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Windels EM, Wampande EM, Joloba ML, Boom WH, Goig GA, Cox H, Hella J, Borrell S, Gagneux S, Brites D, Stadler T. HIV co-infection is associated with reduced Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmissibility in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011675. [PMID: 38696531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Persons living with HIV are known to be at increased risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) disease upon infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, it has remained unclear how HIV co-infection affects subsequent Mtb transmission from these patients. Here, we customized a Bayesian phylodynamic framework to estimate the effects of HIV co-infection on the Mtb transmission dynamics from sequence data. We applied our model to four Mtb genomic datasets collected in sub-Saharan African countries with a generalized HIV epidemic. Our results confirm that HIV co-infection is a strong risk factor for developing active TB. Additionally, we demonstrate that HIV co-infection is associated with a reduced effective reproductive number for TB. Stratifying the population by CD4+ T-cell count yielded similar results, suggesting that, in this context, CD4+ T-cell count is not a better predictor of Mtb transmissibility than HIV infection status alone. Together, our genome-based analyses complement observational household contact studies, and more firmly establish the negative association between HIV co-infection and Mtb transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etthel M Windels
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - W Henry Boom
- Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Galo A Goig
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helen Cox
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jerry Hella
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sonia Borrell
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Brites
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Farhat M, Cox H, Ghanem M, Denkinger CM, Rodrigues C, Abd El Aziz MS, Enkh-Amgalan H, Vambe D, Ugarte-Gil C, Furin J, Pai M. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: a persistent global health concern. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41579-024-01025-1. [PMID: 38519618 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is estimated to cause 13% of all antimicrobial resistance-attributable deaths worldwide and is driven by both ongoing resistance acquisition and person-to-person transmission. Poor outcomes are exacerbated by late diagnosis and inadequate access to effective treatment. Advances in rapid molecular testing have recently improved the diagnosis of TB and drug resistance. Next-generation sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has increased our understanding of genetic resistance mechanisms and can now detect mutations associated with resistance phenotypes. All-oral, shorter drug regimens that can achieve high cure rates of drug-resistant TB within 6-9 months are now available and recommended but have yet to be scaled to global clinical use. Promising regimens for the prevention of drug-resistant TB among high-risk contacts are supported by early clinical trial data but final results are pending. A person-centred approach is crucial in managing drug-resistant TB to reduce the risk of poor treatment outcomes, side effects, stigma and mental health burden associated with the diagnosis. In this Review, we describe current surveillance of drug-resistant TB and the causes, risk factors and determinants of drug resistance as well as the stigma and mental health considerations associated with it. We discuss recent advances in diagnostics and drug-susceptibility testing and outline the progress in developing better treatment and preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Farhat
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen Cox
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marwan Ghanem
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudia M Denkinger
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Mirna S Abd El Aziz
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Debrah Vambe
- National TB Control Programme, Manzini, Eswatini
| | - Cesar Ugarte-Gil
- School of Public and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer Furin
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madhukar Pai
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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3
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Mtetwa HN, Amoah ID, Kumari S, Bux F, Reddy P. Surveillance of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa through wastewater-based epidemiology. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18302. [PMID: 37576289 PMCID: PMC10412881 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a serious public health issue, particularly in developing nations. The current methods of monitoring drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) using clinical diagnoses and hospital records are insufficient due to limited healthcare access and underreporting. This study proposes using Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) to monitor DR-TB in six African countries (Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Cameroon, and South Africa) and examines the impact of treated wastewater on the spread of TB drug-resistant genes in the environment. Using droplet-digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), the study evaluated untreated and treated wastewater samples in selected African countries for TB surveillance. There was a statistically significant difference in concentrations of genes conferring resistance to TB drugs in wastewater samples from the selected countries (p-value<0.05); South African samples exhibited the highest concentrations of 4.3(±2,77), 4.8(±2.96), 4.4(±3,10) and 4.7(±3,39) log copies/ml for genes conferring resistance to first-line TB drugs (katG, rpoB, embB and pncA respectively) in untreated wastewater. This may be attributed to the higher prevalence of TB/MDR-TB in SA compared to other African countries. Interestingly, genes conferring resistance to second-line TB drugs such as delamanid (ddn gene) and bedaquiline (atpE gene) were detected in relatively high concentrations (4.8(±3,67 and 3.2(±2,31 log copies/ml for ddn and atpE respectively) in countries, such as Cameroon, where these drugs are not part of the MDR-TB treatment regimens, perhaps due to migration or the unapproved use of these drugs in the country. The gene encoding resistance to streptomycin (rrs gene) was abundant in all countries, perhaps due to the common use of this antibiotic for infections other than TB. These results highlight the need for additional surveillance and monitoring, such as WBE, to gather data at a community level. Combining WBE with the One Health strategy and current TB surveillance systems can help prevent the spread of DR-TB in populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlengiwe N. Mtetwa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Isaac D. Amoah
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Shantz Building Rm 4291177 E 4th St.Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Poovendhree Reddy
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Goig GA, Menardo F, Salaam-Dreyer Z, Dippenaar A, Streicher EM, Daniels J, Reuter A, Borrell S, Reinhard M, Doetsch A, Beisel C, Warren RM, Cox H, Gagneux S. Effect of compensatory evolution in the emergence and transmission of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa: a genomic epidemiology study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e506-e515. [PMID: 37295446 PMCID: PMC10319636 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental data show that drug-resistance-conferring mutations are often associated with a decrease in the replicative fitness of bacteria in vitro, and that this fitness cost can be mitigated by compensatory mutations; however, the role of compensatory evolution in clinical settings is less clear. We assessed whether compensatory evolution was associated with increased transmission of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS We did a genomic epidemiological study by analysing available M tuberculosis isolates and their associated clinical data from individuals routinely diagnosed with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in primary care and hospitals in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa. Isolates were collected as part of a previous study. All individuals diagnosed with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis and with linked biobanked specimens were included in this study. We applied whole-genome sequencing, Bayesian reconstruction of transmission trees, and phylogenetic multivariable regression analysis to identify individual and bacterial factors associated with the transmission of rifampicin-resistant M tuberculosis strains. FINDINGS Between Jan 1, 2008, and Dec 31, 2017, 2161 individuals were diagnosed with multidrug-resistant or rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa. Whole-genome sequences were available for 1168 (54%) unique individual M tuberculosis isolates. Compensatory evolution was associated with smear-positive pulmonary disease (adjusted odds ratio 1·49, 95% CI 1·08-2·06) and a higher number of drug-resistance-conferring mutations (incidence rate ratio 1·38, 95% CI 1·28-1·48). Compensatory evolution was also associated with increased transmission of rifampicin-resistant disease between individuals (adjusted odds ratio 1·55; 95% CI 1·13-2·12), independent of other patient and bacterial factors. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that compensatory evolution enhances the in vivo fitness of drug-resistant M tuberculosis genotypes, both within and between patients, and that the in vitro replicative fitness of rifampicin-resistant M tuberculosis measured in the laboratory correlates with the bacterial fitness measured in clinical settings. These results emphasise the importance of enhancing surveillance and monitoring efforts to prevent the emergence of highly transmissible clones capable of rapidly accumulating new drug resistance mutations. This concern becomes especially crucial at present, because treatment regimens incorporating novel drugs are being implemented. FUNDING Funding for this study was provided by a Swiss and South Africa joint research award (grant numbers 310030_188888, CRSII5_177163, and IZLSZ3_170834), the European Research Council (grant number 883582), and a Wellcome Trust fellowship (to HC; reference number 099818/Z/12/Z). ZS-D was funded through a PhD scholarship from the South African National Research Foundation and RMW was funded through the South African Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galo A Goig
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Fabrizio Menardo
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zubeida Salaam-Dreyer
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anzaan Dippenaar
- Tuberculosis Omics Research Consortium, Family Medicine and Population Health, Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth M Streicher
- Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Johnny Daniels
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anja Reuter
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sonia Borrell
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Reinhard
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Doetsch
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Swizterland
| | - Robin M Warren
- Department of Science and Innovation - National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Helen Cox
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Iskandar D, Suwantika AA, Pradipta IS, Postma MJ, van Boven JFM. Clinical and economic burden of drug-susceptible tuberculosis in Indonesia: national trends 2017-19. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e117-e125. [PMID: 36435182 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global incidence of tuberculosis is decreasing, yet it remains high in Indonesia. The Indonesian National Tuberculosis Program facilitates mandatory notification, which enables early detection and treatment, minimises complications, prevents transmission, and decreases deaths. This study aimed to assess the characteristics, trends, and economic burden of notified drug-susceptible tuberculosis cases registered in this system from 2017 to 2019. METHODS We performed a multiyear cross-sectional study focusing on drug-susceptible tuberculosis notified cases, incidence, geographical tuberculosis case distribution, treatment outcomes, and costs in Indonesia using data from Sistem Informasi Tuberkulosis (2017-19). The settings were Indonesian health-care facilities that provide tuberculosis control programmes and services. Eligible patients were those who were diagnosed with drug-susceptible tuberculosis and notified to Sistem Informasi Tuberkulosis. FINDINGS Between 2017 and 2019, notified cases increased from 429 219 to 523 614 individuals, corresponding to an increase in incidence from 167 cases per 100 000 to 196 cases per 100 000. In 2019, more than 250 cases per 100 000 inhabitants were notified in Jakarta, North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, and Papua. Treatment success rate increased from 363 098 (84·60%) of 429 219 in 2017 to 452 966 (86·51%) of 523 614 in 2019, with a relatively stable mortality, changing from 3·15% to 3·05%. HIV status was increasingly confirmed, with unknown status decreasing from 66·21% to 43·68%. The costs of visits and monitoring and drug regimens were relatively stable, with total direct medical costs slightly increasing from US$39·40 to $40·40 per case. INTERPRETATION Progress was made on drug-susceptible tuberculosis management in Indonesia. However, further intensified efforts, including case-finding, optimising diagnosis, and cost-effective tuberculosis management are required if Indonesia is to achieve the 2025 WHO End Tuberculosis Strategy target incidence of fewer than 55 cases per 100 000 people. These data are an important starting point for understanding drug-susceptible tuberculosis dynamics in Indonesia and optimising its management. FUNDING Directorate General of Higher Education; Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deni Iskandar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bhakti Kencana University, Bandung, Indonesia; Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Research Institute Science in Healthy Aging and healthcaRE, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Auliya A Suwantika
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; Center for Health Technology Assessment, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ivan S Pradipta
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; Indonesian Tuberculosis Research Network/Jet Set TB Indonesia
| | - Maarten J Postma
- Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Research Institute Science in Healthy Aging and healthcaRE, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Job F M van Boven
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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6
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Dlozi PN, Gladchuk A, Crutchley RD, Keuler N, Coetzee R, Dube A. Cathelicidins and defensins antimicrobial host defense peptides in the treatment of TB and HIV: Pharmacogenomic and nanomedicine approaches towards improved therapeutic outcomes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113189. [PMID: 35676789 PMCID: PMC9209695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) represent a significant burden of disease on a global scale. Despite improvements in the global epidemic status, largely facilitated by increased access to pharmacotherapeutic interventions, slow progress in the development of new clinical interventions coupled with growing antimicrobial resistance to existing therapies represents a global health crisis. There is an urgent need to expand the armamentarium of TB and HIV therapeutic strategies. Host mediated immune responses represent an untapped reservoir of novel approaches for TB and HIV. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an essential aspect of the immune system. Cathelicidins and defensins AMPs have been studied for their potential applications in TB and HIV therapeutic interventions. Genetic polymorphism across different population groups may affect endogenous expression or activity of AMPs, potentially influencing therapeutic outcomes. However, certain genetic polymorphisms in autophagy pathways may alter the downstream effects of nano-delivery of cathelicidin. On the other hand, certain genetic polymorphisms in beta-defensins may provide a protective role in reducing HIV-1 mother-to-child-transmission. Pharmaceutical development of cathelicidins and defensins is disadvantaged with complex challenges. Nanoparticle formulations improve pharmacokinetics and biocompatibility while facilitating targeted drug delivery, potentially minimising the risk of immunogenicity or non-specific haemolytic activity. This review aims to explore the potential viability of using cathelicidins and defensins as novel pharmacotherapy in the management of TB and HIV, highlight potential pharmacogenomic implications in host mediated immunity and AMP therapeutic applications, as well as propose novel drug delivery strategies represented by nanomedicine for AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince N Dlozi
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Angelina Gladchuk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yakima, WA 98901, United States
| | - Rustin D Crutchley
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yakima, WA 98901, United States.
| | - Nicole Keuler
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Renier Coetzee
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Admire Dube
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
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Menardo F. Understanding drivers of phylogenetic clustering and terminal branch lengths distribution in epidemics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. eLife 2022; 11:76780. [PMID: 35762734 PMCID: PMC9239681 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting factors associated with transmission is important to understand disease epidemics, and to design effective public health measures. Clustering and terminal branch lengths (TBL) analyses are commonly applied to genomic data sets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) to identify sub-populations with increased transmission. Here, I used a simulation-based approach to investigate what epidemiological processes influence the results of clustering and TBL analyses, and whether differences in transmission can be detected with these methods. I simulated MTB epidemics with different dynamics (latency, infectious period, transmission rate, basic reproductive number R0, sampling proportion, sampling period, and molecular clock), and found that all considered factors, except for the length of the infectious period, affect the results of clustering and TBL distributions. I show that standard interpretations of this type of analyses ignore two main caveats: (1) clustering results and TBL depend on many factors that have nothing to do with transmission, (2) clustering results and TBL do not tell anything about whether the epidemic is stable, growing, or shrinking, unless all the additional parameters that influence these metrics are known, or assumed identical between sub-populations. An important consequence is that the optimal SNP threshold for clustering depends on the epidemiological conditions, and that sub-populations with different epidemiological characteristics should not be analyzed with the same threshold. Finally, these results suggest that different clustering rates and TBL distributions, that are found consistently between different MTB lineages, are probably due to intrinsic bacterial factors, and do not indicate necessarily differences in transmission or evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Menardo
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Whole genome sequencing has the potential to improve treatment for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in high burden settings: a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0236221. [PMID: 35170980 PMCID: PMC8925891 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02362-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of multidrug-resistant or rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB), although improved in recent years with shorter, more tolerable regimens, remains largely standardised and based on limited drug susceptibility testing (DST). More individualised treatment with expanded DST access is likely to improve patient outcomes. Methods To assess the potential of TB drug resistance prediction based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) to provide more effective treatment regimens, we applied current South African treatment recommendations to a retrospective cohort of MDR/RR-TB patients from Khayelitsha, Cape Town. Routine DST and clinical data were used to retrospectively categorise patients into a recommended regimen, either a standardised short regimen or a longer individualised regimen. Potential regimen changes were then described with the addition of WGS-derived DST. Findings WGS data were available for 1274 MDR/RR-TB patient treatment episodes across 2008-2017. Among 834 patients initially eligible for the shorter regimen, 385 (46%) may have benefited from reduced drug dosage or removing ineffective drugs when WGS data were considered. A further 187 (22%) may have benefited from more effective adjusted regimens. Among 440 patients initially eligible for a longer individualised regimen, 153 (35%) could have been switched to the short regimen. Overall, 305 (24%) patients had MDR/RR-TB with second-line TB drug resistance, where the availability of WGS-derived DST would have allowed more effective treatment individualisation. Interpretation These data suggest considerable benefits could accrue from routine access to WGS-derived resistance prediction. Advances in culture-free sequencing and expansion of the reference resistance mutation catalogue will increase the utility of WGS resistance prediction. Funding Swiss National Science Foundation, South African National Research Foundation, and Wellcome Trust.
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Van Deun A, Bola V, Lebeke R, Kaswa M, Hossain MA, Gumusboga M, Torrea G, De Jong BC, Rigouts L, Decroo T. OUP accepted manuscript. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac037. [PMID: 35415609 PMCID: PMC8994197 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentin Bola
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Direction Provinciale de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Rossin Lebeke
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Direction Provinciale de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Michel Kaswa
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Direction Nationale, Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | | | - Mourad Gumusboga
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Unit of Mycobacteriology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gabriela Torrea
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Unit of Mycobacteriology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bouke Catharine De Jong
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Unit of Mycobacteriology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leen Rigouts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Unit of Mycobacteriology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Decroo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Unit of HIV and TB, Department of Clinical Sciences, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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