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Kojom Foko LP, Moun A, Singh V. Addressing low-density malaria infections in India and other endemic part of the world-the opportune time? Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38632931 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2339267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Shifting from high- to low-malaria transmission accompanies a higher proportion of asymptomatic low-density malaria infections (LDMI). Currently, several endemic countries, such as India, are experiencing this shift as it is striving to eliminate malaria. LDMI is a complex concept for which there are several important questions yet unanswered on its natural history, infectiousness, epidemiology, and pathological and clinical impact. India is on the right path to eliminating malaria, but it is facing the LDMI problem. A brief discussion on the concept and definitions of LDMI is beforehand presented. Also, an exhaustive review and critical analysis of the existing literature on LDMI in malaria-endemic areas, including India, are included in this review. Finally, we opine that addressing LDMI in India is ethically and pragmatically achievable, and a pool of sine qua non conditions is required to efficiently and sustainably eliminate malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loick P Kojom Foko
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Moun
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Guida Marascia F, Colomba C, Abbott M, Gizzi A, Anastasia A, Pipitò L, Cascio A. Imported malaria in pregnancy in Europe: A systematic review of the literature of the last 25 years. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 56:102673. [PMID: 38008239 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria during pregnancy is associated with a greater risk of complications for the mother and fetus. The aim of the study is to analyze the features of imported cases of malaria in pregnant women in Europe and evaluate which factors are associated with a non-favourable outcome. METHODS A computerized search of the literature was performed combining the terms plasmod*, malaria, pregnan*, maternal, gravid, parturient, expectant, and congenital, from January 1997 to July 2023. RESULTS 28 articles reporting 57 cases of malaria in pregnant women immigrant in non-endemic areas were included. The patients mainly came from Sub-Saharan Africa. There were 10 asymptomatic cases, while the predominant clinical syndrome among the symptomatic women was fever associated with anaemia. The median latency period from permanence in endemic areas and diagnosis in European countries was 180 days (IQR 15-730). Pregnancy outcomes were favourable in 35 cases (61 %): all term pregnancies, no low-birth-weight newborns. There were 4 abortions; 1 child was delivered pre-term; 7 babies were reported to have a low birth weight; 10 cases of congenital malaria were documented. P. falciparum was found with a higher frequency in women with a favourable outcome, while P. vivax was, in all cases, associated with a worse prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Diagnosis of malaria in pregnant woman in non-endemic countries may be challenging and a delay in diagnosis may lead to an adverse outcome. Screening for malaria should be performed in pregnant women from endemic areas, especially if they present anaemia or fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Guida Marascia
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Sicilian Regional Reference Center for the Fight against AIDS, AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Colomba
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Division of Paediatric Infectious Disease, "G. Di Cristina" Hospital, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michelle Abbott
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Sicilian Regional Reference Center for the Fight against AIDS, AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Gizzi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Sicilian Regional Reference Center for the Fight against AIDS, AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Anastasia
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Sicilian Regional Reference Center for the Fight against AIDS, AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Pipitò
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Sicilian Regional Reference Center for the Fight against AIDS, AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Sicilian Regional Reference Center for the Fight against AIDS, AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", 90127, Palermo, Italy.
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Lamiable A, Champetier T, Leonardi F, Cohen E, Sommer P, Hardy D, Argy N, Massougbodji A, Del Nery E, Cottrell G, Kwon YJ, Genovesio A. Revealing invisible cell phenotypes with conditional generative modeling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6386. [PMID: 37821450 PMCID: PMC10567685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological sciences, drug discovery and medicine rely heavily on cell phenotype perturbation and microscope observation. However, most cellular phenotypic changes are subtle and thus hidden from us by natural cell variability: two cells in the same condition already look different. In this study, we show that conditional generative models can be used to transform an image of cells from any one condition to another, thus canceling cell variability. We visually and quantitatively validate that the principle of synthetic cell perturbation works on discernible cases. We then illustrate its effectiveness in displaying otherwise invisible cell phenotypes triggered by blood cells under parasite infection, or by the presence of a disease-causing pathological mutation in differentiated neurons derived from iPSCs, or by low concentration drug treatments. The proposed approach, easy to use and robust, opens the door to more accessible discovery of biological and disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Lamiable
- Computational Bioimaging and Bioinformatics, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Tiphaine Champetier
- Computational Bioimaging and Bioinformatics, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
- Ksilink, 16 rue d'Ankara, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Francesco Leonardi
- Computational Bioimaging and Bioinformatics, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Cité, MERIT, IRD, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Ethan Cohen
- Computational Bioimaging and Bioinformatics, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Peter Sommer
- Ksilink, 16 rue d'Ankara, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - David Hardy
- Histopathology Platform, Institut Pasteur, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Argy
- Université Paris-Cité, MERIT, IRD, F-75006, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude bernard, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Elaine Del Nery
- Biophenics, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Department of Translational Research, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Yong-Jun Kwon
- Ksilink, 16 rue d'Ankara, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
- Personalized Therapy Discovery, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Dudelange, Luxembourg.
| | - Auguste Genovesio
- Computational Bioimaging and Bioinformatics, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
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Rapp T, Amagai K, Sinai C, Basham C, Loya M, Ngasala S, Said H, Muller MS, Chhetri SB, Yang G, François R, Odas M, Mathias D, Juliano JJ, Lin FC, Ngasala B, Lin JT. Micro-heterogeneity of transmission shapes the submicroscopic malaria reservoir in coastal Tanzania. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.06.23295089. [PMID: 37732257 PMCID: PMC10508794 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.06.23295089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Asymptomatic malaria may be patent (visible by microscopy) and detectable by rapid malaria diagnostic tests (RDTs), or it may be submicroscopic and only detectable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods To characterize the submicroscopic reservoir in an area of declining malaria transmission, asymptomatic persons >5 years of age in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania, were screened using RDT, microscopy, and PCR. We investigated the size of the submicroscopic reservoir across villages, determined factors associated with submicroscopic parasitemia, and assessed the natural history of submicroscopic malaria over four weeks. Results Among 6,076 participants, Plasmodium falciparum prevalence by RDT, microscopy, and PCR was 9%, 9%, and 28%, respectively, with roughly two-thirds of PCR-positive individuals harboring submicroscopic infection. Adult status, female gender, dry season months, screened windows, and bednet use were associated with submicroscopic carriage. Among 15 villages encompassing 80% of participants, the proportion of submicroscopic carriers increased with decreasing village-level malaria prevalence. Over four weeks, 23% (61/266) of submicroscopic carriers became RDT-positive and were treated, with half exhibiting symptoms. This occurred more frequently in villages with higher malaria prevalence. Conclusions Micro-heterogeneity in transmission impacts the size of the submicroscopic reservoir and the likelihood of submicroscopic carriers developing patent malaria in coastal Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Rapp
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Kano Amagai
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Cyrus Sinai
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Christopher Basham
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Mwajabu Loya
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sifa Ngasala
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Hamza Said
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Meredith S Muller
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Srijana B Chhetri
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Guozheng Yang
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Ruthly François
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Melic Odas
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Derrick Mathias
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL USA
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Feng-Chang Lin
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Billy Ngasala
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jessica T Lin
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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Uyaiabasi G, Olaleye A, Elikwu C, Funwei R, Okangba C, Adepoju A, Akinyede A, Adeyemi O, Walker O. The question of the early diagnosis of asymptomatic and subpatent malaria in pregnancy: Implications for diagnostic tools in a malaria endemic area. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2023; 19:100233. [PMID: 37711874 PMCID: PMC10497980 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurox.2023.100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Malaria in pregnancy (MIP) is a major healthcare challenge in low-income countries with high malaria endemicity. Early but accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment is the hallmark of preventing disease progression/adverse outcomes in the mother, foetus and neonates. We assessed the comparative diagnostic performance of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test (mRDT), microscopy and PCR for malaria diagnosis in pregnant women for early detection of asymptomatic malaria in pregnant women. Study design Five hundred and twenty Pregnant women attending study clinics within Ikene and Remo North LGAs with gestational age between 16 and 29 weeks, willing and consented; were enrolled into the study. Blood samples collected via venepuncture were screened for malaria using microscopy, mRDTs kits, and PCR techniques on their first visit (V1) and at delivery. The parasite positivity rates, sensitivity and specificity were calculated and compared for each technique using PCR as the standard. Data was entered into REDCap® online database and analysis done using Stata and MedCalc®. Results and conclusions Average age of enrolled women was 28.8 years and mean gestational age was 21.0 weeks. The parasite positivity rates were 4.3%, 8.8% and 25.0% for microscopy, mRDT and PCR at V1 and was 2.4%, 3.4% and 43.4% at delivery, respectively. Sensitivity for microscopy and mRDT was 11.2% and 30.3% respectively at V1, while specificity was 98.2% and 98.5%. At delivery, the sensitivity reduced to 1.6% and 4.9%; while specificity was 96.9% and 97.6% respectively. Only 2.3% cases correlated with all three diagnostic methods. Our data showed a decrease in sensitivity of the diagnostic methods as pregnancy progressed, which may be due to very low parasitaemia, but high specificity. Our study demonstrated a high rate of subpatent parasitaemia amongst pregnant women. This finding therefore raises the question of the effect of subpatent parasitaemia on the health of the mother and foetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.N. Uyaiabasi
- Department of Pharmacology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, University of Lagos, Nigeria
| | - A. Olaleye
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Two Hills Medical Clinic, Two Hills, Alberta, Canada
| | - C.J. Elikwu
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - R.I. Funwei
- Department of Pharmacology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - C. Okangba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - A. Adepoju
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Centre for Research, Innovation & Development, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - A. Akinyede
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, University of Lagos, Nigeria
| | - O.O. Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, University of Lagos, Nigeria
| | - O. Walker
- Department of Pharmacology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Di Santi SMF. The silent threat of submicroscopic Plasmodium infections during pregnancy. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e991-e992. [PMID: 37276879 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Maria Fátima Di Santi
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Of São Paulo, 05403-000 São Paulo, Brazil; Malaria Reference Laboratory, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil.
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