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De R, Calvet NA, Dietzek-Ivanšić B. Charge Transfer Dynamics in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Heterostructures-Insights by Vibrational-Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313574. [PMID: 38471070 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic heterostructures play a pivotal role in modern electronic and optoelectronic applications including photodetectors and field effect transistors, as well as in solar energy conversion such as photoelectrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells, photoelectrochemical cells, and in organic photovoltaics. To a large extent, performance of such devices is controlled by charge transfer dynamics at and across (inner) interfaces, e.g., between a wide band gap semiconductor and molecular sensitizers and/or catalysts. Hence, a detailed understanding of the structure-dynamics-function relationship of such functional interfaces is necessary to rationalize possible performance limitations of these materials and devices on a molecular level. Vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy, as an interface-sensitive spectroscopic technique, allows to obtain chemically specific information from interfaces and combines such chemical insights with ultrafast time resolution, when integrated as a spectroscopic probe into a pump-probe scheme. Thus, this minireview discusses the advantages and potential of VSFG spectroscopy for investigating interfacial charge transfer dynamics and structural changes at inner interfaces. A critical perspective of the unique spectroscopic view of otherwise inaccessible interfaces is presented, which we hope opens new opportunities for an improved understanding of function-determining processes in complex materials, and brings together communities who are devoted to designing materials and devices with spectroscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnadip De
- Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Neus A Calvet
- Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
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2
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Dash P, Panda PK, Su C, Lin YC, Sakthivel R, Chen SL, Chung RJ. Near-infrared-driven upconversion nanoparticles with photocatalysts through water-splitting towards cancer treatment. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:3881-3907. [PMID: 38572601 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01066j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Water splitting is promising, especially for energy and environmental applications; however, there are limited studies on the link between water splitting and cancer treatment. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can be used to convert near-infrared (NIR) light to ultraviolet (UV) or visible (Vis) light and have great potential for biomedical applications because of their profound penetration ability, theranostic approaches, low self-fluorescence background, reduced damage to biological tissue, and low toxicity. UCNPs with photocatalytic materials can enhance the photocatalytic activities that generate a shorter wavelength to increase the tissue penetration depth in the biological microenvironment under NIR light irradiation. Moreover, UCNPs with a photosensitizer can absorb NIR light and convert it into UV/vis light and emit upconverted photons, which excite the photoinitiator to create H2, O2, and/or OH˙ via water splitting processes when exposed to NIR irradiation. Therefore, combining UCNPs with intensified photocatalytic and photoinitiator materials may be a promising therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. This review provides a novel strategy for explaining the principles and mechanisms of UCNPs and NIR-driven UCNPs with photocatalytic materials through water splitting to achieve therapeutic outcomes for clinical applications. Moreover, the challenges and future perspectives of UCNP-based photocatalytic materials for water splitting for cancer treatment are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjyan Dash
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Pradeep Kumar Panda
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chaochin Su
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chien Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- ZhongSun Co., LTD, New Taipei City 220031, Taiwan
| | - Rajalakshmi Sakthivel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Ren-Jei Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- High-value Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan
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3
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Wu X, Li Y, Wen M, Xie Y, Zeng K, Liu YN, Chen W, Zhao Y. Nanocatalysts for modulating antitumor immunity: fabrication, mechanisms and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2643-2692. [PMID: 38314836 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy harnesses the inherent immune system in the body to generate systemic antitumor immunity, offering a promising modality for defending against cancer. However, tumor immunosuppression and evasion seriously restrict the immune response rates in clinical settings. Catalytic nanomedicines can transform tumoral substances/metabolites into therapeutic products in situ, offering unique advantages in antitumor immunotherapy. Through catalytic reactions, both tumor eradication and immune regulation can be simultaneously achieved, favoring the development of systemic antitumor immunity. In recent years, with advancements in catalytic chemistry and nanotechnology, catalytic nanomedicines based on nanozymes, photocatalysts, sonocatalysts, Fenton catalysts, electrocatalysts, piezocatalysts, thermocatalysts and radiocatalysts have been rapidly developed with vast applications in cancer immunotherapy. This review provides an introduction to the fabrication of catalytic nanomedicines with an emphasis on their structures and engineering strategies. Furthermore, the catalytic substrates and state-of-the-art applications of nanocatalysts in cancer immunotherapy have also been outlined and discussed. The relationships between nanostructures and immune regulating performance of catalytic nanomedicines are highlighted to provide a deep understanding of their working mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Finally, the challenges and development trends are revealed, aiming to provide new insights for the future development of nanocatalysts in catalytic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Yuqing Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Mei Wen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Yongting Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Ke Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - You-Nian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Wansong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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Fu H, Deng Y, Cai Z, Pan Y, Yang L, Fujita T, Wang N, Wang Y, Wang X. Designing Z-scheme In 2O 3 @ZnIn 2S 4 core-shell heterojunctions for enhanced photocatalytic multi-pollutant removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132820. [PMID: 37898084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
In water bodies, the coexistence of and interaction between multiple pollutants complicate remediation. In this study, the In2O3 @ZnIn2S4 Z-scheme heterojunction with a stratified core-shell structure was constructed and used to remove multiple pollutants (tetracycline hydrochloride and Cr(VI)). The large number of active sites and the mechanism of photogenerated charge separation ensured the substantially enhanced catalytic activity of this photocatalyst, making it superior to In2O3 nanospheres and pure ZnIn2S4. The optimised In2O3 @ZnIn2S4 nano-flowers (In2O3 @ZnIn2S4 NFs) realised 99.8% removal of tetracycline hydrochloride and 100% removal of Cr(VI) within 60 min under visible-light. The material's high stability was demonstrated by five experiment cycles. Effects of organics, inorganics, and pH about the photocatalytic performance of the optimised In2O3 @ZnIn2S4 NFs when tetracycline hydrochloride and Cr(VI) coexist were also explored. Finally, the intermediates and degradation pathways were analysed, and the possible photocatalytic mechanism was also investigated by performing density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Deng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Cai
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yuehua Pan
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Libo Yang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Toyohisa Fujita
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Nannan Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Youbin Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Xinpeng Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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Shinde PA, Ariga K. Two-Dimensional Nanoarchitectonics for Two-Dimensional Materials: Interfacial Engineering of Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:18175-18186. [PMID: 38047629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted increasing attention in fundamental studies and technological applications owing to their atomically thin thickness, expanded interlayer distance, motif band gap, and phase-transition ability. Even though TMDs have a wide variety of material assets from semiconductor to semimetallic to metallic, the materials with fixed features may not show excellence for precise application. As a result of exclusive crystalline polymorphs, physical and chemical assets of TMDs can be efficiently modified via various approaches of interface nanoarchitectonics, including heteroatom doping, heterostructure, phase engineering, reducing size, alloying, and hybridization. With modified properties, TMDs become interesting materials in diverse fields, including catalysis, energy, electronics, transistors, and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati A Shinde
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
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6
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Yang W, Gao Y, Cao M. Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of π-Conjugated Pyridine Rings-Modified C 3N 4/Bi@BiOCl Z-Scheme Heterogeneous Material. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:18342-18353. [PMID: 38064754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced photocatalytic properties of Z-Scheme Bi@BiOCl/C3N4-DPY heterojunction materials were successfully prepared by the ultrasonic-assisted coprecipitation method. The Bi@BiOCl/C3N4-DPY heterojunction exhibited remarkable photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation, and the degradation rate of methyl orange (MO) was about 90.6% in 180 min. This impressive efficiency is mainly due to the Z-Scheme charge transfer mechanism in Bi@BiOCl/C3N4-DPY, resulting in the efficient separation of charge carriers and an increase in the REDOX potential of photogenerated electrons and holes. C3N4 was modified with a π-deficient conjugated pyridine ring, which caused the light absorption redshift, promoted the formation of oxidizing •O2-, and improved the photocatalytic activity. At the same time, a well-aligned heterojunction is formed at the interface between C3N4-DPY and BiOCl, facilitating the seamless transfer of light-induced electrons from the LUMO of C3N4-DPY to the CB of BiOCl. In addition, the addition of Bi introduces a unique band gap reduction effect, resulting in a change in the density of the band states, which further promotes charge transfer and separation. It is worth noting that the introduction of metallic bismuth (Bi) brings about a unique band gap reduction effect, resulting in a change in the density of states within the band, which ultimately promotes charge transfer and separation. The Z-scheme charge migration inside Bi@BiOCl/C3N4-DPY further promotes the efficient separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, greatly improving the overall efficiency of the material. The Z-structured photocatalyst developed in this study has great application potential in various fields of photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yanhua Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163318, China
| | - Mingli Cao
- School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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7
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Teymourinia H, Alshamsi HA, Al-Nayili A, Gholami M. Photocatalytic degradation of chlorpyrifos using Ag nanoparticles-doped g-C 3N 5 decorated with dendritic CdS. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140325. [PMID: 37797896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, g-C3N5/CdS dendrite/AgNPs nanocomposite was synthesized using a mixed method consisting of hydrothermal, ultrasonic and chemistry reduction with sodium borohydride. The characterization of the as-prepared nanocomposite was done using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, BET, and DRS methods was performed. The DRS results showed that the g-C3N5/CdS dendrite/AgNPs nanocomposite nanocomposite has a band gap of 1.08 eV. This band gap indicates the good capability of this nanocomposite as a photocatalyst. Accordingly, the photocatalytic degradation of chlorpyrifos (CPS) in was performed in an aqueous solution of the synthesized nanocomposite. The results showed that almost 95.3% of this poison, a concentration of 50 mg L-1 was degraded in the presence of 0.05 g L-1 of nanocomposite at pH = 5 in a 60 min. Hydroxide radicals and holes play a significant role in the photocatalytic process. The reusability of the nanocomposite with excellent performance in the degradation of photocatalytic toxins caused by the reduction in the electron-hole recombination and the high surface area of the nanocomposite are among the unique features of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakimeh Teymourinia
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT), University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Abbas Alshamsi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Abbas Al-Nayili
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhang H, Ren X, Zhang B, Jia A, Wang Y. Size Effect of Cu Nanoparticles in Cu/g-C 3N 4 Composites on Properties for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 to Methanol. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:53515-53525. [PMID: 37938839 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this work is to develop cheap photocatalysts for the efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol with water. A series of composites of Cu/g-C3N4 were prepared via a solvothermal method. Copper nanoparticle (Cu NP) size in Cu/g-C3N4 can be easily controlled by adjusting the synthesis temperature. The Cu/g-C3N4 material with the proper size of Cu NP (CuCN-100) had the best photocatalytic property (675 μmol·g-1·h-1) in reducing the amount of CO2 to methanol at room temperature under normal pressure. The particle size of Cu NPs is the key factor to improve the catalytic activity and stability because of the improved transfer and separation of photogenerated charges with the small Cu NPs. Although the sample with large Cu NPs (CuCN-200) initially gave a better activity than that of CuCN-100 due to the formation of double heterojunction, its activity was thoroughly lost after two runs resulting from the continuous photocorrosion. This work provides a valuable insight for preparing efficient semiconductor-metal photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiliu Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Xingzhuang Ren
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Tianjin Aozhan Xingda Chemical Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300131, P. R. China
| | - Aizhong Jia
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Yanji Wang
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
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9
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Zhu JR, Chen YH, Li ZY, Chen Q, Xiao FX. Maneuvering the Directional Charge Flow for Photoredox Organic Conversion. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18649-18659. [PMID: 37903426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal chalcogenide quantum dots (TMC QDs) show great promise in artificial photosynthesis for excellent light-harvesting capability. Nonetheless, TMC QDs have limitations of ultrafast charge recombination rate, sluggish carrier migration kinetics, and generic photocorrosion, retarding their widespread applications. To solve these obstacles, herein, we demonstrate the stimulation of charge migration over TMC QDs with the aid of nonconjugated insulating polymer and graphene (GR) for a versatile photoredox selective organic transformation. To this end, an ultrathin insulating polymer layer, i.e., poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), grafted on the GR framework, is electrostatically intercalated at the interface of TMCs QDs and the GR framework via a self-assembly for constructing TMC QDs/PAH/GR three-dimensional spatially multilayered heterostructures. In this well-defined nanoarchitecture, TMC QDs function as a light-harvesting antenna, GR as a terminal electron reservoir, and PAH as an intermediate interfacial charge relay mediator. We ascertain that the ultrathin PAH interim layer unexpectedly fosters the photoelectron migration from TMCs QDs to the GR framework in a tunable fashion, boosting the charge separation of TMCs QDs and resulting in significantly improved photoactivities toward anaerobic reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to amino derivatives and oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes under visible light. Photoredox catalysis mechanisms of such TMC QDs/PAH/GR photosystems are elucidated, and the active species in these photoredox organic conversion reactions are comprehensively determined. Our work would open new frontiers to finely modulate the charge transport of TMCs QDs via nonconjugated insulating polymers for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Rong Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Yi-Han Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Zhuang-Yan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Fang-Xing Xiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
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10
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Wang L, Yu Q, Liu Y, Fujita T, Wei Y, Wang X, Zeng D. Controlled synthesis and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activities of cobalt carbides with different phase compositions. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:035705. [PMID: 37848017 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt carbides are emerging as promising materials for various magnetic and catalytic applications. However, exploring dedicated cobalt carbides with optimal catalytic properties via adjusting phase compositions remains a significant challenge. Herein, three different cobalt carbides, CoxC (Co2C-Co3C), Co2C-Co, and Co3C, were successfully prepared using a facile one-pot green method. The phase compositions of cobalt carbides could be easily controlled by varying the cobalt-based precursors and carbon sources. More remarkably, three different cobalt carbides could serve as reduction cocatalysts decorated CdS for improved hydrogen production under visible light. Intriguingly, the obtained Co3C/CdS nanocomposite displayed the highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity among the three composites and superior photocatalytic stability. This work provides a fundamental approach to tuning the photocatalytic properties of cobalt carbides for energy conversion fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Toyohisa Fujita
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuezhou Wei
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Deqian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
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11
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Bajiri MA, Alkanad K, Alnaggar G, G.C. SS, Al-Maswari BM, Abdullah MM, Al-khawlani A, N.K. L, B. N, H.S. BN. Tailoring morphology and structure of 1D/2D isotype g-C3N4 for sonophotocatalytic hydrogen evaluation. SURFACES AND INTERFACES 2023; 42:103511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2023.103511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
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12
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Ganjali F, Gorab MG, Moghim Aliabadi HA, Rahmati S, Cohan RA, Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, Maleki A, Ghafuri H, Mahdavi M. A novel nanocomposite containing zinc ferrite nanoparticles embedded in carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel plus carbon nitride nanosheets with multifunctional bioactivity. RSC Adv 2023; 13:21873-21881. [PMID: 37475756 PMCID: PMC10354627 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02822d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel and biologically active nanobiocomposite is synthesized based on carbon nitride nanosheet (g-C3N4) based carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels with embedded zinc ferrite nanoparticles. Physical-chemical aspects, morphological properties, and their multifunctional biological properties have been considered in the process of evaluation of the synthesized structure. The hydrogels' compressive strength and compressive modulus are 1.98 ± 0.03 MPa and 3.46 ± 0.05 MPa, respectively. Regarding the biological response, it is shown that the nanobiocomposite is non-toxic and biocompatible, and hemocompatible (with Hu02 cells). In addition, the developed material offers a suitable antibacterial activity for both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ganjali
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran +98-21-73021584 +98-21-73228313
| | - Mostafa Ghafori Gorab
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran +98-21-73021584 +98-21-73228313
| | | | - Saman Rahmati
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Nanobiotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Eivazzadeh-Keihan
- Nanobiotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran +98-21-73021584 +98-21-73228313
| | - Hossein Ghafuri
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran +98-21-73021584 +98-21-73228313
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Wang Z, Chen H, Rong C, Li A, Hua X, Dong D, Liang D, Liu H. Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen in Aqueous Environments: A Mini Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:604. [PMID: 37505569 PMCID: PMC10386104 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, acetaminophen (ACT), a typical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has gained global usage, positioning itself as one of the most extensively consumed medications. However, the incomplete metabolism of ACT leads to a substantial discharge into the environment, classifying it as an environmental contaminant with detrimental effects on non-target organisms. Various wastewater treatment technologies have been developed for ACT removal to mitigate its potential environmental risk. Particularly, photocatalytic technology has garnered significant attention as it exhibits high efficiency in oxidizing and degrading a wide range of organic pollutants. This comprehensive review aims to systematically examine and discuss the application of photocatalytic technology for the removal of ACT from aqueous environments. Additionally, the study provides a detailed overview of the limitations associated with the photocatalytic degradation of ACT in practical applications, along with effective strategies to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chang Rong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Anfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiuyi Hua
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Deming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dapeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Wei LW, Liu SH, Wang HP. Visible-Light Photocatalytic CO 2-to-CO and H 2O-to-H 2O 2 by g-C 3N 4/Cu 2O-Pd S-Scheme Heterojunctions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37192387 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalytic conversion of CO2-to-fuels for green electricity is sustainably attractive for alleviating carbon emissions. Photocatalytic CO2-to-CO frequently suffered from relatively low yields, mainly due to ineffective charge transfer rates. A new approach for photocatalytic CO2-to-CO enhanced with effective H+ from H2O-to-H2O2 through the water oxidation reaction (WOR) has been studied in the present work. Here, the nano palladium (9 wt %), serving as a cocatalyst, dispersed on the g-C3N4/Cu2O heterojunctions (i.e., g-C3N4/Cu2O-Pd) has been prepared to facilitate charge separation for the two-electron reduction of CO2 to CO. Experimentally, the g-C3N4/Cu2O-Pd heterojunctions have a higher photocatalytic H2O-to-H2O2 yield than the g-C3N4/Cu2O heterojunction by 5.3 times. The photocatalytic WOR provides sufficient electrons (e-) and H+ (2H2O → H2O2 + 2H+) for CO2-to-CO (CO2(aq) + 2H+ + 2e- → CO(g) + H2O(l)). Relatively high photocatalytic yields of H2O2 (34.0 μmol/mg) and CO (14.6 μmol/mg) affected by the heterojunctions can be achieved. Also, the heterojunctions have a high photostability with a photocatalytic generated CO/H2 ratio of 1.75 approximately. This visible-light photocatalytic CO2-to-CO and H2O-to-H2O2 by the new g-C3N4/Cu2O-Pd S-scheme heterojunctions demonstrates the feasibility of the zero carbon emission approach with additional green oxidant (H2O2) generation.
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Deshmukh S, Pawar K, Koli V, Pachfule P. Emerging Graphitic Carbon Nitride-based Nanobiomaterials for Biological Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1339-1367. [PMID: 37011107 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) based nanostructures are distinctive materials with unique compositional, structural, optical, and electronic properties with exceptional band structure, moderate surface area, and exceptional thermal and chemical stability. Because of these properties, g-CN based nanomaterials have shown promising applications and higher performance in the biological avenue. This review covers the state-of-the-art synthetic strategies used for the preparation of the materials, the basic structure, and a panorama of different optimization strategies leading to improved physicochemical properties responsible for the biological application. The following sections include the recent progress in the use of g-CN based nanobiomaterials for biosensors, bioimaging, photodynamic therapy, drug delivery, chemotherapy, and the antimicrobial segment. Furthermore, we have summarized the role and evaluation of biosafety and biocompatibility of the material. Finally, the unresolved issues, plausible challenges, current status, and future perspectives for the development and design of g-CN have been summarized and are expected to promote a clinical path for the medical sector and human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamkumar Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, Damani Bhairuratan Fatechand, Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 413002, India
| | - Krishna Pawar
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Valmiki Koli
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shou-Feng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Pradip Pachfule
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata 700106, India
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Benedoue S, Benedet M, Gasparotto A, Gauquelin N, Orekhov A, Verbeeck J, Seraglia R, Pagot G, Rizzi GA, Balzano V, Gavioli L, Noto VD, Barreca D, Maccato C. Insights into the Photoelectrocatalytic Behavior of gCN-Based Anode Materials Supported on Ni Foams. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13061035. [PMID: 36985929 PMCID: PMC10057045 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) is a promising n-type semiconductor widely investigated for photo-assisted water splitting, but less studied for the (photo)electrochemical degradation of aqueous organic pollutants. In these fields, attractive perspectives for advancements are offered by a proper engineering of the material properties, e.g., by depositing gCN onto conductive and porous scaffolds, tailoring its nanoscale morphology, and functionalizing it with suitable cocatalysts. The present study reports on a simple and easily controllable synthesis of gCN flakes on Ni foam substrates by electrophoretic deposition (EPD), and on their eventual decoration with Co-based cocatalysts [CoO, CoFe2O4, cobalt phosphate (CoPi)] via radio frequency (RF)-sputtering or electrodeposition. After examining the influence of processing conditions on the material characteristics, the developed systems are comparatively investigated as (photo)anodes for water splitting and photoelectrocatalysts for the degradation of a recalcitrant water pollutant [potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP)]. The obtained results highlight that while gCN decoration with Co-based cocatalysts boosts water splitting performances, bare gCN as such is more efficient in KHP abatement, due to the occurrence of a different reaction mechanism. The related insights, provided by a multi-technique characterization, may provide valuable guidelines for the implementation of active nanomaterials in environmental remediation and sustainable solar-to-chemical energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Benedoue
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University and INSTM, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Applied Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| | - Mattia Benedet
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University and INSTM, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Gasparotto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University and INSTM, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicolas Gauquelin
- EMAT and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Andrey Orekhov
- EMAT and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Johan Verbeeck
- EMAT and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Roberta Seraglia
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Gioele Pagot
- Section of Chemistry for the Technology (ChemTech), Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova and INSTM, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Andrea Rizzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University and INSTM, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Balzano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (i-LAMP), Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 25133 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Gavioli
- Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (i-LAMP), Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 25133 Brescia, Italy
| | - Vito Di Noto
- Section of Chemistry for the Technology (ChemTech), Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova and INSTM, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Maccato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University and INSTM, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, Department of Chemical Sciences, Padova University, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Chen C, Liu F, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Fang X. Theoretical design and experimental study of pyridine-incorporated polymeric carbon nitride with an optimal structure for boosting photocatalytic CO2 reduction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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18
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Zhang G, Chen D, Lu J. A review on black-phosphorus-based composite heterojunction photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Balakrishnan A, Chinthala M, Polagani RK, Vo DVN. Removal of tetracycline from wastewater using g-C 3N 4 based photocatalysts: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114660. [PMID: 36368373 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tetracycline is currently one of the most consumed antibiotics for human therapy, veterinary purpose, and agricultural activities. Tetracycline worldwide consumption is expected to rise by about more than 30% by 2030. The persistence of tetracycline has necessitated implementing and adopting strategies to protect aquatic systems and the environment from noxious pollutants. Here, graphitic carbon nitride-based photocatalytic technology is considered because of higher visible light photocatalytic activity, low cost, and non-toxicity. Thus, this review highlights the recent progress in the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline using g-C3N4-based photocatalysts. Additionally, properties, worldwide consumption, occurrence, and environmental impacts of tetracycline are comprehensively addressed. Studies proved the occurrence of tetracycline in all water matrices across the world with a maximum concentration of 54 μg/L. Among different g-C3N4-based materials, heterojunctions exhibited the maximum photocatalytic degradation of 100% with the reusability of 5 cycles. The photocatalytic membranes are found to be feasible due to easiness in recovery and better reusability. Limitations of g-C3N4-based wastewater treatment technology and efficient solutions are also emphasized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Balakrishnan
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769 008, India
| | - Mahendra Chinthala
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769 008, India.
| | - Rajesh Kumar Polagani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bheemanna Khandre Institute of Technology, Bhalki, India
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Ullah S, Ferreira-Neto EP, Khan AA, Medeiros IPM, Wender H. Supported nanostructured photocatalysts: the role of support-photocatalyst interactions. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023; 22:219-240. [PMID: 36178668 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysis employing semiconductor oxide photocatalysts is a sustainable and promising method for environmental remediation and clean energy generation. In this context, nanostructured photocatalysts, with at least one dimension in the 1‒100 nm size regime, have attracted ever-growing attention due to their unique and often enhanced size-dependent physicochemical properties. While their reduced size ensures enhanced photocatalytic performance, the same makes it difficult and time/energy-demanding to remove/recover such nanostructured photocatalysts from aqueous media. This fundamental limitation has paved the way towards developing supported nanophotocatalysts where the active photocatalytic nanostructures are coated on the surface of polymeric or inorganic support materials, often in a core@shell conformation. This arrangement solves the problem of photocatalysts' recovery for effective reuse or recycling and leads to improved and desired target properties due to specific photocatalyst-support interactions. While the enhanced physicochemical properties of supported photocatalysts have been widely studied in many target applications, the role of support-photocatalysts interactions in improving these properties remains unexplored. This review article provides an updated viewpoint on the photocatalyst-support interactions and the resulting unique physiochemical properties important for diverse photochemical applications and the design of practical devices. While exploring the properties of supported nanostructured metal oxide/sulfides photocatalysts such as TiO2 and MoS2, we also briefly discuss the common strategies employed to coat the active nanomaterials on the surface of different supports (organic/polymeric, inorganic, active, inert, and magnetic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ullah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, PO Box 25120, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Elias P Ferreira-Neto
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Abrar A Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, PO Box 25120, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Isaac P M Medeiros
- Nano & Photon Research Group, Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Applied Nanotechnology (LNNA), Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Heberton Wender
- Nano & Photon Research Group, Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Applied Nanotechnology (LNNA), Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Brazil.
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Kumar S, Yadav RK, Yeon Choi S, Singh P, Wu Kim T. An Efficient Polydopamine Modified Sulphur Doped GCN Photocatalyst for Generation of HCOOH from CO2 Under Sun Ray Irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Balakrishnan A, Gaware GJ, Chinthala M. Heterojunction photocatalysts for the removal of nitrophenol: A systematic review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136853. [PMID: 36243095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrophenols are the most widely used raw materials in the chemical, pesticide, and pharmaceutical industries. Due to improper waste management and excessive usage, nitrophenol is listed as a priority pollutant and garnered global research attention. This review highlights the recent progress on heterojunction photocatalysts toward eliminating nitrophenols. The detailed mechanisms of the electron-hole pair separation using different heterojunctions such as traditional, p-n, Z-scheme, S-scheme, and Schottky heterojunctions are elaborated. The performance of the photocatalysts is evaluated using quantum efficiency. Among the heterojunctions, Z-scheme exhibited maximum removal efficiency of 100% and found superior over other heterojunctions. Even though heterojunctions exhibit good efficiency, the reusability of the heterojunction photocatalyst is not reported beyond 5 cycles. Further research is indeed to develop a highly reusable photocatalyst for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Balakrishnan
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Ghanghor Jayant Gaware
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Mahendra Chinthala
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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Enhanced photocatalytic nitrogen fixation on oxygen doped high specific surface area g-C3N4 under simulated sunlight. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Boosted photocatalytic efficiency of GQDs sensitized (BiO)2CO3/β-Bi2O3 heterojunction via enhanced interfacial charge transfer. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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MOF-templated core–shell CoSx@BiOBr Z-type heterojunction degradation of multiple antibiotics. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Photocatalysis represents a promising technology that might alleviate the current environmental crisis. One of the most representative photocatalysts is graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) due to its stability, cost-effectiveness, facile synthesis procedure, and absorption properties in visible light. Nevertheless, pristine g-C3N4 still exhibits low photoactivity due to the rapid recombination of photo-induced electron-hole (e−-h+) pairs. To solve this drawback, Z-scheme photocatalysts based on g-C3N4 are superior alternatives since these systems present the same band configuration but follow a different charge carrier recombination mechanism. To contextualize the topic, the main drawbacks of using g-C3N4 as a photocatalyst in environmental applications are mentioned in this review. Then, the basic concepts of the Z-scheme and the synthesis and characterization of the Z-scheme based on g-C3N4 are addressed to obtain novel systems with suitable photocatalytic activity in environmental applications (pollutant abatement, H2 production, and CO2 reduction). Focusing on the applications of the Z-scheme based on g-C3N4, the most representative examples of these systems are referred to, analyzed, and commented on in the main text. To conclude this review, an outlook of the future challenges and prospects of g-C3N4-based Z-scheme photocatalysts is addressed.
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Lin F, Liu P, Lin R, Lu C, Shen Y, Wang Y, Su X, Li H, Gu YY. CuCo and sulfur doped carbon nitride composite as an effective Fenton-like catalyst in a wide pH range. Front Chem 2022; 10:982818. [PMID: 36092659 PMCID: PMC9449145 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.982818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction, as an advanced oxidation process, is widely recognized attributed to its recyclability, wide pH response range, easy solid-liquid separation, and non-production of iron sludge. Recently, the bimetallic catalysts have attracted intense attention due to their high catalytic performance and excellent stability over a wide pH range. In this article, CuCo/SCN bimetallic catalyst was prepared by pyrolysis method with sulfur doped carbon nitride (SCN) as the carrier. Under the conditions of pH = 7, catalyst dosage of 0.8 g/L, and concentration of H2O2 of 15 mM, 20 mg/L of methyl orange (MO) can be completely removed within 1 h. With the synergistic action between bimetals and sulfur doped carbon nitride, the CuCO/SCN involved Fenton-like system exhibited excellent catalytic degradation efficiency and strong stability for MO in neutral and weak alkaline conditions. The EPR characterization proved that OH and O2− were the main active components. Furthermore, CuCo/SCN involved Fenton-like system has good adaptability. Bimetallic CuCo/SCN catalyst has great application potential in the degradation of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Lin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Rundong Lin
- Chengdu Hui Jin Water Development Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Xiwen Su
- School of Opto-electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiwen Su, ; Ying-Ying Gu,
| | - Hongjiang Li
- Qingdao Engineering Vocational College, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying-Ying Gu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Xiwen Su, ; Ying-Ying Gu,
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Lin B, Xia M, Xu B, Chong B, Chen Z, Yang G. Bio-inspired nanostructured g-C3N4-based photocatalysts: A comprehensive review. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Kumar Singh A, Das C, Indra A. Scope and prospect of transition metal-based cocatalysts for visible light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with graphitic carbon nitride. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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31
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Tang B, Xiao FX. An Overview of Solar-Driven Photoelectrochemical CO 2 Conversion to Chemical Fuels. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Fang-Xing Xiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People’s Republic of China
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Guo X, He S, Meng Z, Wang Y, Peng Y. Ag@ZIF-8/g-C 3N 4 Z-scheme photocatalyst for the enhanced removal of multiple classes of antibiotics by integrated adsorption and photocatalytic degradation under visible light irradiation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17919-17931. [PMID: 35765331 PMCID: PMC9202599 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02194c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining the plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles and orientation effects of ZIF-8, as well as the visible-light activity of g-C3N4, we constructed a direct Z-scheme heterojunction with a co-existing Ag+/Ag0 system by an in situ coprecipitation method. The presence of Ag+/Ag0 on the surface of ZIF-8 was confirmed by the exchange of Ag+ and Zn2+ ions. This promoted the reduction of the band gap of ZIF-8, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results reveal that the 12 wt% Ag@ZIF-8/g-C3N4 nanocomposite presented the best adsorptive–photocatalytic activity for the degradation of multi-residue antibiotics under visible light irradiation for 60 min. Its degradation efficiency reached 90%, and its average apparent reaction rate constant was 10.27 times that of pure g-C3N4. In the radical scavenger experiments, ˙O2− and ˙OH were shown to be important in the process of photocatalytic degradation. In addition, we proposed a possible direct Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism, that is, an internal electric field was formed to compensate the mediators between the interfaces of Ag@ZIF-8 and g-C3N4. This improvement can be attributed to the direct Z-scheme heterojunction system fabricated between Ag@ZIF-8 and g-C3N4. This can accelerate photogenerated electron–hole separation and the redox capability of Ag@ZIF-8/g-C3N4. The integration of the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of various antibiotics is a promising approach. ZIF-8 has been widely used in the integrated adsorptive–photocatalytic removal of various antibiotics due to its large surface area, high orientation adsorption capacity. Therefore, this study provides new insights into the design of enhanced redox capacity for the efficient degradation of multiple antibiotics under visible-light irradiation. By combining the plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles and orientation effects of ZIF-8, as well as the visible-light activity of g-C3N4, we constructed a direct Z-scheme heterojunction with a co-existing Ag+/Ag0 system by an in situ coprecipitation method.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China +86 951 2061231 +86 951 2061224
| | - Siyuan He
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China +86 951 2061231 +86 951 2061224
| | - Zhe Meng
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China +86 951 2061231 +86 951 2061224
| | - Yinghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China +86 951 2061231 +86 951 2061224
| | - Yuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 China +86 951 2061231 +86 951 2061224
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Cheng J, Wang D. 2D materials modulating layered double hydroxides for electrocatalytic water splitting. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Aziz FFA, Jalil AA, Hassan NS, Fauzi AA, Azami MS, Jusoh NWC, Jusoh R. A review on synergistic coexisting pollutants for efficient photocatalytic reaction in wastewater remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112748. [PMID: 35101397 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the tremendous development of the economy and industry, the pollution of water is becoming more serious due to the excessive chemical wastes that need to remove thru reduction or oxidation reactions. Simultaneous removal of dual pollutants via photocatalytic redox reaction has been tremendously explored in the last five years due to effective decontamination of pollutants compared to a single pollutants system. In a photocatalysis mechanism, the holes in the valence band can remarkably promote the oxidation of a pollutant. At the same time, photoexcited electrons are also consumed for the reduction reaction. The synergistic between the reduction and oxidation inhibits the recombination of electron-hole pairs extending their lifetime. In this review, the binary pollutants that selectively removed via photocatalysis reduction or oxidation are classified according to heavy metal-organic pollutant (HM/OP), heavy metal-heavy metal (HM/HM) and organic-organic pollutants (OP/OP). The intrinsic between the pollutants was explained in three different mechanisms including inhibition of electron-hole recombination, ligand to metal charge transfer and electrostatic attraction. Several strategies for the enhancement of this treatment method which are designation of catalysts, pH of mixed pollutants and addition of additive were discussed. This review offers a recent perspective on the development of photocatalysis system for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F A Aziz
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A A Jalil
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310, UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - N S Hassan
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A A Fauzi
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M S Azami
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - N W C Jusoh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R Jusoh
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, College of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Li S, Wang C, Cai M, Liu Y, Dong K, Zhang J. Designing oxygen vacancy mediated bismuth molybdate (Bi 2MoO 6)/N-rich carbon nitride (C 3N 5) S-scheme heterojunctions for boosted photocatalytic removal of tetracycline antibiotic and Cr(VI): Intermediate toxicity and mechanism insight. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 624:219-232. [PMID: 35660890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.05.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric N-rich carbon nitride of C3N5 is being utilized as a new visible-light-driven catalyst due to its narrower bandgap (∼2.0 eV). Building step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunction by coupling with other semiconductors especially those own oxygen vacancies (OVs) can further upgrade the photocatalytic performance of C3N5-based photocatalysts. Herein, a novel S-scheme heterojunction of OVs mediated Bi2MoO6/C3N5 was fabricated by in-situ growing Bi2MoO6 nanoparticles with OVs on C3N5 nanosheets. Benefiting from the efficient separation and transfer of high energetic charge carriers by S-scheme charge migration, enriched structural defects, as well as the close contact by the in-situ growth, the heterojunction exhibited superior visible-light photocatalytic performance toward the removal of tetracycline (TC) and Cr(VI) than C3N5, Bi2MoO6, and their mechanical mixture under visible light. The TC degradation routes and the bio-toxicity evolution of TC were explored. Moreover, the photocatalytic mechanism for TC decomposition and Cr(VI) reduction over Bi2MoO6/C3N5 with OVs were elucidated. This work presents a newfangled vision for designing promising C3N5-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316022, China; Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China.
| | - Chunchun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316022, China; Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China
| | - Mingjie Cai
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316022, China; Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316022, China; Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China.
| | - Kexin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316022, China; Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China
| | - Junlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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Zhang Y, Luo N, Zeng D, Xu C, Ma L, Luo G, Qian Y, Feng Q, Chen X, Hu C, Liu L, Fujita T, Wei Y. Ferroelectricity and Schottky Heterojunction Engineering in AgNbO 3: A Simultaneous Way of Boosting Piezo-photocatalytic Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22313-22323. [PMID: 35503741 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an efficient and economical way of dealing with organic pollutants, piezo-photocatalysis has attracted great interest. In this work, we demonstrated that ferroelectricity and Schottky heterojunction engineering could significantly enhance the piezo-photocatalytic activity of AgNbO3. The poled 20 mol % K+ doped AgNbO3 disclosed its superior piezo-photocatalytic activity of 0.131 min-1 for 10 mg·L-1 RhB, which is 7.8 times of the pristine one under the condition of illumination only. The designed piezo-photocatalyst also exhibited good piezo-photocatalytic stability after four cycles. These merits are attributed to the built-in electric field associated with the large spontaneous polarization and low coercive field originated from the stable ferroelectric state after ferroelectricity engineering, plus with the electron trapper effect of the in situ precipitated metal Ag particles. Our work not only provides a promising piezo-photocatalyst for degrading organic contaminants but also paves a good way for developing high piezo-photocatalytic activity catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metallic and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Nengneng Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metallic and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Deqian Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metallic and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Li Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metallic and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Gengguang Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metallic and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yixin Qian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metallic and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qin Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metallic and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiyong Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metallic and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Changzheng Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Laijun Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Toyohisa Fujita
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metallic and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuezhou Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metallic and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Du H, Gao X, Ma Q, Yang X, Zhao TS. Cu/PCN Metal-Semiconductor Heterojunction by Thermal Reduction for Photoreaction of CO 2-Aerated H 2O to CH 3OH and C 2H 5OH. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:16817-16826. [PMID: 35601319 PMCID: PMC9118400 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
g-C3N4-based materials show potential for photoreduction of CO2 to oxygenates but are subjected to fast recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. Here, a novel Cu-dispersive protonated g-C3N4 (PCN) metal-semiconductor (m-s) heterojunction from thermal reduction of a Cu2O/PCN precursor was prepared and characterized using in situ X-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra, photoluminescence (PL) spectra, transient photocurrent response, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Cu amount in Cu/PCN and the reduction temperature affected the generation of CH3OH and C2H5OH from the photoreaction of CO2-aerated H2O. During calcination of Cu2O/PCN in N2 at 550 °C, Cu2O was completely reduced to Cu with even dispersion, and a m-s heterojunction was obtained. With thermal exfoliation, Cu/PCN showed a specific surface area and layer spacing larger than those of PCN. Cu/PCN-0.5 (12.8 wt % Cu) exhibited a total carbon yield of 25.0 μmol·g-1 under UV-vis irradiation for 4 h, higher than that of Cu2O/PCN (13.6 μmol·g-1) and PCN (6.0 μmol·g-1). The selectivity for CH3OH and C2H5OH was 51.42 and 46.14%, respectively. The PL spectra, transient photocurrent response, and EIS characterizations indicated that Cu/PCN heterojunction promotes the separation of electrons and holes and suppresses their recombination. The calculated conduction band position was more negative, which is conducive to the multielectron reactions for CH3OH and C2H5OH generation.
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Shen Y, Chen L, Zhang L, Han W, Chang Y, Zheng H. High efficient all-day nitrogen fixation from air promoted by natural light and sea urchin-like Cobalt oxide photocatalyst under room temperature and atmosphere pressure. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Song X, Tao Y, Liu J, Lin J, Dai P, Wang Q, Li W, Chen W, Zheng C. Photocatalytic-induced bubble-propelled isotropic g-C 3N 4-coated carbon microsphere micromotors for dynamic removal of organic pollutants. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13116-13126. [PMID: 35497017 PMCID: PMC9053031 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An isotropic bubble-propelled graphitic carbon nitride coated carbon microsphere (g-C3N4@CMS) micromotor that displays efficient self-propulsion powered by visible light irradiation and offers effective dynamic removal of organic pollutants for environmental applications is described. Its morphology, structure, and composition were systematically characterized, confirming the successful coating of g-C3N4 on the CMS surface and a core-shell structure. The photocatalytic-induced bubble propulsion of g-C3N4@CMS micromotors essentially stems from the asymmetrical photocatalytic redox reactions of g-C3N4 on the symmetrical surface of micromotors under visible light illumination. The stacking effect of g-C3N4 on the CMS surface results in a microporous structure that provides a highly reactive photocatalytic layer, which also leads to effective bubble evolution and propulsion at remarkable speeds of over 167.97 μm s-1 under 250 mW cm-2 visible light in the presence of 30% H2O2 fuel. The velocity can be easily and effectively adjusted by H2O2 fuel and the intensity of visible light. Furthermore, the motion state can be reversibly and wirelessly controlled by "switching on/off" light. Such coupling of the high photocatalytic activity of the porous g-C3N4 shell with the rapid movement of these light-driven micromotors, along with the corresponding fluid dynamics and mixing, result in greatly accelerated organic pollutant degradation. The adsorption kinetics have also been investigated and shown to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics. The strategy proposed here would inspire the designing of light-driven symmetrical micromotors because of the low cost, single component, and simple structure as well as facile and large-scale fabrication, which make them suitable for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Yulian Tao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Jialiang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Jian Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Pingqiang Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Qianting Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China .,Institute of Materials Surface Technology, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Wenzhe Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Chan Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China .,Institute of Materials Surface Technology, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
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Duong HTT, Duong MTP, Nguyen OK, Le ST, Dang LV, Nguyen BT, Do DV. Photocatalytic Activity of Ti-SBA-15/C3N4 for Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Water under Visible Light. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:5531219. [PMID: 35360448 PMCID: PMC8964217 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5531219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the photocatalytic activity of Ti-SBA-15/C3N4 catalysts was investigated to degrade 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicides in water under visible light irradiation. The catalysts were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method and characterized by various analytical techniques, including SAXS, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, Zeta potential, PL, FT-IR, XRF, TGA, and UV-DRS. Our study indicated that the 2.5Ti-SBA-15/C3N4 had higher efficiency in the degradation of 2,4-D than Ti-SBA-15 and C3N4. The decomposition of 2,4-D reached 60% under 180 minutes of visible light irradiation at room temperature on 2.5Ti-SBA-15/C3N4. Moreover, the degradation of 2,4-D on Ti-SBA-15/C3N4 was pseudo-first-order kinetics with the highest rate constant (0.00484 min-1), which was much higher than that obtained for other photocatalysts reported recently. Furthermore, the catalyst can be reused at least two times for photodegradation of 2,4-D solution under visible light irradiation within a slight decrease in catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa T. T. Duong
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ha Noi 19 Le Thanh Tong Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Mai T. P. Duong
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ha Noi 19 Le Thanh Tong Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Oanh K. Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ha Noi 19 Le Thanh Tong Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Son T. Le
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ha Noi 19 Le Thanh Tong Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Long V. Dang
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ha Noi 19 Le Thanh Tong Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Binh T. Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ha Noi 19 Le Thanh Tong Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dang V. Do
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ha Noi 19 Le Thanh Tong Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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Tandem oxidative amidation of benzylic alcohols by copper(II) supported on metformin-graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets as an efficient catalyst. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4221. [PMID: 35273221 PMCID: PMC8908756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, an efficient heterogeneous catalyst based on graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (CN) has been reported. The CN was functionalized by 1,3-dibromopropane as a linker (CN–Pr–Br) and subsequently modified with metformin (CN–Pr–Met). Furthermore, the copper(II) was coordinated on modified CN (CN–Pr–Met–Cu(II)) and during this process, 7.94% copper(II) was loaded into the catalyst structure. The synthesized catalyst was evaluated by various techniques including fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). CN–Pr–Met–Cu(II) was used as a catalyst in the synthesis of amides via the oxidation of benzyl alcohols. The conditions of this reaction were optimized in terms of temperature, time, amount of catalyst, type of base, oxidant, and solvent. Moreover, a variety of amides with an efficiency of 75–95% were synthesized. The reaction was carried out in the presence of benzyl alcohols, amine hydrochloride salts, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), CaCO3, and CN–Pr–Met–Cu(II) at 80 °C of acetonitrile solvent. The synthesized catalyst can be easily separated from the reaction medium and reused for 7 consecutive runs without a significant reduction in reaction efficiency.
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Li X, Li N, Gao Y, Ge L. Design and applications of hollow-structured nanomaterials for photocatalytic H2 evolution and CO2 reduction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Shen S, Chen J, Wang Y, Dong CL, Meng F, Zhang Q, Huangfu Y, Lin Z, Huang YC, Li Y, Li M, Gu L. Boosting photocatalytic hydrogen production by creating isotype heterojunctions and single-atom active sites in highly-crystallized carbon nitride. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:520-528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xue Y, Wang X, Liang Z, Zhang X, Tian J. The fabrication of graphitic carbon nitride hollow nanocages with semi-metal 1T' phase molybdenum disulfide as co-catalysts for excellent photocatalytic nitrogen fixation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:1229-1237. [PMID: 34749134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Improving the efficiency of photogenerated carrier separation is essential for photocatalytic N2 fixation. Herein, the 2D semi-metal 1T'-MoS2 was uniformly distributed in g-C3N4 nanocages (CNNCs) by a hydrothermal method, and the 1T'-MoS2/CNNC composite was obtained. 1T'-MoS2 as a co-catalyst can promote the transfer of electrons, improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers, and also increase the number of effective active sites. In addition, the unique nanocage morphology of CNNCs is conducive to the scattering and reflection of incident light and improves the light absorption capacity. Therefore, the optimized 1T'-MoS2/CNNC composite (5 wt%) shows a significantly improved photocatalytic N2 fixation rate (9.8 mmol L-1 h-1 g-1) and good stability, which is significantly higher than pure CNNCs (2.9 mmol L-1 h-1 g-1), Pt/CNNC (8.2 mmol L-1 h-1 g-1) and Pt/g-C3N4 nanosheet (CNNS, 6.3 mmol L-1 h-1 g-1). This work guides guidance for the design of green and efficient N2 fixation photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Zhangqian Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jian Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
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45
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Chen N, Jia X, He H, Lin H, Guo M, Cao J, Zhang J, Chen S. Promoting photocarriers separation in S-scheme system with Ni2P electron bridge: The case study of BiOBr/Ni2P/g-C3N4. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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46
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Humayun M, Wang C, Luo W. Recent Progress in the Synthesis and Applications of Composite Photocatalysts: A Critical Review. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101395. [PMID: 35174987 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is an advanced technique that transforms solar energy into sustainable fuels and oxidizes pollutants via the aid of semiconductor photocatalysts. The main scientific and technological challenges for effective photocatalysis are the stability, robustness, and efficiency of semiconductor photocatalysts. For practical applications, researchers are trying to develop highly efficient and stable photocatalysts. Since the literature is highly scattered, it is urgent to write a critical review that summarizes the state-of-the-art progress in the design of a variety of semiconductor composite photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications. Herein, a comprehensive review is presented that summarizes an overview, history, mechanism, advantages, and challenges of semiconductor photocatalysis. Further, the recent advancements in the design of heterostructure photocatalysts including alloy quantum dots based composites, carbon based composites including carbon nanotubes, carbon quantum dots, graphitic carbon nitride, and graphene, covalent-organic frameworks based composites, metal based composites including metal carbides, metal halide perovskites, metal nitrides, metal oxides, metal phosphides, and metal sulfides, metal-organic frameworks based composites, plasmonic materials based composites and single atom based composites for CO2 conversion, H2 evolution, and pollutants oxidation are discussed elaborately. Finally, perspectives for further improvement in the design of composite materials for efficient photocatalysis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Humayun
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chundong Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Wei Luo
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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47
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Zhang X, Wang C, Wang LY, Xing YH, Bai FY, Shi Z. Construction of crystalline cadmium complex based on 1,4,5,8‐naphthalene diimide derivative and photocatalytic degradation about organic dyes. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Li Yan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Yong Heng Xing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Feng Ying Bai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Zhan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun China
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48
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Wang H, Li X, Zhao X, Li C, Song X, Zhang P, Huo P, Li X. A review on heterogeneous photocatalysis for environmental remediation: From semiconductors to modification strategies. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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49
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Wang K, He S, Lin Y, Chen X, Dai W, Fu X. Photo-enhanced thermal catalytic CO2 methanation activity and stability over oxygen-deficient Ru/TiO2 with exposed TiO2 {001} facets: Adjusting photogenerated electron behaviors by metal-support interactions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Alaghmandfard A, Ghandi K. A Comprehensive Review of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C 3N 4)-Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites: Potential for Photocatalysis and Sensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:294. [PMID: 35055311 PMCID: PMC8779993 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
g-C3N4 has drawn lots of attention due to its photocatalytic activity, low-cost and facile synthesis, and interesting layered structure. However, to improve some of the properties of g-C3N4, such as photochemical stability, electrical band structure, and to decrease charge recombination rate, and towards effective light-harvesting, g-C3N4-metal oxide-based heterojunctions have been introduced. In this review, we initially discussed the preparation, modification, and physical properties of the g-C3N4 and then, we discussed the combination of g-C3N4 with various metal oxides such as TiO2, ZnO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, WO3, SnO, SnO2, etc. We summarized some of their characteristic properties of these heterojunctions, their optical features, photocatalytic performance, and electrical band edge positions. This review covers recent advances, including applications in water splitting, CO2 reduction, and photodegradation of organic pollutants, sensors, bacterial disinfection, and supercapacitors. We show that metal oxides can improve the efficiency of the bare g-C3N4 to make the composites suitable for a wide range of applications. Finally, this review provides some perspectives, limitations, and challenges in investigation of g-C3N4-metal-oxide-based heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khashayar Ghandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
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