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Shiraishi Y, Matsuya Y, Fukunaga H. Reply to comment on 'Modeling for predicting survival fraction of cells after ultra-high dose rate irradiation'. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:108002. [PMID: 38700988 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad3edc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Liew and Mairani commented on our paper 'Modeling for predicting survival fraction of cells after ultra-high dose rate irradiation' (Shiraishiet al2024aPhys. Med. Biol.69015017), which proposed a biophysical model to predict the dose-response curve of surviving cell fractions after ultra-high dose rate irradiation following conventional dose rate irradiation by considering DNA damage yields. They suggested the need to consider oxygen concentration in our prediction model and possible issues related to the data selection process used for the benchmarking test in our paper. In this reply, we discuss the limitations of both the present model and the available experimental data for determining the model's parameters. We also demonstrate that our proposed model can reproduce the experimental survival data even when using only the experimental DNA damage data measured reliably under normoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Shiraishi
- Graduate school of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Japan Healthcare University, 3-11-1-50 Tsukisamu-higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0053, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuya
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Hisanori Fukunaga
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
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Horst F, Bodenstein E, Brand M, Hans S, Karsch L, Lessmann E, Löck S, Schürer M, Pawelke J, Beyreuther E. Dose and dose rate dependence of the tissue sparing effect at ultra-high dose rate studied for proton and electron beams using the zebrafish embryo model. Radiother Oncol 2024; 194:110197. [PMID: 38447870 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE A better characterization of the dependence of the tissue sparing effect at ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) on physical beam parameters (dose, dose rate, radiation quality) would be helpful towards a mechanistic understanding of the FLASH effect and for its broader clinical translation. To address this, a comprehensive study on the normal tissue sparing at UHDR using the zebrafish embryo (ZFE) model was conducted. METHODS One-day-old ZFE were irradiated over a wide dose range (15-95 Gy) in three different beams (proton entrance channel, proton spread out Bragg peak and 30 MeV electrons) at UHDR and reference dose rate. After irradiation the ZFE were incubated for 4 days and then analyzed for four different biological endpoints (pericardial edema, curved spine, embryo length and eye diameter). RESULTS Dose-effect curves were obtained and a sparing effect at UHDR was observed for all three beams. It was demonstrated that proton relative biological effectiveness and UHDR sparing are both relevant to predict the resulting dose response. Dose dependent FLASH modifying factors (FMF) for ZFE were found to be compatible with rodent data from the literature. It was found that the UHDR sparing effect saturates at doses above ∼ 50 Gy with an FMF of ∼ 0.7-0.8. A strong dose rate dependence of the tissue sparing effect in ZFE was observed. The magnitude of the maximum sparing effect was comparable for all studied biological endpoints. CONCLUSION The ZFE model was shown to be a suitable pre-clinical high-throughput model for radiobiological studies on FLASH radiotherapy, providing results comparable to rodent models. This underlines the relevance of ZFE studies for FLASH radiotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Horst
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany; OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Bodenstein
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany; OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden and Cluster of Excellence 'Physics of Life', Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Hans
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden and Cluster of Excellence 'Physics of Life', Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leonhard Karsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany; OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Lessmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiation Physics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Löck
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schürer
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Pawelke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany; OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elke Beyreuther
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiation Physics, Dresden, Germany.
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Shiraishi Y, Matsuya Y, Fukunaga H. Possible mechanisms and simulation modeling of FLASH radiotherapy. Radiol Phys Technol 2024; 17:11-23. [PMID: 38184508 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-023-00770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) has great potential to improve patient outcomes. It delivers radiation doses at an ultra-high dose rate (UHDR: ≥ 40 Gy/s) in a single instant or a few pulses. Much higher irradiation doses can be administered to tumors with FLASH-RT than with conventional dose rate (0.01-0.40 Gy/s) radiotherapy. UHDR irradiation can suppress toxicity in normal tissues while sustaining antitumor efficiency, which is referred to as the FLASH effect. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of the FLASH remain unclear. To clarify these mechanisms, the development of simulation models that can contribute to treatment planning for FLASH-RT is still underway. Previous studies indicated that transient oxygen depletion or augmented reactions between secondary reactive species produced by irradiation may be involved in this process. To discuss the possible mechanisms of the FLASH effect and its clinical potential, we summarized the physicochemical, chemical, and biological perspectives as well as the development of simulation modeling for FLASH-RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Shiraishi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12 W5 Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Japan Healthcare University, 3-11-1-50 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0053, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuya
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12 W5 Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hisanori Fukunaga
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12 W5 Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.
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Bouges E, Segers C, Leys N, Lebeer S, Zhang J, Mastroleo F. Human Intestinal Organoids and Microphysiological Systems for Modeling Radiotoxicity and Assessing Radioprotective Agents. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5859. [PMID: 38136404 PMCID: PMC10741417 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a commonly employed treatment for colorectal cancer, yet its radiotoxicity-related impact on healthy tissues raises significant health concerns. This highlights the need to use radioprotective agents to mitigate these side effects. This review presents the current landscape of human translational radiobiology, outlining the limitations of existing models and proposing engineering solutions. We delve into radiotherapy principles, encompassing mechanisms of radiation-induced cell death and its influence on normal and cancerous colorectal cells. Furthermore, we explore the engineering aspects of microphysiological systems to represent radiotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity and how to include the gut microbiota to study its role in treatment failure and success. This review ultimately highlights the main challenges and future pathways in translational research for pelvic radiotherapy-induced toxicity. This is achieved by developing a humanized in vitro model that mimics radiotherapy treatment conditions. An in vitro model should provide in-depth analyses of host-gut microbiota interactions and a deeper understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms of radioprotective food supplements. Additionally, it would be of great value if these models could produce high-throughput data using patient-derived samples to address the lack of human representability to complete clinical trials and improve patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Bouges
- RadioPharma Research, Nuclear Medical Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.); (N.L.)
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Charlotte Segers
- RadioPharma Research, Nuclear Medical Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Natalie Leys
- RadioPharma Research, Nuclear Medical Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felice Mastroleo
- RadioPharma Research, Nuclear Medical Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.); (N.L.)
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Böhlen TT, Germond JF, Petersson K, Ozsahin EM, Herrera FG, Bailat C, Bochud F, Bourhis J, Moeckli R, Adrian G. Effect of Conventional and Ultrahigh Dose Rate FLASH Irradiations on Preclinical Tumor Models: A Systematic Analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:1007-1017. [PMID: 37276928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Compared with conventional dose rate irradiation (CONV), ultrahigh dose rate irradiation (UHDR) has shown superior normal tissue sparing. However, a clinically relevant widening of the therapeutic window by UHDR, termed "FLASH effect," also depends on the tumor toxicity obtained by UHDR. Based on a combined analysis of published literature, the current study examined the hypothesis of tumor isoefficacy for UHDR versus CONV and aimed to identify potential knowledge gaps to inspire future in vivo studies. METHODS AND MATERIALS A systematic literature search identified publications assessing in vivo tumor responses comparing UHDR and CONV. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed, including combined analyses of tumor growth and survival data. RESULTS We identified 66 data sets from 15 publications that compared UHDR and CONV for tumor efficacy. The median number of animals per group was 9 (range 3-15) and the median follow-up period was 30.5 days (range 11-230) after the first irradiation. Tumor growth assays were the predominant model used. Combined statistical analyses of tumor growth and survival data are consistent with UHDR isoefficacy compared with CONV. Only 1 study determined tumor-controlling dose (TCD50) and reported statistically nonsignificant differences. CONCLUSIONS The combined quantitative analyses of tumor responses support the assumption of UHDR isoefficacy compared with CONV. However, the comparisons are primarily based on heterogeneous tumor growth assays with limited numbers of animals and short follow-up, and most studies do not assess long-term tumor control probability. Therefore, the assays may be insensitive in resolving smaller response differences, such as responses of radioresistant tumor subclones. Hence, tumor cure experiments, including additional TCD50 experiments, are needed to confirm the assumption of isoeffectiveness in curative settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Tobias Böhlen
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Germond
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristoffer Petersson
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Esat Mahmut Ozsahin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fernanda G Herrera
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claude Bailat
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Bochud
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Bourhis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Moeckli
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Gabriel Adrian
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Hu S, Lan X, Zheng J, Bi Y, Ye Y, Si M, Fang Y, Wang J, Liu J, Chen Y, Chen Y, Xiang P, Niu T, Huang Y. The dose-related plateau effect of surviving fraction in normal tissue during the ultra-high-dose-rate radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:185004. [PMID: 37586385 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acf112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Ultra-high-dose-rate radiotherapy, referred to as FLASH therapy, has been demonstrated to reduce the damage of normal tissue as well as inhibiting tumor growth compared with conventional dose-rate radiotherapy. The transient hypoxia may be a vital explanation for sparing the normal tissue. The heterogeneity of oxygen distribution for different doses and dose rates in the different radiotherapy schemes are analyzed. With these results, the influence of doses and dose rates on cell survival are evaluated in this work.Approach.The two-dimensional reaction-diffusion equations are used to describe the heterogeneity of the oxygen distribution in capillaries and tissue. A modified linear quadratic model is employed to characterize the surviving fraction at different doses and dose rates.Main results.The reduction of the damage to the normal tissue can be observed if the doses exceeds a minimum dose threshold under the ultra-high-dose-rate radiation. Also, the surviving fraction exhibits the 'plateau effect' under the ultra-high dose rates radiation, which signifies that within a specific range of doses, the surviving fraction either exhibits minimal variation or increases with the dose. For a given dose, the surviving fraction increases with the dose rate until tending to a stable value, which means that the protection in normal tissue reaches saturation.Significance.The emergence of the 'plateau effect' allows delivering the higher doses while minimizing damage to normal tissue. It is necessary to develop appropriate program of doses and dose rates for different irradiated tissue to achieve more efficient protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Hu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, People's Republic of China
- School of Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Lan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfen Zheng
- Dermatology, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention of Shenzhen, Guangdong Shenzhen 518020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjie Bi
- School of Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanchun Ye
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology Campus Benjamin Franklin Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Hindenburgdamm, 30,12203, Berlin Germany
| | - Meiyu Si
- School of Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Fang
- School of Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States of America
| | - Junyan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, United States of America
| | - Yuan Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies of Wuhan University, 299, Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Pai Xiang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies of Wuhan University, 299, Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianye Niu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Huang
- School of Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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Sunnerberg J, Thomas WS, Petusseau A, Reed MS, Jack Hoopes P, Pogue BW. Review of optical reporters of radiation effects in vivo: tools to quantify improvements in radiation delivery technique. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:080901. [PMID: 37560327 PMCID: PMC10409499 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.8.080901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Significance Radiation damage studies are used to optimize radiotherapy treatment techniques. Although biological indicators of damage are the best assays of effect, they are highly variable due to biological heterogeneity. The free radical radiochemistry can be assayed with optical reporters, allowing for high precision titration of techniques. Aim We examine the optical reporters of radiochemistry to highlight those with the best potential for translational use in vivo, as surrogates for biological damage assays, to inform on mechanisms. Approach A survey of the radical chemistry effects from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxygen itself was completed to link to DNA or biological damage. Optical reporters of ROS include fluorescent, phosphorescent, and bioluminescent molecules that have a variety of activation pathways, and each was reviewed for its in vivo translation potential. Results There are molecular reporters of ROS having potential to report within living systems, including derivatives of luminol, 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, Amplex Red, and fluorescein. None have unique specificity to singular ROS species. Macromolecular engineered reporters unique to specific ROS are emerging. The ability to directly measure oxygen via reporters, such as Oxyphor and protoporphyrin IX, is an opportunity to quantify the consumption of oxygen during ROS generation, and this translates from in vitro to in vivo use. Emerging techniques, such as ion particle beams, spatial fractionation, and ultra-high dose rate FLASH radiotherapy, provide the motivation for these studies. Conclusions In vivo optical reporters of radiochemistry are quantitatively useful for comparing radiotherapy techniques, although their use comes at the cost of the unknown connection to the mechanisms of radiobiological damage. Still their lower measurement uncertainty, compared with biological response assay, makes them an invaluable tool. Linkage to DNA damage and biological damage is needed, and measures such as oxygen consumption serve as useful surrogate measures that translate to in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sunnerberg
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - William S. Thomas
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Arthur Petusseau
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Matthew S. Reed
- Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - P. Jack Hoopes
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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Cooper CR, Jones DJL, Jones GDD, Petersson K. Comet Assay Profiling of FLASH-Induced Damage: Mechanistic Insights into the Effects of FLASH Irradiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7195. [PMID: 37108360 PMCID: PMC10138874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the normal tissue-sparing effects of ultra-high dose rate 'FLASH' irradiation in vivo, with an associated reduction in damage burden being reported in vitro. Towards this, two key radiochemical mechanisms have been proposed: radical-radical recombination (RRR) and transient oxygen depletion (TOD), with both being proposed to lead to reduced levels of induced damage. Previously, we reported that FLASH induces lower levels of DNA strand break damage in whole-blood peripheral blood lymphocytes (WB-PBL) ex vivo, but our study failed to distinguish the mechanism(s) involved. A potential outcome of RRR is the formation of crosslink damage (particularly, if any organic radicals recombine), whilst a possible outcome of TOD is a more anoxic profile of induced damage resulting from FLASH. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to profile FLASH-induced damage via the Comet assay, assessing any DNA crosslink formation as a putative marker of RRR and/or anoxic DNA damage formation as an indicative marker of TOD, to determine the extent to which either mechanism contributes to the "FLASH effect". Following FLASH irradiation, we see no evidence of any crosslink formation; however, FLASH irradiation induces a more anoxic profile of induced damage, supporting the TOD mechanism. Furthermore, treatment of WB-PBLs pre-irradiation with BSO abrogates the reduced strand break damage burden mediated by FLASH exposures. In summary, we do not see any experimental evidence to support the RRR mechanism contributing to the reduced damage burden induced by FLASH. However, the observation of a greater anoxic profile of damage following FLASH irradiation, together with the BSO abrogation of the reduced strand break damage burden mediated by FLASH, lends further support to TOD being a driver of the reduced damage burden plus a change in the damage profile mediated by FLASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R. Cooper
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; (D.J.L.J.); (G.D.D.J.)
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Donald J. L. Jones
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; (D.J.L.J.); (G.D.D.J.)
| | - George D. D. Jones
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; (D.J.L.J.); (G.D.D.J.)
| | - Kristoffer Petersson
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Lascaud J, Parodi K. On the potential biological impact of radiation-induced acoustic emissions during ultra-high dose rate electron radiotherapy: a preliminary study. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68. [PMID: 36749987 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb9ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation pulses delivered at ultra-high dose rates in emerging FLASH radiotherapy can result in high-intensity low-frequency thermoacoustic emissions that may have a biological impact. This study aims at providing insights into the thermoacoustic emissions expected during FLASH radiotherapy and their likelihood of inducing acoustic cavitation. The characteristics of acoustic waves induced by the energy deposition of a pulsed electron beam similar to previous pre-clinical FLASH radiotherapy studies and their propagation in murine head-like phantoms are investigated in-silico. The results show that the generated pressures are sufficient to produce acoustic cavitation due to resonance in the irradiated object. It suggests that thermoacoustics may, in some irradiation scenarios, contribute to the widely misunderstood FLASH effect or cause adverse effects if not taken into account at the treatment planning stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lascaud
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Royba E, Repin M, Balajee AS, Shuryak I, Pampou S, Karan C, Wang YF, Lemus OD, Obaid R, Deoli N, Wuu CS, Brenner DJ, Garty G. Validation of a High-Throughput Dicentric Chromosome Assay Using Complex Radiation Exposures. Radiat Res 2023; 199:1-16. [PMID: 35994701 PMCID: PMC9947868 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00007.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Validation of biodosimetry assays is routinely performed using primarily orthovoltage irradiators at a conventional dose rate of approximately 1 Gy/min. However, incidental/ accidental exposures caused by nuclear weapons can be more complex. The aim of this work was to simulate the DNA damage effects mimicking those caused by the detonation of a several kilotons improvised nuclear device (IND). For this, we modeled complex exposures to: 1. a mixed (photons + IND-neutrons) field and 2. different dose rates that may come from the blast, nuclear fallout, or ground deposition of radionuclides (ground shine). Additionally, we assessed whether myeloid cytokines affect the precision of radiation dose estimation by modulating the frequency of dicentric chromosomes. To mimic different exposure scenarios, several irradiation systems were used. In a mixed field study, human blood samples were exposed to a photon field enriched with neutrons (ranging from 10% to 37%) from a source that mimics Hiroshima's A-bomb's energy spectrum (0.2-9 MeV). Using statistical analysis, we assessed whether photons and neutrons act in an additive or synergistic way to form dicentrics. For the dose rates study, human blood was exposed to photons or electrons at dose rates ranging from low (where the dose was spread over 32 h) to extremely high (where the dose was delivered in a fraction of a microsecond). Potential effects of cytokine treatment on biodosimetry dose predictions were analyzed in irradiated blood subjected to Neupogen or Neulasta for 24 or 48 h at the concentration recommended to forestall manifestation of an acute radiation syndrome in bomb survivors. All measurements were performed using a robotic station, the Rapid Automated Biodosimetry Tool II, programmed to culture lymphocytes and score dicentrics in multiwell plates (the RABiT-II DCA). In agreement with classical concepts of radiation biology, the RABiT-II DCA calibration curves suggested that the frequency of dicentrics depends on the type of radiation and is modulated by changes in the dose rate. The resulting dose-response curves suggested an intermediate dicentric yields and additive effects of photons and IND-neutrons in the mixed field. At ultra-high dose rate (600 Gy/s), affected lymphocytes exhibited significantly fewer dicentrics (P < 0.004, t test). In contrast, we did not find the dose-response modification effects of radiomitigators on the yields of dicentrics (Bonferroni corrected P > 0.006, ANOVA test). This result suggests no bias in the dose predictions should be expected after emergency cytokine treatment initiated up to 48 h prior to blood collection for dicentric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Royba
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Mikhail Repin
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Adayabalam S. Balajee
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS), Cytogenetic Biodosimetry Laboratory (CBL), Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sergey Pampou
- Columbia Genome Center High-Throughput Screening facility, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Charles Karan
- Columbia Genome Center High-Throughput Screening facility, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yi-Fang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Olga Dona Lemus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Razib Obaid
- Radiological Research Accelerator facility, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Irvington, New York
- Currently at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
| | - Naresh Deoli
- Radiological Research Accelerator facility, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Irvington, New York
| | - Cheng-Shie Wuu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Guy Garty
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Radiological Research Accelerator facility, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Irvington, New York
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Tinganelli W, Weber U, Puspitasari A, Simoniello P, Abdollahi A, Oppermann J, Schuy C, Horst F, Helm A, Fournier C, Durante M. FLASH with carbon ions: tumor control, normal tissue sparing, and distal metastasis in a mouse osteosarcoma model. Radiother Oncol 2022; 175:185-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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