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Malwe S, Bawiskar D, Wagh V. Tuberculosis and the Effectiveness of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) to Control Tuberculosis: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e51418. [PMID: 38299135 PMCID: PMC10828526 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The revised National Tuberculosis (TB) Control Program is an initiative undertaken by the government of India and was active from 1997 to 2020. Later it was renamed as National TB Elimination Program, which eyes the complete eradication of TB by 2025. The revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) is preceded by the National TB Control Program which was activated when the cases of TB were on the rise in the early 1960s and police intervention was needed. National Tobacco Control Cell (NTCP) guided the efforts until 1997 when various shortcomings, which were registered over the course of time, were addressed and the revised program was launched. It has been a mixed success as beneficiaries belonging to the reachable, urban areas were benefitted, and tribal, and backward areas were lagging behind. Although the RNTCP proved to be effective in containing TB and curing it to a certain extent, the successor of the program, which is NTEP, has set an ambitious goal of eradicating TB by 2025 which needs concerted efforts on behalf of all stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Malwe
- Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Dushyant Bawiskar
- Sports Medicine, Abhinav Bindra Sports Medicine and Research Institute, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Vasant Wagh
- Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Shrivastava S, Kumar R, Khan S, Kavishwar A, Gupta A, Kaur H, Das M, Sharma R, Chakma T. Health profile of people living in the Gare Palma mining area of Tamnar block, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh, India. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1010025. [PMID: 37026149 PMCID: PMC10072258 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A community-based health survey was conducted in Tamnar block, Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh, India. Methodology A total of 909 individuals (adults) were selected from 909 households from 33 sampled villages from March 2019 to February 2020. All individuals were clinically examined, and observations were recorded. Results Among adults older than 18 years, hypertension was observed in 21.7%. Type II diabetes was observed in only 4.0% of individuals. Tuberculosis was seen in 23 (2.5%) individuals. Discussion Common morbidities were similar in tribal and non-tribal communities living in the same area. For communicable diseases, being male, having nutritional deficiencies, and smoking were independent risk factors. For non-communicable diseases, the independent significant risk factors identified were being male, an altered body mass index, disturbed sleep, smoking, and nutritional deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Sirin Khan
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Arvind Kavishwar
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Ashok Gupta
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ravendra Sharma
- Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Medical Statistics (NIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Tapas Chakma
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
- *Correspondence: Tapas Chakma
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Narain JP. India at 75: transforming the health of tribal populations through evidence-based policymaking. Indian J Med Res 2022; 156:174-177. [PMID: 36629175 PMCID: PMC10057373 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1988_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jai Prakash Narain
- Former Director Communicable Diseases, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi 110 002, India
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Bhat J, Rao R, Kumar R, Yadav R, Singh P, Rao VG, Das A. TB free India: Reaching the unreached tribal population under National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme. Indian J Tuberc 2022; 69:4-7. [PMID: 35074149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
India is the highest TB burden country in the world. The burden however is not uniform in different strata including tribal population - one of the key affected populations in the country. As the evidences from tribal population are hardly available, most of the policies and strategies implemented under National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) are usually based on the evidences from general populations. NTEP is continuously taking steps to strengthen TB services in tribal areas. The Social Action Plan including Tribal Action Plan is in place and the appropriate strategies are incorporated in the National Strategic Plan (NSP) to ensure universal access to quality TB services to vulnerable population groups. However, its implementation becomes challenging especially in tribal areas as different tribal groups have their own unique ways of dealing with health issues. These issues are therefore required to be addressed holistically involving all the stakeholders. In view of this a symposium was jointly organized by the Central TB Division (CTD), Govt. of India and ICMR - National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur on 17th and 18th December, 2019 at ICMR - NIRTH, Jabalpur. It provided an excellent platform for all the stakeholders from different parts of the country to share their experiences in tuberculosis particularly among marginalized populations. The recommendations emerged out of this interactive symposium highlight the sincere effort of NTEP to tackle TB situation in tribal population and show the way forward towards India's TB elimination goal by 2025 especially in hard to reach tribal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bhat
- ICMR, National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
| | - R Rao
- Central TB Division, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi
| | - R Kumar
- Central TB Division, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi
| | - R Yadav
- ICMR, National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
| | - P Singh
- ICMR, National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
| | - V G Rao
- ICMR, National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India.
| | - A Das
- ICMR, National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
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Bhat J, Sharma RK, Yadav R, Mishra P, Nigam S, Lingala MA, Rao VG. Persistent high prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in a resource-limited setting: threat to India's TB Free campaign. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:564-570. [PMID: 34891175 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem among Saharia, a particularly vulnerable tribal group residing in remote rural areas in central India. This article presents the findings from the baseline survey among Saharias and provides comprehensive prevalence data of pulmonary TB (PTB) in this marginalised community. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional PTB prevalence survey was carried out during January-May 2019 in selected villages using multistage stratified cluster sampling. All eligible adults (≥15 years of age) were screened for the symptoms of PTB. Sputum samples were collected and processed for microscopy and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESULTS A total of 20 114 eligible individuals were screened for symptoms of PTB. Among these, 3001 (14.9%) individuals reported at least one PTB symptom and sputum was collected from 2890 (96.3%) individuals. Among these, 273 (9.4%) were bacteriologically positive for PTB. The overall prevalence was 1357 per 100 000 population. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that TB continues to be a major health problem in this marginalised community despite large investments by the government for TB control. This emphasizes the need to look into the causes and barriers in implementation of the TB elimination programme in the community, especially in view of India's TB elimination goal by 2025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Bhat
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, P.O. Garha, Jabalpur 482003, India
| | - Ravendra K Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi - 110 029, India
| | - Rajiv Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, P.O. Garha, Jabalpur 482003, India
| | - Prashant Mishra
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, P.O. Garha, Jabalpur 482003, India
| | - Samridhi Nigam
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, P.O. Garha, Jabalpur 482003, India
| | - Mercy Aparna Lingala
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, P.O. Garha, Jabalpur 482003, India
| | - V G Rao
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, P.O. Garha, Jabalpur 482003, India
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Sharma R, Rao VG, Yadav R, Mishra P, Lingla MA, Nigam S, Bhat J. Comparative Yield of Pulmonary Tuberculosis by Different Symptoms among Saharia Tribe of Madhya Pradesh, India. Indian J Community Med 2021; 46:546-549. [PMID: 34759507 PMCID: PMC8575206 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_42_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Symptom elicitation is a simple and inexpensive screening tool used for population screening in tuberculosis (TB) prevalence surveys. However, the information on the yield of TB cases by symptoms is sparsely available. Methods A cross-sectional pulmonary TB (PTB) prevalence survey was conducted. All available eligible individuals were interviewed for symptoms of PTB. Sputum samples were collected and tested for PTB by smear microscopy and culture. Results Among 2890 individuals tested for PTB, 77% had cough for 2 weeks or more and one-third reported chest pain for 1 month or more. About 31% were having a history of anti-TB treatment. Cough contributed to 82% PTB cases and the history of anti-TB treatment contributed to another 8.4% confirmed cases. Fever recorded lowest yield among the symptoms of PTB. Conclusion The study suggests that fever alone may be ignored from symptomatic elicitation, and history of previous anti-TB treatment should be treated as an important indication for PTB symptomatic elicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravendra Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - V G Rao
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Rajiv Yadav
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Mercy Aparna Lingla
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Samridhi Nigam
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Jyothi Bhat
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
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