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Khosinklang W, Kubota S, Riou C, Kaewsatuan P, Molee A, Molee W. Omega-3 meat enrichment and L-FABP, PPARA, and LPL genes expression are modified by the level and period of tuna oil supplementation in slow-growing chickens. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad267. [PMID: 37549905 PMCID: PMC10563153 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a strategy to manipulate the fatty acid (FA) content in slow-growing Korat chicken (KRC) meat using tuna oil (TO). To determine the optimal level and feeding period of TO supplementation, we conducted a study investigating the effects of dietary TO levels and feeding periods on meat quality, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) composition, and gene expression related to FA metabolism in KRC breast meat. At 3 wk of age, 700 mixed-sex KRC were assigned to seven augmented factorial treatments with a completely randomized design, each consisting of four replicate pens containing 25 chickens per pen. The control group received a corn-soybean-based diet with 4.5% rice bran oil (RBO), while varying amounts of TO (1.5%, 3.0%, or 4.5%) replaced a portion of the RBO content in the experimental diets. The chickens were fed these diets for 3 and 6 wk, respectively, before being slaughtered at 9 wk. Our results indicated no significant interactions between TO levels and feeding periods on the growth performance or meat quality of KRC (P > 0.05). However, the liver fatty acid-binding protein gene (L-FABP, also known as FABP1), responsible for FA transport and accumulation, showed significantly higher expression in the chickens supplemented with 4.5% TO (P < 0.05). The chickens supplemented with 4.5% TO for a longer period (3 to 9 wk of age) exhibited the lowest levels of n-6 PUFA and n-6 to n-3 ratio, along with the highest levels of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and n-3 PUFA in the breast meat (P < 0.05). However, even a short period of supplementation with 4.5% TO (6 to 9 wk of age) was adequate to enrich slow-growing chicken meat with high levels of n-3 PUFA, as recommended previously. Our findings indicated that even a short period of tuna oil supplementation could lead to desirable levels of omega-3 enrichment in slow-growing chicken meat. This finding has practical implications for the poultry industry, providing insights into optimal supplementation strategies for achieving desired FA profiles without adversely affecting growth performance or meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wichuta Khosinklang
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Cindy Riou
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Pramin Kaewsatuan
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Amonrat Molee
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Wittawat Molee
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Use of Microorganisms as Nutritional and Functional Feedstuffs for Nursery Pigs and Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223141. [PMID: 36428369 PMCID: PMC9686830 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this review paper are to introduce the structures and composition of various microorganisms, to show some applications of single cells as alternative protein supplements or energy feeds in swine and poultry diets, and to discuss the functional effects of microorganisms as feed additives on the growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs and broilers. Microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and microalgae, have been commonly supplemented in animal diets because they are cost-effective, stable, and have quantitative production that provides nutritional and functional benefits to pigs and broilers. Microorganisms could be alternative antibiotics to enhance intestinal health due to bioactive components from cell wall components, which interact with receptors on epithelial and immune cells. In addition, bioactive components could be digested by intestinal microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids and enhance energy utilization. Otherwise, microorganisms such as single-cell protein (SCP) and single-cell oils (SCOs) are sustainable and economic choices to replace conventional protein supplements and energy feeds. Supplementing microorganisms as feedstuffs and feed additives improved the average daily gain by 1.83%, the daily feed intake by 0.24%, and the feed efficiency by 1.46% in pigs and broilers. Based on the properties of each microorganism, traditional protein supplements, energy feeds, and functional feed additives could be replaced by microorganisms, which have shown benefits to animal's growth and health. Therefore, specific microorganisms could be promising alternatives as nutritional and functional feedstuffs in animal diets.
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Boskovic Cabrol M, Martins JC, Malhão LP, Alfaia CM, Prates JAM, Almeida AM, Lordelo M, Raymundo A. Digestibility of Meat Mineral and Proteins from Broilers Fed with Graded Levels of Chlorella vulgaris. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091345. [PMID: 35564067 PMCID: PMC9103800 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of sustainable protein sources in animal feeding is a growing trend. So far, no study has investigated in vitro digestion of meat, from broilers fed microalgae, in a human model. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating Chlorella vulgaris in the broilers diet on human protein digestibility, and mineral bioaccessibility. The study used 240 male Ross 308 broilers randomly allocated to groups fed a control diet or a diet where soybean meal was replaced with 10% (CV10%), 15% (CV15%), or 20% (CV15%) of C. vulgaris for 40 days. The microalga supplementation increased the protein and lowered the fat content in the muscle. Results on the percentages of amino acids highlighted that arginine and threonine proportions increased and lysine and cysteine proportions decreased with microalga inclusion. CV15% and CV20% meat had higher amount of K, Ca, Mg, P, and Fe in raw breasts, improving the nutrient composition of the meat. Cooking caused a decrease in Na and K and an increase in other minerals. CV20% had higher bioaccessibility of K, Ca, Mg, P, and Mg, compared to the control. Replacing soybean meal in broiler feed with higher concentrations of C. vugaris could improve the digestibility of meat protein and minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Boskovic Cabrol
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.C.M.); (L.P.M.); (A.M.A.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
| | - Joana C. Martins
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.C.M.); (L.P.M.); (A.M.A.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Leonardo P. Malhão
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.C.M.); (L.P.M.); (A.M.A.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Cristina M. Alfaia
- CIISA—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.M.A.); (J.A.M.P.)
| | - José A. M. Prates
- CIISA—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.M.A.); (J.A.M.P.)
| | - André M. Almeida
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.C.M.); (L.P.M.); (A.M.A.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Madalena Lordelo
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.C.M.); (L.P.M.); (A.M.A.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Anabela Raymundo
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.C.M.); (L.P.M.); (A.M.A.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
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Impact of Chlorella vulgaris as feed ingredient and carbohydrases on the health status and hepatic lipid metabolism of finishing pigs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 144:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Malgwi IH, Halas V, Grünvald P, Schiavon S, Jócsák I. Genes Related to Fat Metabolism in Pigs and Intramuscular Fat Content of Pork: A Focus on Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020150. [PMID: 35049772 PMCID: PMC8772548 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The intramuscular fat (IMF) or marbling is an essential pork sensory quality that influences the preference of the consumers and premiums for pork. IMF is the streak of visible fat intermixed with the lean within a muscle fibre and determines sensorial qualities of pork such as flavour, tenderness and juiciness. Fat metabolism and IMF development are controlled by dietary nutrients, genes, and their metabolic pathways in the pig. Nutrigenetics explains how the genetic make-up of an individual pig influences the pig’s response to dietary nutrient intake. Differently, nutrigenomics is the analysis of how the entire genome of an individual pig is affected by dietary nutrient intake. The knowledge of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics, when harmonized, is a powerful tool in estimating nutrient requirements for swine and programming dietary nutrient supply according to an individual pig’s genetic make-up. The current paper aimed to highlight the roles of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of fat metabolism and IMF deposition in pigs. This knowledge is essential in redefining nutritional intervention for swine production and the improvement of some economically important traits such as growth performance, backfat thickness, IMF accretion, disease resistance etc., in animals. Abstract Fat metabolism and intramuscular fat (IMF) are qualitative traits in pigs whose development are influenced by several genes and metabolic pathways. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics offer prospects in estimating nutrients required by a pig. Application of these emerging fields in nutritional science provides an opportunity for matching nutrients based on the genetic make-up of the pig for trait improvements. Today, integration of high throughput “omics” technologies into nutritional genomic research has revealed many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the mutation(s) of key genes directly or indirectly involved in fat metabolism and IMF deposition in pigs. Nutrient–gene interaction and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in fatty acid synthesis and marbling in pigs is difficult to unravel. While existing knowledge on QTLs and SNPs of genes related to fat metabolism and IMF development is yet to be harmonized, the scientific explanations behind the nature of the existing correlation between the nutrients, the genes and the environment remain unclear, being inconclusive or lacking precision. This paper aimed to: (1) discuss nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenetic mechanisms controlling fat metabolism and IMF accretion in pigs; (2) highlight the potentials of these concepts in pig nutritional programming and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Hyeladi Malgwi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell’ Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-33-17566768
| | - Veronika Halas
- Department of Farm Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Utca 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (V.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Petra Grünvald
- Department of Farm Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Utca 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (V.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell’ Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Ildikó Jócsák
- Institute of Agronomy, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Utca 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
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Martins CF, Ribeiro DM, Costa M, Coelho D, Alfaia CM, Lordelo M, Almeida AM, Freire JPB, Prates JAM. Using Microalgae as a Sustainable Feed Resource to Enhance Quality and Nutritional Value of Pork and Poultry Meat. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122933. [PMID: 34945484 PMCID: PMC8701271 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains and soybean meal are the main feedstuffs used in swine and poultry feeding, two of the most consumed meats and of key relevance to food security worldwide. Such crops are grown mostly in North and South America and transported over large distances creating sustainability concerns and, furthermore, are in direct competition with human nutrition. Alternatives to these ingredients are, thus, a pressing need to ensure the sustainability of swine and poultry production. Microalgae seem to be a viable alternative due to their interesting nutritional composition. The use of different microalgae in monogastric feeding has been addressed by different researchers over the last decade, particularly their use as a supplement, whilst their use as a feed ingredient has been comparatively less studied. In addition, the high production costs of microalgae are a barrier and prevent higher dietary inclusion. Studies on the effect of microalgae on meat quality refer mostly to fatty acid composition, using these either as a functional ingredient or as a feedstuff. Within such a context and in line with such a rationale, in this review we address the current research on the topic of the use of microalgae in poultry and swine nutrition, particularly aspects concerning pork and poultry meat quality and nutritional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia F. Martins
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.M.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (C.M.A.)
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.M.R.); (M.L.); (A.M.A.); (J.P.B.F.)
| | - David M. Ribeiro
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.M.R.); (M.L.); (A.M.A.); (J.P.B.F.)
| | - Mónica Costa
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.M.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Diogo Coelho
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.M.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Cristina M. Alfaia
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.M.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Madalena Lordelo
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.M.R.); (M.L.); (A.M.A.); (J.P.B.F.)
| | - André M. Almeida
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.M.R.); (M.L.); (A.M.A.); (J.P.B.F.)
| | - João P. B. Freire
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.M.R.); (M.L.); (A.M.A.); (J.P.B.F.)
| | - José A. M. Prates
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.M.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (C.M.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhou X, Chen J, Sun B, Wang Z, Zhu J, Yue Z, Zhang Y, Shan A, Ma Q, Wang J. Leucine, but not isoleucine or valine, affects serum lipid profiles and browning of WAT in mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:6712-6724. [PMID: 34160501 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00341k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAA), especially leucine (Leu), have been reported to decrease fat deposition. However, opposite effects of BCAA on lipid metabolism have been observed. To determine the role of BCAA in lipid metabolism, an amino acid-defined diet was formulated and C57BL/6J mice were assigned into the following groups: amino acid-defined control diet and control diet supplemented with Leu, isoleucine, or valine. Nitrogen was balanced by proportionally mixed amino acids except BCAA. Results showed that dietary Leu supplementation significantly increased the levels of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and urea nitrogen. Metabolomics showed that biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids was altered by Leu supplementation. Leu treatment up-regulated the expression of genes related to fat synthesis and down-regulated the expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis. Furthermore, the genes and proteins of selective markers involved in browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) were up-regulated by dietary supplementation with Leu. This study indicated that dietary supplementation with Leu, but not isoleucine or valine, significantly affected lipid metabolism by regulating lipid metabolism-related genes and serum fatty acid concentration, providing a new tool in the management of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Zhou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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8
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Huang C, Chiba L, Bergen W. Bioavailability and metabolism of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in pigs and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched pork: A review. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Cui X, Gou Z, Fan Q, Li L, Lin X, Wang Y, Jiang S, Jiang Z. Effects of dietary perilla seed oil supplementation on lipid metabolism, meat quality, and fatty acid profiles in Yellow-feathered chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5714-5723. [PMID: 31376347 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of the dietary replacement of 1% lard (CT) with 1% perilla oil (PO), 0.9% perilla oil + 0.1% anise oil (PA), or 0.9% perilla oil + 0.1% ginger oil (PG) on indices of lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, meat quality, and fatty acid profiles from Yellow-feathered chickens at day 63. Compared with the CT chickens, those given perilla oil had decreased (P < 0.05) plasma lipid levels including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TCH), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Hepatic TG, TCH levels, and fatty acid synthase activity were also decreased (P < 0.05) in chickens fed diets containing perilla oil. Abdominal fat percentage was significantly decreased in birds fed the PG compared to CT diets. Birds fed the PA or PG diets had increased (P < 0.05) hepatic total SOD, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase than in chickens given PO alone. In addition, the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in breast muscle was lower (P < 0.05) in birds fed PO compared with those given PG, and the reverse was true for content of malondialdehyde. Compared with the CT diet, the PO diet decreased breast muscle shear values and increased yellowness (b*) of breast muscle (P < 0.05). Birds fed the PA or PG diets had meat with better overall acceptability than those fed the CT diet. Chickens fed perilla oil diets exhibited higher contents of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), DHA (22:6n-3), polyunsaturated fatty acids, and n-3 fatty acids, together with a lower content of myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), total saturated fatty acids, and n-6/n-3 ratio compared to controls (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that perilla oil has the potential to decrease lipid-related indices and improve fatty acid profiles of breast meat in chickens without adverse effect on antioxidant status or meat quality; this was even better when perilla oil was given together with anise oil or ginger oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyong Gou
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qiuli Fan
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Long Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiajing Lin
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yibing Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shouqun Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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Metherel AH, Bazinet RP. Updates to the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway: DHA synthesis rates, tetracosahexaenoic acid and (minimal) retroconversion. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 76:101008. [PMID: 31626820 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the numerous families of lipid mediators derived from them collectively regulate numerous biological processes. The mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA regulate biological processes begins with an understanding of the n-3 biosynthetic pathway that starts with alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and is commonly thought to end with the production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). However, our understanding of this pathway is not as complete as previously believed. In the current review we provide a background of the evidence supporting the pathway as currently understood and provide updates from recent studies challenging three central dogma of n-3 PUFA metabolism. By building on nearly three decades of research primarily in cell culture and oral dosing studies, recent evidence presented focuses on in vivo kinetic modelling and compound-specific isotope abundance studies in rodents and humans that have been instrumental in expanding our knowledge of the pathway. Specifically, we highlight three main updates to the n-3 PUFA biosynthesis pathway: (1) DHA synthesis rates cannot be as low as previously believed, (2) DHA is both a product and a precursor to tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:6n-3) and (3) increases in EPA in response to DHA supplementation are not the result of increased retroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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11
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Metherel AH, Irfan M, Klingel SL, Mutch DM, Bazinet RP. Compound-specific isotope analysis reveals no retroconversion of DHA to EPA but substantial conversion of EPA to DHA following supplementation: a randomized control trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:823-831. [PMID: 31204771 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has long been believed that DHA supplementation increases plasma EPA via the retroconversion pathway in mammals. However, in rodents this increase in EPA is likely due to a slower metabolism of EPA, but this has never been tested directly in humans. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to use the natural variations in 13C:12C ratio (carbon-13 isotopic abundance [δ13C]) of n-3 PUFA supplements to assess n-3 PUFA metabolism following DHA or EPA supplementation in humans. METHODS Participants (aged 21.6 ± 2.2 y) were randomly assigned into 1 of 3 supplement groups for 12 wk: 1) olive oil control, 2) ∼3 g/d DHA, or 3) ∼3 g/d EPA. Blood was collected before and after the supplementation period, and concentrations and δ13C of plasma n-3 PUFA were determined. RESULTS DHA supplementation increased (P < 0.05) plasma EPA concentrations by 130% but did not affect plasma δ13C-EPA (-31.0 ± 0.30 to -30.8 ± 0.19, milliUrey ± SEM, P > 0.05). In addition, EPA supplementation did not change plasma DHA concentrations (P > 0.05) but did increase plasma δ13C-DHA (-27.9 ± 0.2 to -25.6 ± 0.1, P < 0.05) toward δ13C-EPA of the supplement (-23.5 ± 0.22). EPA supplementation increased plasma concentrations of EPA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-3) by 880% and 200%, respectively, and increased plasma δ13C-EPA (-31.5 ± 0.2 to -25.7 ± 0.2) and δ13C-DPAn-3 (-28.9 ± 0.3 to -25.0 ± 0.1) toward δ13C-EPA of the supplement. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show that the increase in plasma EPA following DHA supplementation in humans does not occur via retroconversion, but instead from a slowed metabolism and/or accumulation of plasma EPA. Furthermore, substantial amounts of supplemental EPA can be converted into DHA. δ13C of n-3 PUFA in humans is a powerful and underutilized tool that can track dietary n-3 PUFA and elucidate complex metabolic questions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03378232.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maha Irfan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon L Klingel
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Influence of dietary linseed oil as substitution of fish oil on whole fish fatty acid composition, lipid metabolism and oxidative status of juvenile Manchurian trout, Brachymystax lenok. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13846. [PMID: 31554849 PMCID: PMC6761147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, juvenile Manchurian trout, Brachymystax lenok (initial weight: 6.43 ± 0.02 g, mean ± SE) were received for nine weeks with five types of diets prepared by gradually replacing the proportion of fish oil (FO) with linseed oil (LO) from 0% (LO0) to 25% (LO25), 50% (LO50), 75% (LO75), and 100% (LO100). The eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) composition decreased with increasing inclusion level of LO (P < 0.05). With increasing LO inclusion level, triglyceride (TAG) content of serum increased significantly, however, there was a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (P < 0.05). LO substitution of FO up-regulated the gene expression level of lipid metabolism-related genes Fatty Acid Desaturases 6 (FAD6), Acetyl-Coa Carboxylase (ACCα), Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 (SREBP-1), and Sterol O- Acyl Transferase 2 (SOAT2), and down-regulated the gene expression level of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor a (PPARα) (P < 0.05). The SOD activities of both serum and liver in LO100 were significantly lower than in LO25 (P < 0.05). The CAT activity of the liver in LO100 was significantly lower than in LO0 and LO25 (P < 0.05). This study indicates that the Manchurian trout may have the ability to synthesize LC-PUFAs from ALA, and an appropriate LO in substitution of FO (<75%) could improve both the lipid metabolism and the oxidation resistance.
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13
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He Y, Luo X, Zhou B, Hu T, Meng X, Audano PA, Kronenberg ZN, Eichler EE, Jin J, Guo Y, Yang Y, Qi X, Su B. Long-read assembly of the Chinese rhesus macaque genome and identification of ape-specific structural variants. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4233. [PMID: 31530812 PMCID: PMC6749001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12174-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a high-quality de novo genome assembly (rheMacS) of the Chinese rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) using long-read sequencing and multiplatform scaffolding approaches. Compared to the current Indian rhesus macaque reference genome (rheMac8), rheMacS increases sequence contiguity 75-fold, closing 21,940 of the remaining assembly gaps (60.8 Mbp). We improve gene annotation by generating more than two million full-length transcripts from ten different tissues by long-read RNA sequencing. We sequence resolve 53,916 structural variants (96% novel) and identify 17,000 ape-specific structural variants (ASSVs) based on comparison to ape genomes. Many ASSVs map within ChIP-seq predicted enhancer regions where apes and macaque show diverged enhancer activity and gene expression. We further characterize a subset that may contribute to ape- or great-ape-specific phenotypic traits, including taillessness, brain volume expansion, improved manual dexterity, and large body size. The rheMacS genome assembly serves as an ideal reference for future biomedical and evolutionary studies. Comparative genomic analysis of human and primate relatives can reveal important biological and evolutionary insights. Here, the authors present a long-read assembly of the Chinese rhesus macaque genome and identify ape-specific structural variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxi He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Peter A Audano
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Zev N Kronenberg
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jie Jin
- Nextomics Biosciences, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yongbo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Xuebin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China. .,Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
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14
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Individual differences in EPA and DHA content of Atlantic salmon are associated with gene expression of key metabolic processes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3889. [PMID: 30846825 PMCID: PMC6405848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore how individual differences in content of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in skeletal muscle of slaughter-sized Atlantic salmon, are associated with expression of genes involved in key metabolic processes. All experimental fish were fed the same diet throughout life and fasted for 14 days prior to slaughter. Still, there were relatively large individual variations in EPA and DHA content of skeletal muscle. Higher DHA content was concurrent with increased expression of genes of the glycolytic pathway and the production of pyruvate and lactate, whereas EPA was associated with increased expression of pentose phosphate pathway and glycogen breakdown genes. Furthermore, EPA, but not DHA, was associated with expression of genes involved in insulin signaling. Expression of genes specific for skeletal muscle function were positively associated with both EPA and DHA. EPA and DHA were also associated with expression of genes related to eicosanoid and resolvin production. EPA was negatively associated with expression of genes involved in lipid catabolism. Thus, a possible reason why some individuals have a higher level of EPA in the skeletal muscle is that they deposit - rather than oxidize - EPA for energy.
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15
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Kalbe C, Priepke A, Nürnberg G, Dannenberger D. Effects of long-term microalgae supplementation on muscle microstructure, meat quality and fatty acid composition in growing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 103:574-582. [PMID: 30511431 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of long-term microalgae supplementation (7% in a piglet diet and 5% in a fattening diet) on muscle microstructure and meat quality, including fatty acid composition in female Landrace pigs (n = 31). The major effects were muscle-specific increases in n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) concentrations, resulting in increased accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Carcass traits and meat quality of longissimus thoracis muscle were not affected by the microalgae diet with the exception of reduced drip loss (p = 0.01) and increased protein proportion (p = 0.04). In addition, the microalgae diet resulted in a shift to a more oxidative myofibre type composition in semitendinosus but not longissimus thoracis muscle. In conclusion, microalgae supplementation offers a unique opportunity to enhance essential n-3 PUFA contents in pig meat. The results support small but coordinated changes in skeletal muscle phenotypic appearance and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kalbe
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Antje Priepke
- Institute of Livestock Farming, State Research Center of Agriculture and Fisheries Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Gerd Nürnberg
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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16
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Sirri R, Vitali M, Zambonelli P, Giannini G, Zappaterra M, Lo Fiego DP, Sami D, Davoli R. Effect of diets supplemented with linseed alone or combined with vitamin E and selenium or with plant extracts, on Longissimus thoracis transcriptome in growing-finishing Italian Large White pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:81. [PMID: 30479765 PMCID: PMC6245756 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Supplementing farm animals diet with functional ingredients may improve the nutritional quality of meat products. Diet composition has been also demonstrated to influence the gene expression with effect on biological processes and pathways. However, the knowledge on the effect of nutrients at the molecular level is scant. In particular, studies on the effects of antioxidants and polyphenols dietary supplementation have been investigated mainly in rodents, and only scarcely in farm animals so far. RNA-Seq with next-generation sequencing is increasingly the method of choice for studying changes in the transcriptome and it has been recently employed also in pig nutrigenomics studies to identify diet-induced changes in gene expression. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of diets enriched with functional ingredients (linseed, vitamin E and plant extracts) on the transcriptome of pig Longissimus thoracis to elucidate the role of these compounds in influencing genes involved in muscle physiology and metabolism compared to a standard diet. Results Eight hundred ninety-three significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (FDR adjusted P-value ≤ 0.05) were detected by RNA-Seq analysis in the three diet comparisons (D2-D1, D3-D1, D4-D1). The functional analysis of DEGs showed that the diet enriched with n-3 PUFA from linseed (D2) mostly downregulated genes in pathways and biological processes (BPs) related to muscle development, contraction, and glycogen metabolism compared to the standard diet. The diet supplemented with linseed and vitamin E/Selenium (D3) showed to mostly downregulate genes linked to oxidative phosphorylation. Only few genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) organization were upregulated by the D3. Finally, the comparison D4-D1 showed that the diet supplemented with linseed and plant extracts (D4) upregulated the majority of genes compared to D1 that were involved in a complex network of pathways and BPs all connected by hub genes. In particular, IGF2 was a hub gene connecting protein metabolism, ECM organization, immune system and lipid biosynthesis pathways. Conclusion The supplementation of pig diet with n-3 PUFA from linseed, antioxidants and plant-derived polyphenols can influence the expression of a relevant number of genes in Longissimus thoracis muscle that are involved in a variety of biochemical pathways linked to muscle function and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Sirri
- 1Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO), University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, I-47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Marika Vitali
- 1Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO), University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, I-47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Paolo Zambonelli
- 1Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO), University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, I-47521 Cesena, Italy.,2Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Giannini
- 2Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Zappaterra
- 2Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Pietro Lo Fiego
- 3Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Amendola 2, I-42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.,4Interdepartmental Research Centre for Agri-Food Biological Resources Improvement and Valorisation (BIOGEST-SITEIA), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, P. le Europa, 1, I-42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Dalal Sami
- 1Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO), University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, I-47521 Cesena, Italy.,2Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Davoli
- 1Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO), University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, I-47521 Cesena, Italy.,2Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
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17
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Vitali M, Dimauro C, Sirri R, Zappaterra M, Zambonelli P, Manca E, Sami D, Lo Fiego DP, Davoli R. Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid and antioxidant supplementation on the transcriptional level of genes involved in lipid and energy metabolism in swine. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204869. [PMID: 30286141 PMCID: PMC6171869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine fat traits depend mostly on the interaction between nutritional and genetic factors. However, the pathways and biological processes influenced by this interaction are still poorly known in pigs, although they can have a huge impact on meat quality traits. The present research provides new knowledge insight into the effect of four diets (D1 = standard diet; D2 = linseed supplementation; D3 = linseed, vitamin E and selenium supplementation; D4 = linseed and plant-derived polyphenols supplementation) on the expression of 24 candidate genes selected for their role in lipid and energy metabolism. The data indicated that 10 out of 24 genes were differentially expressed among diets, namely ACACA, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, CHREBP (MLXPL), ELOVL6, FASN, G6PD, PLIN2, RXRA and SCD. Results from the univariate analysis displayed an increased expression of ACACA, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, CHREBP, ELOVL6, FASN, PLIN2, RXRA and SCD in D4 compared to D2. Similarly, ACACA, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, ELOVL6 and SCD were highly expressed in D4 compared to D3, while no differences were observed in D2-D3 comparison. Moreover, an increased expression of G6PD and ELOVL6 genes in D4 compared to D1 was observed. Results from the multivariate analysis confirmed that D2 was not different from D3 and that ACACA, SCD and FASN expression made D4 different from D2 and D3. Comparing D4 and D1, the expression levels of ELOVL6 and ACACA were the most influenced. This research provides evidence that the addition of both n-3 PUFA and polyphenols, derived from linseed, grape-skin and oregano supplementation in the diets, stimulates the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and in oxidative processes. Results evidenced a greater effect on gene expression of the diet added with both plant extracts and n-3 PUFA, resulting in an increased expression of genes coding for fatty acid synthesis, desaturation and elongation in pig Longissimus thoracis muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Vitali
- Interdepartmental Centre of Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO) University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Corrado Dimauro
- Department of Agronomy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail: (CD); (RD)
| | - Rubina Sirri
- Interdepartmental Centre of Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO) University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Martina Zappaterra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Zambonelli
- Interdepartmental Centre of Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO) University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Dalal Sami
- Interdepartmental Centre of Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO) University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Domenico Pietro Lo Fiego
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre for Agri-Food Biological Resources Improvement and Valorisation (BIOGEST-SITEIA), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberta Davoli
- Interdepartmental Centre of Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO) University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Department of Agronomy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail: (CD); (RD)
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Metherel AH, Chouinard-Watkins R, Trépanier MO, Lacombe RJS, Bazinet RP. Retroconversion is a minor contributor to increases in eicosapentaenoic acid following docosahexaenoic acid feeding as determined by compound specific isotope analysis in rat liver. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:75. [PMID: 29209405 PMCID: PMC5704430 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) not only increases blood and tissue levels of DHA, but also eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3). It is generally believed that this increase is due to DHA retroconversion to EPA, however, a slower conversion of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) derived EPA to downstream metabolic products (i.e. slower turnover of EPA) is equally plausible. In this study, 21-day old Long Evans rats were weaned onto an ALA only or DHA + ALA diet for 12 weeks. Afterwards, livers were collected and the natural abundance 13C-enrichment was determined by compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of liver EPA by isotope ratio mass-spectrometry and compared to dietary ALA and DHA 13C-enrichment. Isotopic signatures (per mil, ‰) for liver EPA were not different (p > 0.05) between the ALA only diet (−25.89 ± 0.39 ‰, mean ± SEM) and the DHA + ALA diet (−26.26 ± 0.40 ‰), suggesting the relative contribution from dietary ALA and DHA to liver EPA did not change. However, with DHA feeding estimates of absolute EPA contribution from ALA increased 4.4-fold (147 ± 22 to 788 ± 153 nmol/g) compared to 3.2-fold from DHA (91 ± 14 to 382 ± 13 nmol/g), respectively. In conclusion, CSIA of liver EPA in rats following 12-weeks of dietary DHA suggests that retroconversion of DHA to EPA is a relatively small contributor to increases in EPA, and that this increase in EPA is largely coming from elongation/desaturation of ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Room 307, Fitzgerald Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Room 307, Fitzgerald Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Marc-Olivier Trépanier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Room 307, Fitzgerald Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - R J Scott Lacombe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Room 307, Fitzgerald Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Room 307, Fitzgerald Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada
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19
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de Tonnac A, Guillevic M, Mourot J. Fatty acid composition of several muscles and adipose tissues of pigs fed n-3 PUFA rich diets. Meat Sci 2017; 140:1-8. [PMID: 29477879 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During two months, sixty Pietrain×(Landrace×Large White) finishing pigs (50.7 to 115.2kg live weight) received diets containing various levels of C18:3n-3 from linseed and C22:6n-3 from Schizochytrium microalgae to increase the content of these fatty acids (FA) in their lean and fat tissues. Samples of tissues have been extracted from the carcass at the slaughterhouse. Tissues of pigs fed linseed had the highest C18:3n-3 and C20:3n-3 contents, while the C20:4, C20:5 and C22:6n-3 contents increased in tissues with microalgae diets. Diaphragm was fatter, but contained less monounsaturated FA, total n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) than longissimus thoracis et lumborum and semimembranosus muscles due to their different roles. The leaf fat was the most saturated and monounsaturated tissue, regardless of the diet. Adipose tissues located in extremities contained more n-3 and n-6 PUFA than adipose tissues located in the middle of the carcass. This study showed the existence of a PUFA gradient depending on tissue location.
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20
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Dietary Flaxseed Oil Prevents Western-Type Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Apolipoprotein-E Knockout Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3256241. [PMID: 29081885 PMCID: PMC5610846 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3256241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has dramatically increased globally during recent decades. Intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3), is believed to be beneficial to the development of NAFLD. However, little information is available with regard to the effect of flaxseed oil rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n-3), a plant-derived n-3 PUFA, in improving NAFLD. This study was to gain the effect of flaxseed oil on NAFLD and further investigate the underlying mechanisms. Apolipoprotein-E knockout (apoE-KO) mice were given a normal chow diet, a western-type high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (WTD), or a WTD diet containing 10% flaxseed oil (WTD + FO) for 12 weeks. Our data showed that consumption of flaxseed oil significantly improved WTD-induced NAFLD, as well as ameliorated impaired lipid homeostasis, attenuated oxidative stress, and inhibited inflammation. These data were associated with the modification effects on expression levels of genes involved in de novo fat synthesis (SREBP-1c, ACC), triacylglycerol catabolism (PPARα, CPT1A, and ACOX1), inflammation (NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1), and oxidative stress (ROS, MDA, GSH, and SOD).
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De Tonnac A, Karim-Luisset S, Mourot J. Effect of different dietary linseed sources on fatty acid composition in pig tissues. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ostermann AI, Reutzel M, Hartung N, Franke N, Kutzner L, Schoenfeld K, Weylandt KH, Eckert GP, Schebb NH. A diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids enhances expression of soluble epoxide hydrolase in murine brain. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 133:79-87. [PMID: 28583889 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) beneficially influences cognitive function. However, effects on the adult brain are not clear. Little is known about the impact of dietary intervention on the fatty acid profile in adult brain, the modulation in the expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism as well as changes in resulting oxylipins. These questions were addressed in the present study in two independent n3-PUFA feeding experiments in mice. Supplementation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 1% each in the diet) for 30days to adult NMRI and C57BL/6 mice led to a distinct shift in the brain PUFA pattern. While n3-PUFAs EPA, n3 docosapentaenoic acid and DHA were elevated, many n6-PUFAs were significantly decreased (except, e.g. C20:3 n6 which was increased). This shift in PUFAs was accompanied by immense differences in concentrations of oxidative metabolites derived from enzymatic conversion of PUFAs, esp. arachidonic acid whose products were uniformly decreased, and a modulation in the activity and expression pattern of delta-5 and delta-6 desaturases. In both mouse strains a remarkable increase in the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) activity (decreased epoxy-FA concentrations and epoxy-FA to dihydroxy-FA-ratios) as well as sEH expression was observed. Taking the high biological activity of epoxy-FA, e.g. on blood flow and nociceptive signaling into account, this finding might be of relevance for the effects of n3-PUFAs in neurodegenerative diseases. On any account, our study suggests a new distinct regulation of brain PUFA and oxylipin pattern by supplementation of n3-PUFAs to adult rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Irmgard Ostermann
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Reutzel
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicole Hartung
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Franke
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Laura Kutzner
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Schoenfeld
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten-Henrich Weylandt
- Medical Department, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology (including Metabolic Diseases), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Centre, Charité University Medicine, Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany; Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Diabetes, Ruppiner Kliniken, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Gunter Peter Eckert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany; Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Wang SH, Pan Y, Li J, Chen HQ, Zhang H, Chen W, Gu ZN, Chen YQ. Endogenous omega-3 long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis from alpha-linolenic acid is affected by substrate levels, gene expression, and product inhibition. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06728c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that dietary alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) increases the levels of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFAs)in vivo, but the conversion procedure and the genes involved remain poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-he Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Hai-qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Zhen-nan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
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