in rats at the 4th hour after carrageenan injection (25, 43, and 37% inhibition, respectively). Inhibitions of 20, 45 and 80% were observed in the leukocyte migration, as evaluated by carrageenan-induced peritonitis in mice with lovastatin doses of 0.5, 1 and 5 mg/kg, as compared to controls. Furthermore, lovastatin (administered 1 h before initiation) reduced the nociceptive effect of the formalin test in mice, at both phases, at doses of 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg: first phase (51, 65, and 70%, respectively) and second phase (73, 57, and 66% inhibition of licking time, respectively). The anti-nociceptive activity of lovastatin was inhibited by naloxone (3 mg/kg, sc). Lovastatin (0.01, 0.1, and 1 µg/mL) inhibited by 23, 79, and 86%, respectively, the release of myeloperoxidase from human neutrophils. Leukocyte (predominantly neutrophils) infiltration was almost completely reduced by lovastatin treatment, as observed in the model of acute paw edema with hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, lovastatin decreased the number of cells expressing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity. Therefore, the alterations in leukocyte activity and cytokine release could contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of lovastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Gonçalves
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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