Structural diversity, its components and regenerating capacity of lesser Himalayan forests vegetation of Nikyal valley District Kotli (A.K), Pakistan

Eco-systematic assessment of the spring herbaceous vegetation under edaphic and topographic effects

The distribution and composition of the vegetation are greatly affected by the edaphology and topography of an area. The current study explores the vegetation structure of the herbaceous layer at various habitats of district Kohat for the first time. A survey was conducted during the spring seasons of 2021, 2022 and 2023 selecting 40 sites on the basis of edaphology, topography, altitude, aspect and status. Data was collected via quadrat approach to establish plant communities by species Importance Value (IV), point out dominant species by Total IV (TIV) and dominant families via Total Family IV (TFIV). The quantitative biological spectrum was also calculated. Communities' phytosociological characteristics were analyzed via various diversity indices (Shannon's Index (H), Simpson's Index (D), Species Richness (SR), Evenness (E) and Maturity index (Mi)) while similarity between the communities was calculated by using Sorensen's Index. The findings revealed a total of 253 species belonging to 57 families having the dominant species Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (TIV, 484.3) followed by Saussuria heteromalla (D. Don) Hand. (TIV, 360.4), Anagallis arvensis L. (TIV, 353.2) and Aristida adscensionis L. (TIV, 349.65). Among 40 plant communities, Poaceae (TFIV, 2706.6), Asteraceae (TFIV, 2018.8), Fabaceae (TFIV, 1071.5) and Brassicaceae (TFIV, 825.9) were the dominant families. Therophytes (TIV, 7882) class was the dominant life form class followed by hemicryptophytes (TIV, 2517) while microphylls (TIV, 4669) class was the dominant leaf size class followed by nanophylls (TIV, 5469). Environmental factors i.e. topography and edaphic characteristics, showed significant effects on the diversity of the communities. The study concludes in a diverse pattern of distribution with a rich flora in the area warranting its documentation which will preserve the valuable species opening vistas for future research.