1
|
Wang X, Zhang H, XinZhang, Liu Y. Abscopal effect: from a rare phenomenon to a new frontier in cancer therapy. Biomark Res 2024; 12:98. [PMID: 39228005 PMCID: PMC11373306 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) controls local lesions, meantime it has the capability to induce systemic response to inhibit distant, metastatic, non-radiated tumors, which is referred to as the "abscopal effect". It is widely recognized that radiotherapy can stimulate systemic immune response. This provides a compelling theoretical basis for the combination of immune therapy combined with radiotherapy(iRT). Indeed, this phenomenon has also been observed in clinical treatment, bringing significant clinical benefits to patients, and a series of basic studies are underway to amplify this effect. However, the molecular mechanisms of immune response induced by RT, determination of the optimal treatment regimen for iRT, and how to amplify the abscopal effect. In order to amplify and utilize this effect in clinical management, these key issues require to be well addressed; In this review, we comprehensively summarize the growing consensus and emphasize the emerging limitations of enhancing the abscopal effect with radiotherapy or immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the prospects and barriers to the current clinical translational applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center for Laryngopharyngeal and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Haoyu Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center for Laryngopharyngeal and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - XinZhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Clinical Research Center for Laryngopharyngeal and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Clinical Research Center for Laryngopharyngeal and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo J, Yang Q, Ma W, Fan H. A commentary on 'Comparison of survival benefit and safety between surgery following conversion therapy versus surgery alone in patients with surgically resectable hepatocellular carcinoma at CNLC IIb/IIIa stage: a propensity score matching study'. Int J Surg 2024; 110:6045-6046. [PMID: 38857510 PMCID: PMC11392075 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000001789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Sun X, Lei Y, Fang L, Wang Y, Feng K, Xia F. The efficacy and safety of Radiofrequency ablation combined with Lenvatinib plus Sintilimab in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: a real-world study. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:1036. [PMID: 39174912 PMCID: PMC11340044 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of targeted therapy and immunotherapy has improved the clinical outcomes of unresectable hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). However, the overall prognosis remains suboptimal. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel combination of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with lenvatinib plus sintilimab in unresectable HCC. METHODS In this retrospective study, patients diagnosed with unresectable HCC were included and divided into two cohorts: RFA combined with lenvatinib plus sintilimab (R-L-S group) and lenvatinib plus sintilimab (L-S group). The primary efficacy endpoints were objective response rate (ORR) and progression free survival (PFS). Adverse events were analyzed to assess the safety profiles. RESULTS The median follow-up periods for the entire cohort were 14.0 months. The R-L-S group (n = 60) had a significantly higher ORR than those with L-S alone (n = 62) (40.0% vs. 20.9%; p = 0.022). Moreover, patients in the R-L-S group had improved median PFS (12 vs. 8 months; p = 0.013) and median overall survival (24 vs. 18 months; p = 0.037), as compared with lenvatinib and sintilimab alone. No significant difference in treatment related adverse event (TRAE) of any grade between the two groups. The most common TRAEs of grade ≥ 3 were fatigue 10.0% (6/60) and hand-foot skin reaction 10.0% (6/60) in the R-L-S group and hand-foot skin reaction 11.3% (7/62) in the L-S group. CONCLUSION In unresectable HCC patients, the incorporation of RFA to lenvatinib plus sintilimab demonstrated improved efficacy without compromising safety compared with lenvatinib plus sintilimab alone.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/surgery
- Quinolines/therapeutic use
- Quinolines/administration & dosage
- Quinolines/adverse effects
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/surgery
- Liver Neoplasms/mortality
- Male
- Female
- Phenylurea Compounds/administration & dosage
- Phenylurea Compounds/therapeutic use
- Phenylurea Compounds/adverse effects
- Middle Aged
- Aged
- Retrospective Studies
- Radiofrequency Ablation/methods
- Radiofrequency Ablation/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Adult
- Treatment Outcome
- Aged, 80 and over
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xishu Wang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ximin Sun
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yongrong Lei
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lingyan Fang
- Department of Surgical Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuedi Wang
- Outpatient Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kai Feng
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Feng Xia
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu H, Zhang H, Li B, Chen K, Wei Y. Systemic conversion therapies for initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:1008. [PMID: 39143584 PMCID: PMC11323445 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic conversion therapy provides patients with initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) the chance to salvage radical liver resection and superior survival outcomes, but the optimal conversion strategy is unclear. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library between 2007 and 2024 focusing on studies reporting conversion therapy for HCC. The treatment groups were divided into Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), TKI plus loco-regional therapy (LRT), TKI plus anti-PD-1 therapy (TKI + PD-1), TKI + PD-1 + LRT, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) plus LRT, and Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (A + T) groups. The conversion to surgery rate (CSR), objective response rate (ORR), grade ≥ 3 treatment-related adverse events (AEs), overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed. RESULTS 38 studies and 4,042 patients were included. The pooled CSR were 8% (95% CI, 5-12%) in TKI group, 13% (95% CI, 8-19%) in TKI + LRT group, 28% (95% CI, 19-37%) in TKI + PD-1 group, 33% (95% CI, 25-41%) in TKI + PD-1 + LRT group, 23% (95% CI, 1-46%) in ICI + LRT group, and 5% (95% CI, 3-8%) in A + T group, respectively. The pooled HR for OS (0.45, 95% CI, 0.35-0.60) and PFS (0.49, 95% CI, 0.35-0.70) favored survival benefit of conversion surgery. Subgroup analysis revealed that lenvatinib + PD-1 + LRT conferred higher CSR of 35% (95% CI, 26-44%) and increased ORR of 70% (95% CI, 56-83%). CONCLUSIONS The current study indicates that TKI + PD-1 + LRT, especially lenvatinib + PD-1 + LRT, may be the superior conversion therapy with a manageable safety profile for patients with initially unresectable HCC. The successful conversion therapy favors the superior OS and PFS compared with systemic treatment alone. TRIAL REGISTRATION International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) (registration code: CRD 42024495289).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Xu
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Road, Wu hou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Road, Wu hou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Li
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Road, Wu hou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kefei Chen
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Road, Wu hou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yonggang Wei
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Road, Wu hou District, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu T, Meng G, Ma S, You J, Yu L, He R, Zhao X, Cui Y. Progress of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1455716. [PMID: 39185414 PMCID: PMC11341420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1455716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Among primary liver cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common pathological type. Its onset is insidious, and most patients have no obvious discomfort in the early stage, so it is found late, and the opportunity for surgical radical treatment is lost, resulting in a poor prognosis. With the introduction of molecular-targeted drugs represented by sorafenib, patients with middle- and late-stage liver cancer have regained the light of day. However, their therapeutic efficacy is relatively low due to the limited target of drug action, toxic side effects, and other reasons. At this time, the emergence of immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) well breaks this embarrassing situation, which mainly achieves the anti-tumor purpose by improving the tumor immune microenvironment. Currently, ICI monotherapy, as well as combination therapy, has been widely used in the clinic, further prolonging the survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. This article reviews the development of monotherapy and combination therapy for ICIs in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and the latest research progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yunfu Cui
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jia J, Ding C, Mao M, Gao F, Shao Z, Zhang M, Zheng S. Pathological complete response after conversion therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol 2024; 24:242. [PMID: 39080533 PMCID: PMC11290049 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma is a highly lethal tumor worldwide, and China has a correspondingly high incidence and mortality rate. For patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, the prognosis is often poor. The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the effects of conversion therapies on these patients. METHODS The study included patients between the ages of 18 and 75 who were initially diagnosed with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and received conversion therapy. After completing surgery, the patients underwent pathological diagnosis, which showed complete necrosis. The study was conducted retrospectively at the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, from January 2019 to December 2021. The main objectives of the study were to evaluate the overall survival and recurrence-free survival. RESULTS A total of 60 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. The median age of the patients was 56.6 ± 9.5 years, and 85% of them were male. The one-year overall survival rate (OS) was 98.3%, and the three-year OS was 95.6%. The one-year recurrence-free survival rate (RFS) was 81.1%, and the three-year RFS was 71.4%. In subgroup analysis, there was no statistically significant difference in RFS between patients with BCLC stages 0-A and BCLC stages B-C (p = 0.296). Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference in RFS between patients who received postoperative new adjuvant therapy and those who did not (p = 0.324). CONCLUSIONS Conversion therapy followed by surgical resection could be a promising treatment for patients with initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, and the prognosis is good with a pathological complete response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jia
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Chenyuan Ding
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Mengjie Mao
- Division of Operation Room, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Zhou Shao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China.
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pang NQ, Chan ACY, Kow AWC. Trends of liver transplantation in Asia. Updates Surg 2024:10.1007/s13304-024-01924-1. [PMID: 39046632 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-024-01924-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) in Asia started comparatively early in 1964, just 1 year after Starzl's trail-blazing first attempt. Despite the quick start, LT was slow to develop in this region. Limited access to universal healthcare, lack of public understanding and support as well as the absence of strong legislation, on a backdrop of a wide range of diverse social, religious, economic and cultural background are all contributory factors. Through strong administrative efforts, the number of DDLTs in selected Asian countries has been slowly rising in recent years. However, Asians are generally still less likely to donate organs than Caucasians after death. The strong demand for LT with limited access to deceased organs has, therefore, led to constant need for innovation in LT this region, with the pioneering of various LDLT techniques and safe expansion of donor pool being driven primarily by Asian centers. Familiarity and the development of technical expertise in donor surgery have also resulted in Asian centers repeatedly pushing the boundaries on minimally invasive donor and recipient surgery. In this article, we focus on the past and present states of LT in Asia and explore the future trends of LT in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qi Pang
- Division of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, NUHS Tower Block, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, Level 8, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation (NUCOT), National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Albert C Y Chan
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alfred Wei Chieh Kow
- Division of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, NUHS Tower Block, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, Level 8, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation (NUCOT), National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hao Y, Xie F, Zhou Y, Li C, Zhang X, Shen J, Yao M, Sun X, Zhou J, Wen T, Peng W. Neoadjuvant therapy of sequential TACE, camrelizumab, and apatinib for single huge hepatocellular carcinoma (NEO-START): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2024; 25:490. [PMID: 39030637 PMCID: PMC11264851 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high recurrence rate after liver resection emphasizes the urgent need for neoadjuvant therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to enhance the overall prognosis for patients. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, camrelizumab combined with an anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) apatinib, have emerged as a first-line treatment option for patients with unresectable HCC, yet its neoadjuvant application in combination with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in HCC remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of sequential TACE, camrelizumab, and apatinib as a neoadjuvant therapy for single, huge HCC. METHODS This multi-center, open-label randomized phase 3 trial will be conducted at 7 tertiary hospitals. Patients with single huge (≥ 10 cm in diameter), resectable HCC will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to arm of surgery alone or arm of neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery. In the neoadjuvant therapy group, patients will receive TACE within 1 week after randomization, followed by camrelizumab (200 mg q2w, 4 cycles), along with apatinib (250 mg qd, 2 months). Patients will receive liver resection after neoadjuvant therapy unless the disease is assessed as progressive. The primary outcome is recurrence-free survival (RFS) at 1 year. The planned sample size of 60 patients will be calculated to permit the accumulation of sufficient RFS events in 1 year to achieve 80% power for the RFS primary endpoint. DISCUSSION Synergistic effects provided by multimodality therapy of locoregional treatment, TKI, and anti-programmed cell death 1 inhibitor significantly improved overall survival for patients with unresectable HCC. Our trial will investigate the efficacy and safety of the triple combination of TACE, camrelizumab, and apatinib as a neoadjuvant strategy for huge, resectable HCC. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.chitr.org.cn ChiCTR2300078086. Registered on November 28, 2023. Start recruitment: 1st January 2024. Expected completion of recruitment: 15th June 2025.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/mortality
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Chemoembolization, Therapeutic/adverse effects
- Chemoembolization, Therapeutic/methods
- Pyridines/therapeutic use
- Pyridines/administration & dosage
- Pyridines/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Neoadjuvant Therapy/adverse effects
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Male
- Hepatectomy
- Adult
- Middle Aged
- Multicenter Studies as Topic
- Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic
- Female
- Treatment Outcome
- China
- Aged
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hao
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Hepatic Biliary Pancreatic Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang, China
| | - Yongjie Zhou
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junyi Shen
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minghong Yao
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianfu Wen
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang M, Xu X, Wang K, Diao Y, Xu J, Gu L, Yao L, Li C, Lv G, Yang T. Conversion therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of precision medicine: Current status, challenges and opportunities. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:2159-2169. [PMID: 38695305 PMCID: PMC11247552 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent malignancy of the digestive tract, is characterized by a high mortality rate and poor prognosis, primarily due to its initial diagnosis at an advanced stage that precludes any surgical intervention. Recent advancements in systemic therapies have significantly improved oncological outcomes for intermediate and advanced-stage HCC, and the combination of locoregional and systemic therapies further facilitates tumor downstaging and increases the likelihood of surgical resectability for initially unresectable cases following conversion therapies. This shift toward high conversion rates with novel, multimodal treatment approaches has become a principal pathway for prolonged survival in patients with advanced HCC. However, the field of conversion therapy for HCC is marked by controversies, including the selection of potential surgical candidates, formulation of conversion therapy regimens, determination of optimal surgical timing, and application of adjuvant therapy post-surgery. Addressing these challenges and refining clinical protocols and research in HCC conversion therapy is essential for setting the groundwork for future advancements in treatment strategies and clinical research. This narrative review comprehensively summarizes the current strategies and clinical experiences in conversion therapy for advanced-stage HCC, emphasizing the unresolved issues and the path forward in the context of precision medicine. This work not only provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving landscape of treatment modalities for conversion therapy but also paves the way for future studies and innovations in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Da Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University (Navy Medical University)ShanghaiChina
| | - Xue‐Jun Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryGeneral Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region of PLAUrumuqiXinjiangChina
| | - Ke‐Chun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University (Navy Medical University)ShanghaiChina
| | - Yong‐Kang Diao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University (Navy Medical University)ShanghaiChina
| | - Jia‐Hao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University (Navy Medical University)ShanghaiChina
| | - Li‐Hui Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University (Navy Medical University)ShanghaiChina
| | - Lan‐Qing Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University (Navy Medical University)ShanghaiChina
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University (Navy Medical University)ShanghaiChina
| | - Guo‐Yue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery CenterFirst Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University (Navy Medical University)ShanghaiChina
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery CenterFirst Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pang L, Xu LB, Wu WR. Downstaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Before Liver Transplantation: Current Advances in Selection Criteria and Therapeutic Options. Transplant Proc 2024; 56:1396-1405. [PMID: 39089899 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2024.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) is an ideal therapeutic option for selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The selection criteria of HCC for LT have evolved in recent decades. Downstaging therapy is a promising strategy for patients with tumor burden beyond transplant criteria to increase the chance of receiving LT and improve posttransplant survival. Downstaging therapy is also a selection tool that refines the conventional selection criteria based on tumor morphology. Recently, the success of systemic treatment, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and VEGF inhibitors, in advanced HCC has prompted the discussion regarding the role of systemic therapies for HCC downstaging before transplantation. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current advances in selection criteria and therapeutic options of downstaging therapy for HCC before LT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Pang
- Liver Transplantation Center & Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei-Bo Xu
- Liver Transplantation Center & Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Rui Wu
- Liver Transplantation Center & Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li S, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Wang K, Sui M, Liu D, Liang K. Lenvatinib‑based treatment regimens in conversion therapy of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Oncol Lett 2024; 27:265. [PMID: 38659422 PMCID: PMC11040543 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Conversion therapy provides patients with unresectable HCC (uHCC) the opportunity to undergo radical treatment and achieve long-term survival. Despite accumulating evidence regarding the efficacy of conversion therapy, the optimal treatment approach for such therapy remains uncertain. Lenvatinib (LEN) has shown efficacy and tolerable rates of adverse events (AEs) when applied in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) or locoregional therapy (LRT) over the past decade. Therefore, the present meta-analysis was performed to systematically assess the safety and efficacy of LEN-based treatment regimens in conversion therapies for uHCC. Data on outcomes, including the conversion rate, objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and AE incidence in patients with uHCC, were collected. A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases, up to the date of September 1, 2023. In total, 16 studies, encompassing a total of 1,650 cases of uHCC, were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled conversion rates for LEN alone, LEN + ICI, LEN + LRT and LEN + ICI + LRT were calculated to be 0.04 (95% CI, 0.00-0.07; I2=77%), 0.23 (95% CI, 0.16-0.30; I2=66%), 0.14 (95% CI, 0.10-0.18; I2=0%) and 0.35 (95% CI, 0.23-0.47; I2=88%), respectively. The pooled ORRs for LEN alone, LEN + ICI, LEN + LRT and LEN + ICI + LRT were found to be 0.45 (95% CI, 0.23-0.67; I2=96%), 0.49 (95% CI, 0.39-0.60; I2=78%), 0.43 (95% CI, 0.24-0.62; I2=88%) and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.56-0.82; I2=92%), respectively. The pooled DCRs for LEN alone, LEN + ICI, LEN + LRT and LEN + ICI + LRT were observed to be 0.77 (95% CI, 0.73-0.81; I2=23%), 0.82 (95% CI, 0.69-0.95; I2=90%), 0.67 (95% CI, 0.39-0.94; I2=94%) and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.82-0.93; I2=67%), respectively. The pooled grade ≥3 AEs for LEN alone, LEN + ICI, LEN + LRT and LEN + ICI + LRT were 0.25 (95% CI, 0.14-0.36; I2=89%), 0.43 (95% CI, 0.34-0.53; I2=23%), 0.42 (95% CI, 0.19-0.66; I2=81%) and 0.35 (95% CI, 0.17-0.54; I2=94%), respectively. These findings suggested that LEN-based combination strategies may confer efficacy and acceptable tolerability for patients with uHCC. In particular, LEN + ICI, with or without LRT, appears to represent a highly effective conversion regimen, with an acceptable conversion rate and well-characterized safety profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saixin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
- Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
- Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Kenan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Minghao Sui
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Dongbin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Kuo Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
- Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chiang CL, Lee FAS, Chan KSK, Lee VWY, Chiu KWH, Ho RLM, Fong JKS, Wong NSM, Yip WWL, Yeung CSY, Lau VWH, Man K, Kong FMS, Chan ACY. Survival Outcome Analysis of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy (SBRT-IO) versus SBRT-Alone in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Liver Cancer 2024; 13:265-276. [PMID: 38756147 PMCID: PMC11095610 DOI: 10.1159/000533425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction While combination of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and immunotherapy are promising, their efficacy and safety have not been compared with SBRT-alone in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods This retrospective study included 100 patients with nonmetastatic, unresectable HCC in two hospitals. Eligible patients had tumor nodules ≤3 and Child-Pugh liver function score of A5 to B7. Seventy patients received SBRT-alone, and 30 patients underwent combined SBRT and immunotherapy (SBRT-IO). Overall survival (OS), time to progression (TTP), overall response rate (ORR), and toxicity were analyzed. We adjusted for the potential confounding factors using propensity score matching. Results The median tumor size was 7.3 cm (range, 2.6-18 cm). Twenty-five (25%) of patients had vascular invasion. Before propensity score matching, the 1-year and 3-year OS rate was 89.9% and 59.8% in the SBRT-IO group and 75.7% and 42.3% in SBRT-alone group (p = 0.039). After propensity score matching (1:2), 25 and 50 patients were selected from the SBRT-IO and SBRT-alone group. The 1-year and 3-year OS was 92.0% and 63.9% in the SBRT-IO group versus 74.0% and 43.3% in the SBRT-alone group (p = 0.034). The 1-year and 3-year TTP was better in SBRT-IO group (1-year: 68.9% vs. 58.9% and 3-year: 61.3% vs. 32.5%, p = 0.057). The ORR of 88% (complete response [CR]: 56%, partial response [PR]: 22%) in SBRT-IO arm was significantly better than 50% (CR: 20%, PR: 30%) in the SBRT-alone arm (p = 0.006). Three patients (12%) developed ≥grade 3 immune-related treatment adverse events (n = 2 hepatitis, n = 1 dermatitis) leading to permanent treatment discontinuation. Conclusion Adding immunotherapy to SBRT resulted in better survival with manageable toxicities. Prospective randomized trial is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Leung Chiang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Kenneth Sik Kwan Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Venus Wan Yan Lee
- Medical Physics Unit, Department of Clinical Oncology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Keith Wan Hang Chiu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ryan Lok Man Ho
- Radiotherapy and Oncology Department, Gleneagles Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - John Ka Shun Fong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | | | - Cynthia Sin Yu Yeung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Union Oncology Center, Union Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Vince Wing Hang Lau
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Radiology, Gleneagles Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwan Man
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Feng Ming Spring Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Albert Chi Yan Chan
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chan LL, Mok K, Chan SL. Radiotherapy following intrahepatic progression on immunotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2024; 80:e282-e283. [PMID: 38242325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Landon L Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kevin Mok
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephen L Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yalcin S, Lacin S, Kaseb AO, Peynircioğlu B, Cantasdemir M, Çil BE, Hurmuz P, Doğrul AB, Bozkurt MF, Abali H, Akhan O, Şimşek H, Sahin B, Aykan FN, Yücel İ, Tellioğlu G, Selçukbiricik F, Philip PA. A Post-International Gastrointestinal Cancers' Conference (IGICC) Position Statements. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2024; 11:953-974. [PMID: 38832120 PMCID: PMC11144653 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s449540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent liver tumor, is usually linked with chronic liver diseases, particularly cirrhosis. As per the 2020 statistics, this cancer ranks 6th in the list of most common cancers worldwide and is the third primary source of cancer-related deaths. Asia holds the record for the highest occurrence of HCC. HCC is found three times more frequently in men than in women. The primary risk factors for HCC include chronic viral infections, excessive alcohol intake, steatotic liver disease conditions, as well as genetic and family predispositions. Roughly 40-50% of patients are identified in the late stages of the disease. Recently, there have been significant advancements in the treatment methods for advanced HCC. The selection of treatment for HCC hinges on the stage of the disease and the patient's medical status. Factors such as pre-existing liver conditions, etiology, portal hypertension, and portal vein thrombosis need critical evaluation, monitoring, and appropriate treatment. Depending on the patient and the characteristics of the disease, liver resection, ablation, or transplantation may be deemed potentially curative. For inoperable lesions, arterially directed therapy might be an option, or systemic treatment might be deemed more suitable. In specific cases, the recommendation might extend to external beam radiation therapy. For all individuals, a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach should be adopted when considering HCC treatment options. The main treatment strategies for advanced HCC patients are typically combination treatments such as immunotherapy and anti-VEGFR inhibitor, or a combination of immunotherapy and immunotherapy where appropriate, as a first-line treatment. Furthermore, some TKIs and immune checkpoint inhibitors may be used as single agents in cases where patients are not fit for the combination therapies. As second-line treatments, some treatment agents have been reported and can be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suayib Yalcin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sahin Lacin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Koç University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmed Omar Kaseb
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bora Peynircioğlu
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Barbaros Erhan Çil
- Department of Radiology, Koç University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Pervin Hurmuz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bülent Doğrul
- Department of General Surgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Fani Bozkurt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Abali
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bahrain Oncology Center, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Okan Akhan
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halis Şimşek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berksoy Sahin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Faruk N Aykan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istinye University Faculty of Medicine Bahçeşehir Liv Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İdris Yücel
- Medicana International Hospital Samsun, Department of Medical Oncology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Tellioğlu
- Department of General Surgery, Koç University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Selçukbiricik
- Department of Medical Oncology, Koç University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Philip A Philip
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li L, Li ZZ, Pan LX, Su JY, Huang S, Ma L, Zhong JH. Adjuvant Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Curative Treatment: Several Unanswered Questions. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12:525-533. [PMID: 38779519 PMCID: PMC11106350 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2024.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have a poor prognosis. Hepatectomy and local ablation are the main curative treatments for HCC. Nevertheless, the recurrence rate after hepatectomy or ablation is up to 70%, which seriously affects patient prognosis. Several adjuvant therapies have been explored to reduce postoperative recurrence. However, although a variety of adjuvant therapies have been shown to reduce the recurrence rate and improve overall survival, a standard consensus of national HCC guidelines for adjuvant treatment is lacking. Therefore, there are significant differences in the recommendations for adjuvant therapy for HCC between the Eastern and Western guidelines. A variety of adjuvant treatment methods, such as antiviral therapy, transarterial chemoembolization or traditional Chinese medicine, are recommended by the Chinese HCC guidelines. However, Western guidelines make few recommendations other than antiviral therapy. Adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors are recommended only in the recently updated American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases guidelines. This review summarized the existing adjuvant therapy options after curative hepatectomy or ablation and discusses several important dilemmas of adjuvant treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Emergency Department, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Li
- Pathology Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li-Xin Pan
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jia-Yong Su
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhong
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu TKH, Hui RWH, Mak LY, Fung J, Seto WK, Yuen MF. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Advances in systemic therapies. F1000Res 2024; 13:104. [PMID: 38766497 PMCID: PMC11099512 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.145493.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is traditionally associated with limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. Sorafenib, a multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was introduced in 2007 as a first-in-class systemic agent for advanced HCC. After sorafenib, a range of targeted therapies and immunotherapies have demonstrated survival benefits in the past 5 years, revolutionizing the treatment landscape of advanced HCC. More recently, evidence of novel combinations of systemic agents with distinct mechanisms has emerged. In particular, combination trials on atezolizumab plus bevacizumab and durvalumab plus tremelimumab have shown encouraging efficacy. Hence, international societies have revamped their guidelines to incorporate new recommendations for these novel systemic agents. Aside from treatment in advanced HCC, the indications for systemic therapy are expanding. For example, the combination of systemic therapeutics with locoregional therapy (trans-arterial chemoembolization or stereotactic body radiation therapy) has demonstrated promising early results in downstaging HCC. Recent trials have also explored the role of systemic therapy as neoadjuvant treatment for borderline-resectable HCC or as adjuvant treatment to reduce recurrence risk after curative resection. Despite encouraging results from clinical trials, the real-world efficacy of systemic agents in specific patient subgroups (such as patients with advanced cirrhosis, high bleeding risk, renal impairment, or cardiometabolic diseases) remains uncertain. The effect of liver disease etiology on systemic treatment efficacy warrants further research. With an increased understanding of the pathophysiological pathways and accumulation of clinical data, personalized treatment decisions will be possible, and the field of systemic treatment for HCC will continue to evolve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Kwan-Hung Wu
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rex Wan-Hin Hui
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lung-Yi Mak
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - James Fung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wai-Kay Seto
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumar A, Arora A, Sharma P. Revolutionizing HCC Treatment: A Promising Multimodal Approach With TACE, SBRT, and Immunotherapy. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2024; 14:101321. [PMID: 38264575 PMCID: PMC10801298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2023.101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Institute of Liver, Gastroenterology, & Pancreatico-Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Arora
- Institute of Liver, Gastroenterology, & Pancreatico-Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Institute of Liver, Gastroenterology, & Pancreatico-Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu J, Zhang G, Li X, Zheng C, Kan X. Enhancing the therapeutic impact of sublethal radiofrequency hyperthermia in malignant solid tumor treatment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29866. [PMID: 38681568 PMCID: PMC11053292 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an effective alternative to surgery for managing some malignant solid tumors. However, for medium-to-large tumors (>3 cm), tumors adjacent to large blood vessels, and certain irregular tumors, sublethal radiofrequency hyperthermia (RFH) often produces a margin of ablated tumor owing to the "heat-sink" effect. This effect typically leaves behind viable residual tumors at the margin. Several studies have reported that a sublethal RFH can significantly enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy for malignant solid tumors. The possible mechanisms by which RFH enhances these therapies include heat-induced tissue fracturing, increased permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane, exaggerated cellular metabolism, blockade of the repair pathways of radiation-damaged tumor cells, and activation of the heat shock protein pathways. Therefore, RFA in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, or gene therapy may help reduce the rates of residual and recurrent tumors after RFA of malignant solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Liu
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guilin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chuansheng Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuefeng Kan
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Akbulut Z, Aru B, Aydın F, Yanıkkaya Demirel G. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379622. [PMID: 38638433 PMCID: PMC11024234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in cancer treatment, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of liver cancer, remains a major public health problem worldwide. The immune microenvironment plays a critical role in regulating tumor progression and resistance to therapy, and in HCC, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by an abundance of immunosuppressive cells and signals that facilitate immune evasion and metastasis. Recently, anti-cancer immunotherapies, therapeutic interventions designed to modulate the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer, have become an important cornerstone of cancer therapy. Immunotherapy has demonstrated the ability to improve survival and provide durable cancer control in certain groups of HCC patients, while reducing adverse side effects. These findings represent a significant step toward improving cancer treatment outcomes. As demonstrated in clinical trials, the administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly in combination with anti-angiogenic agents and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, has prolonged survival in a subset of patients with HCC, providing an alternative for patients who progress on first-line therapy. In this review, we aimed to provide an overview of HCC and the role of the immune system in its development, and to summarize the findings of clinical trials involving ICIs, either as monotherapies or in combination with other agents in the treatment of the disease. Challenges and considerations regarding the administration of ICIs in the treatment of HCC are also outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Akbulut
- Cancer and Stem Cell Research Center, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Başak Aru
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Furkan Aydın
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ma J, Xin Y, Wang Q, Ding L. Roles of cGAS-STING Pathway in Radiotherapy Combined with Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:447-453. [PMID: 38049087 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Although great strides have been made in the management and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), its prognosis is still poor yielding a high mortality. Immunotherapy is recommended for treating advanced HCC, but its efficiency is hampered because of hepatic immunosuppression. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, serving as a critical cytoplasmic DNA-sensing process, is reported to initiate the antitumor immune response, and link the innate immunity to the adaptive immune system. Radiotherapy has been well acknowledged to induce destruction and release of tumor-derived DNA into the cytoplasm, which then activates the cGAS-STING pathway. On this basis, radiotherapy can be used as a sensitizer for immunotherapy, and its combination with immunotherapy may bring in changes to the suboptimal efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy. In this review, we summarized the roles of cGAS-STING pathway in regulation of radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy for treating HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yuning Xin
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lerut J. Liver transplantation and liver resection as alternative treatments for primary hepatobiliary and secondary liver tumors: Competitors or allies? Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2024; 23:111-116. [PMID: 38195351 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lerut
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique Louvain (UCL), Avenue Hippocrate 56, 1200 Woluwe Saint Pierre, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tojjari A, Yu J, Saeed A. Immunotherapy and Radiation Therapy Combinatorial Approaches in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1058. [PMID: 38473415 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a prevalent and often fatal liver cancer, presents significant treatment challenges, especially in its advanced stages. This article delves into the promising approach of combining immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, with radiation therapy, a cornerstone of HCC management. Our review synthesizes current preclinical and clinical research, highlighting the potential synergistic effects of this combinational treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that this synergy enhances tumor control and improves patient survival rates. The combination leverages the localized, tumor-targeting ability of radiation therapy and the systemic, immune-boosting effects of immunotherapy, potentially overcoming the limitations inherent in each treatment modality when used separately. This integrative approach is especially promising in addressing the complex tumor microenvironment of HCC. However, the treatment landscape is nuanced, with challenges such as patient-specific response variability and potential resistance to therapies. Future research directions should focus on refining these combination strategies, tailoring them to individual patient profiles, and understanding the underlying mechanisms that govern the interaction between immunotherapy and radiation therapy. Such advancements could significantly improve HCC management, setting new standards for patient care and treatment efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tojjari
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - James Yu
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Anwaar Saeed
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Safavi AH, Dawson LA, Mesci A. Do We Have a Winner? Advocating for SBRT in HCC Management. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2024; 45:100740. [PMID: 38380116 PMCID: PMC10876598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2024.100740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
•Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a safe and effective locoregional therapy for inoperable patients with HCC.•SBRT compares favorably with other local therapies in terms of local control, survival, morbidity, and cost-effectiveness.•SBRT should be considered and discussed in multidisciplinary management of appropriate HCC patients.•Advances in SBRT and novel combinations with systemic therapy may further widen the therapeutic index in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir H. Safavi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura A. Dawson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aruz Mesci
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pan D, Liu HN, Qu PF, Ma X, Ma LY, Chen XX, Wang YQ, Qin XB, Han ZX. Progress in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with immune combination therapy. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:273-286. [PMID: 38425407 PMCID: PMC10900147 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a severe malignancy that poses a serious threat to human health. Owing to challenges in early diagnosis, most patients lose the opportunity for radical treatment when diagnosed. Nonetheless, recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy provide new directions for the treatment of HCC. For instance, monoclonal antibodies against immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as programmed cell death protein 1/death ligand-1 inhibitors and cytotoxic t-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 significantly improved the prognosis of patients with HCC. However, tumor cells can evade the immune system through various mechanisms. With the rapid development of genetic engineering and molecular biology, various new immunotherapies have been used to treat HCC, including ICIs, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, engineered cytokines, and certain cancer vaccines. This review summarizes the current status, research progress, and future directions of different immunotherapy strategies in the treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Pan
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao-Nan Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng-Fei Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu-Yao Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Qin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Qin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheng-Xiang Han
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shi Z, Zhu S, Jin Y, Qi L, Zhou M, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Liu B, Shen J. Lymphocyte-to-C Reactive Protein Ratio is an Independent Predictor of Survival Benefits for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Receiving Radiotherapy. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2024; 11:305-316. [PMID: 38348098 PMCID: PMC10860807 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s452424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has emerged as an alternative approach for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and we aim to find potential prognostic biomarkers for HCC patients who received SBRT. Methods In this study, we retrospectively analyzed HCC patients who underwent SBRT in our institution from January 2018 to December 2022. The inflammatory parameters, along with baseline patients' characteristics were collected to elucidate the potential relationship with survival benefits and liver toxicities. Results Overall, 35 patients were enrolled in our study. For the efficacy population (25 patients who underwent SBRT for primary liver lesions), the objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 60% and 100%, respectively. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 9.9 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.6-14.1 months], and the median overall survival (OS) was 18.5 months (95% CI 14.2-22.8 months). We further confirmed that higher baseline lymphocyte-C-reactive protein ratio (LCR) (≥2361.11) was positively related to both longer PFS (12.0 vs 4.3 months, P = 0.002) and OS (21.9 vs 11.4 months, P = 0.022). Moreover, patients with diabetes and higher alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (≥400 ng/mL) were also found to be associated with worse OS. The most common hepatotoxicity was elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (84.0%). Conclusion In conclusion, for patients with inoperable HCC, SBRT resulted in satisfactory local control, survival benefits, and acceptable liver toxicity. Pre-radiotherapy LCR might be an independent and readily available predictor for survival, which facilitates us to find the most appropriate treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sihui Zhu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing International Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuncheng Jin
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Qi
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingzhen Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baorui Liu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ma YN, Jiang X, Liu H, Song P, Tang W. Conversion therapy for initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status and prospects. Biosci Trends 2024; 17:415-426. [PMID: 38143080 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2023.01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown that locoregional and/or systemic treatments can reduce the tumor stage, enabling radical surgical resection in patients with initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. This is referred to as conversion therapy. Patients who undergo conversion therapy followed by curative surgery experience a significant survival benefit compared to those who receive chemotherapy alone, those who are successfully downstaged with conversion therapy but not treated with surgery, or those who are treated with upfront surgery. Several treatments have been studied as conversion therapy. However, the success rate of conversion varies greatly, ranging from 0.8% to 60%. Combined locoregional plus systemic conversion therapy has demonstrated significant clinical advantages, with a conversion rate of up to 60%, an objective remission rate of 96% for patients, and a disease control rate of up to 100%. However, patients who underwent conversion therapy experienced significantly more complications than those who underwent direct LR without conversion therapy. Conversion therapy can cause hepatotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, local adhesions, increased fragility of blood vessels and liver tissues, and hepatic edema, which can increase the difficulty of surgery. In addition, criteria need to be established to evaluate the efficacy of conversion therapy and subsequent treatment. Further clinical evidence in this area is urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China
| | - Peipei Song
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wei Tang
- International Health Care Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dopazo C, Søreide K, Rangelova E, Mieog S, Carrion-Alvarez L, Diaz-Nieto R, Primavesi F, Stättner S. Hepatocellular carcinoma. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2024; 50:107313. [PMID: 38086315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2023.107313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
An update on the management of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is provided in the present article for those interested in the UEMS/EBSQ exam in Surgical Oncology. The most recent publications in HCC, including surveillance, guidelines, and indications for liver resection, liver transplantation, and locoregional or systemic therapies, are summarised. The objective is to yield a set of main points regarding HCC that are required in the core curriculum of hepatobiliary oncological surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Dopazo
- Department of HPB Surgery and Transplants, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Kjetil Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, HPB unit, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of HPB Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Rangelova
- Section of Upper GI Surgery at Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sven Mieog
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lucia Carrion-Alvarez
- Department of General Surgery, HPB Unit, Fuenlabrada University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Diaz-Nieto
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Florian Primavesi
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Salzkammergut Klinikum, OÖG, Dr. Wilhelm Bock Strasse 1, 4840, Vöcklabruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Stättner
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Salzkammergut Klinikum, OÖG, Dr. Wilhelm Bock Strasse 1, 4840, Vöcklabruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Young S, Hannallah J, Goldberg D, Khreiss M, Shroff R, Arshad J, Scott A, Woodhead G. Liver-Directed Therapy Combined with Systemic Therapy: Current Status and Future Directions. Semin Intervent Radiol 2023; 40:515-523. [PMID: 38274222 PMCID: PMC10807971 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In the past several decades, major advances in both systemic and locoregional therapies have been made for many cancer patients. This has led to modern cancer treatment algorithms frequently calling for active interventions by multiple subspecialists at the same time. One of the areas where this can be clearly seen is the concomitant use of locoregional and systemic therapies in patients with primary or secondary cancers of the liver. These combined algorithms have gained favor over the last decade and are largely focused on the allure of the combined ability to control systemic disease while at the same time addressing refractory/resistant clonal populations. While the general concept has gained favor and is likely to only increase in popularity with the continued establishment of viable immunotherapy treatments, for many patients questions remain. Lingering concerns over the increase in toxicity when combining treatment methods, patient selection, and sequencing remain for multiple cancer patient populations. While further work remains, some of these questions have been addressed in the literature. This article reviews the available data on three commonly treated primary and secondary cancers of the liver, namely, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and metastatic colorectal cancer. Furthermore, strengths and weaknesses are reviewed and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamar Young
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jack Hannallah
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Dan Goldberg
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Mohammad Khreiss
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Rachna Shroff
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Junaid Arshad
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Aaron Scott
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Gregory Woodhead
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fan Z, Jin M, Zhang L, Wang N, Li M, Wang C, Wei F, Zhang P, Du X, Sun X, Qiu W, Wang M, Wang H, Shi X, Ye J, Jiang C, Zhou J, Chai W, Qi J, Li T, Zhang R, Liu X, Huang B, Chai K, Cao Y, Mu W, Huang Y, Yang T, Zhang H, Qu L, Liu Y, Wang G, Lv G. From clinical variables to multiomics analysis: a margin morphology-based gross classification system for hepatocellular carcinoma stratification. Gut 2023; 72:2149-2163. [PMID: 37549980 PMCID: PMC10579519 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Selecting interventions for patients with solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a challenge. Despite gross classification being proposed as a potential prognostic predictor, its widespread use has been restricted due to inadequate studies with sufficient patient numbers and the lack of established mechanisms. We sought to investigate the prognostic impacts on patients with HCC of different gross subtypes and assess their corresponding molecular landscapes. DESIGN A prospective cohort of 400 patients who underwent hepatic resection for solitary HCC was reviewed and analysed and gross classification was assessed. Multiomics analyses were performed on tumours and non-tumour tissues from 49 patients to investigate the mechanisms underlying gross classification. Inverse probability of treatment weight (IPTW) was used to control for confounding factors. RESULTS Overall 3-year survival rates varied significantly among the four gross subtypes (type I: 91%, type II: 80%, type III: 74.6%, type IV: 38.8%). Type IV was found to be independently associated with poor prognosis in both the entire cohort and the IPTW cohort. The four gross subtypes exhibited three distinct transcriptional modules. Particularly, type IV tumours exhibited increased angiogenesis and immune score as well as decreased metabolic pathways, together with highest frequency of TP53 mutations. Patients with type IV HCC may benefit from adjuvant intra-arterial therapy other than the other three subtypes. Accordingly, a modified trichotomous margin morphological gross classification was established. CONCLUSION Different gross types of HCC showed significantly different prognosis and molecular characteristics. Gross classification may aid in development of precise individualised diagnosis and treatment strategies for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Meishan Jin
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nanya Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chuanlei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohong Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoju Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Junfeng Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianpeng Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wengang Chai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ruoyan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingkai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kaiyuan Chai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yannan Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wentao Mu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Limei Qu
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Alghamdi S, Al-Hamoudi W. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Role of Immunotherapy and Transplantation in the Era of Transplant Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5115. [PMID: 37958291 PMCID: PMC10648843 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer deaths worldwide. As most patients present with advanced disease, curative therapy such as surgical resection and radiofrequency ablation are rarely utilized. With the advent of immunotherapy, historical treatment approaches such as liver transplantation are being challenged. In particular, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has emerged as a safe and useful option in the treatment of HCC. However, there is concern over adverse effects, such as graft rejection and graft loss. This updated review discusses the role of immunotherapy in the pre- and post-transplantation setting and provides insights into the potential of immunotherapy as an adjunct to liver transplantation. We deliberate on the use of ICI in the setting of the Milan criteria as well as the University of California San Francisco's expanded criteria for liver transplantation. Current data suggest that ICI has utility, especially in the pretransplantation setting. Nevertheless, larger, purposefully designed clinical trials are needed to clearly identify patients who will benefit most from ICI treatment in the transplant setting and determine parameters that will minimize the risk of graft rejection and maximize the benefits of this adjunct treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saad Alghamdi
- Liver & Small Bowel Health Centre Department, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Waleed Al-Hamoudi
- Liver & Small Bowel Health Centre Department, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
- Liver Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tamai Y, Fujiwara N, Tanaka T, Mizuno S, Nakagawa H. Combination Therapy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors with Locoregional Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5072. [PMID: 37894439 PMCID: PMC10605879 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is estimated to be the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, and its overall prognosis is dismal because most cases are diagnosed at a late stage and are unamenable to curative treatment. The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has dramatically improved the therapeutic efficacy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma; however, their response rates remain unsatisfactory, partly because >50% of HCC exhibit an ICI-nonresponsive tumor microenvironment characterized by a paucity of cytotoxic T cells (immune-cold), as well as difficulty in their infiltration into tumor sites (immune excluded). To overcome this limitation, combination therapies with locoregional therapies, including ablation, transarterial embolization, and radiotherapy, which are usually used for early stage HCCs, have been actively explored to enhance ICI efficacy by promoting the release of tumor-associated antigens and cytokines, and eventually accelerating the so-called cancer-immunity cycle. Various combination therapies have been investigated in early- to late-phase clinical trials, and some have shown promising results. This comprehensive article provides an overview of the immune landscape for HCC to understand ICI efficacy and its limitations and, subsequently, reviews the status of combinatorial therapies of ICIs with locoregional therapy for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Tamai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (Y.T.); (T.T.); (H.N.)
| | - Naoto Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (Y.T.); (T.T.); (H.N.)
| | - Takamitsu Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (Y.T.); (T.T.); (H.N.)
| | - Shugo Mizuno
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan;
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (Y.T.); (T.T.); (H.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yu J, Li M, Ren B, Cheng L, Wang X, Ma Z, Yong WP, Chen X, Wang L, Goh BC. Unleashing the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: factors, strategies, and ongoing trials. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1261575. [PMID: 37719852 PMCID: PMC10501787 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1261575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent primary liver cancer, representing approximately 85% of cases. The diagnosis is often made in the middle and late stages, necessitating systemic treatment as the primary therapeutic option. Despite sorafenib being the established standard of care for advanced HCC in the past decade, the efficacy of systemic therapy remains unsatisfactory, highlighting the need for novel treatment modalities. Recent breakthroughs in immunotherapy have shown promise in HCC treatment, particularly with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, the response rate to ICIs is currently limited to approximately 15%-20% of HCC patients. Recently, ICIs demonstrated greater efficacy in "hot" tumors, highlighting the urgency to devise more effective approaches to transform "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors, thereby enhancing the therapeutic potential of ICIs. This review presented an updated summary of the factors influencing the effectiveness of immunotherapy in HCC treatment, identified potential combination therapies that may improve patient response rates to ICIs, and offered an overview of ongoing clinical trials focusing on ICI-based combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Mengnan Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Boxu Ren
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Le Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wei Peng Yong
- Department of Haematology–Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Department of Haematology–Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Young S, Hannallah J, Goldberg D, Sanghvi T, Arshad J, Scott A, Woodhead G. Friend or Foe? Locoregional Therapies and Immunotherapies in the Current Hepatocellular Treatment Landscape. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11434. [PMID: 37511193 PMCID: PMC10380625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last several decades, a number of new treatment options for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been developed. While treatment decisions for some patients remain clear cut, a large numbers of patients have multiple treatment options, and it can be hard for multidisciplinary teams to come to unanimous decisions on which treatment strategy or sequence of treatments is best. This article reviews the available data with regard to two treatment strategies, immunotherapies and locoregional therapies, with a focus on the potential of locoregional therapies to be combined with checkpoint inhibitors to improve outcomes in patients with locally advanced HCC. In this review, the available data on the immunomodulatory effects of locoregional therapies is discussed along with available clinical data on outcomes when the two strategies are combined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamar Young
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Interventional Radiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jack Hannallah
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Interventional Radiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Dan Goldberg
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Interventional Radiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Tina Sanghvi
- Department of Radiology, Southern Arizona VA, Tucson, AZ 85723, USA
| | - Junaid Arshad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Aaron Scott
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Gregory Woodhead
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Interventional Radiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Koh B, Tan DJH, Lim WH, Wong JSL, Ng CH, Chan KE, Wang M, Yong WP, Dan YY, Wang LZ, Tan N, Muthiah M, Kow A, Syn NL, Huang DQ, Yau T. Trial watch: immunotherapeutic strategies on the horizon for hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2214478. [PMID: 37284696 PMCID: PMC10241000 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2214478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-L1/PD-1 and CTLA-4 has transformed the oncology practice of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, only 25-30% of the patients with advanced HCC treated with atezolizumab-bevacizumab or tremelimumab-durvalumab (STRIDE) respond initially, and mechanistic biomarkers and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed for patients who present with or acquire resistance to first-line ICI-based therapies. The recent approval of the STRIDE regimen has also engendered new questions, such as patient selection factors (e.g. portal hypertension and history of variceal bleed) and biomarkers, and the optimal combination and sequencing of ICI-based regimens. Triumphs in the setting of advanced HCC have also galvanized considerable interest in the broader application of ICIs to early- and intermediate-stage diseases, including clinical combination of ICIs with locoregional therapies. Among these clinical contexts, the role of ICIs in liver transplantation - which is a potentially curative strategy unique to HCC management - as a bridge to liver transplant in potential candidates or in the setting of post-transplant recurrence, warrants investigation in view of the notable theoretical risk of allograft rejection. In this review, we summarize and chart the landscape of seminal immuno-oncology trials in HCC and envision future clinical developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Koh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Darren Jun Hao Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Hui Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey S L Wong
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Disease, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai En Chan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Meng Wang
- Division of Advanced Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Peng Yong
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Z Wang
- SingHealth Internal Medicine Residency Programme, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nigel Tan
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Muthiah
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Advanced Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alfred Kow
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas L Syn
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Q Huang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Advanced Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Yau
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Disease, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Diao C, Wei X. A comment on hemihepatic versus total hepatic inflow occlusion for laparoscopic hepatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Surg 2023; 109:1796-1797. [PMID: 37132180 PMCID: PMC10389551 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Diao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
| | - Xiaoping Wei
- Department of HPB Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Association of Multi-Phasic MR-Based Radiomic and Dosimetric Features with Treatment Response in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients following Novel Sequential TACE-SBRT-Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041105. [PMID: 36831445 PMCID: PMC9954441 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the association of pre-treatment multi-phasic MR-based radiomics and dosimetric features with treatment response to a novel sequential trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) plus stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) plus immunotherapy regimen in unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) sub-population. Twenty-six patients with unresectable HCC were retrospectively analyzed. Radiomic features were extracted from 42 lesions on arterial phase (AP) and portal-venous phase (PVP) MR images. Delta-phase (DeltaP) radiomic features were calculated as AP-to-PVP ratio. Dosimetric data of the tumor was extracted from dose-volume-histograms. A two-sided independent Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess the clinical association of each feature, and the classification performance of each significant independent feature was assessed using logistic regression. For the 3-month timepoint, four DeltaP-derived radiomics that characterize the temporal change in intratumoral randomness and uniformity were the only contributors to the treatment response association (p-value = 0.038-0.063, AUC = 0.690-0.766). For the 6-month timepoint, DeltaP-derived radiomic features (n = 4) maintained strong clinical associations with the treatment response (p-value = 0.047-0.070, AUC = 0.699-0.788), additional AP-derived radiomic features (n = 4) that reflect baseline tumoral arterial-enhanced signal pattern and tumor morphology (n = 1) that denotes initial tumor burden were shown to have strong associations with treatment response (p-value = 0.028-0.074, AUC = 0.719-0.773). This pilot study successfully demonstrated associations of pre-treatment multi-phasic MR-based radiomics with tumor response to the novel treatment regimen.
Collapse
|
37
|
Pinter M, Pinato DJ. Local and systemic therapy in liver cancer: the quest for synergy. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 8:102-104. [PMID: 36529151 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(22)00350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pinter
- Liver Cancer (HCC) Study Group Vienna, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - David J Pinato
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK; Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|