Interaction of gyrotactic moment of microorganisms and nanoparticles for magnetized and chemically reactive shear-thinning fluid with stratification phenomenon

Nanotechnology has gained substantial attention on account of its vast applications in food manufacturing, heat exchanges, electronic cooling systems, medical treatment, coolant processes, energy production, biotechnology, transportation, biochemistry, nuclear reactors, and metrology. Currently, the phenomenon of bioconvection using nanomaterials has found wide industrial and technical implementations. Contemporary nanofluids are a dynamic source for illuminating heat transport systems related to engineering as well as industrial phenomena. Bioconvection has numerous applications in bio-micro-systems, owing to the augmentation in mass renovation besides collaborating, which are vital complications in diverse micro-systems. This study intended to model and examine an incompressible, unsteady 3D Casson fluid nanofluid with bioconvection on a stretching surface. A model by means of these characteristics is beneficial in applications, such as in nuclear reactors, coolants in automobiles, metallurgical procedures, energy construction, micro-manufacturing, industrial engineering, and geophysical fluid mechanics along with dynamics. The performance of the Brownian motion along with thermophoresis diffusion is assumed through an extraordinary effect of thermal radiation in the temperature equation of the fluid movement. This model was created by using PDE, which was then converted into an ODE system. The somatic behavior of substantial parameters was investigated graphically. Similarly, tables were interpreted to display the effect of the control of physical quantities on the local Nusselt number, local Sherwood number, and motile density. Consequently, it was determined that the temperature of Casson fluid grew exponentially with higher estimates of the magnetic parameter and the thermal Biot number. At the same time, we detected that augmented estimation of the Lewis number decreases the Casson fluid concentration. For growing values of the parameters, Biot number and the stretching parameter, there is a direct reaction for the microorganism profile.

Seasonal Changes in Hematological Parameters in House Sparrows of Subtropical Pakistan

House sparrow is a globally adaptive bird. The way this creature adapted to all areas of the world, having different selection pressures, is interesting to understand. The present study is focused on seasonal changes, having different selection pressures and how it is adapted to these changes and whether hematological flexibility plays a role in this success. House sparrow's adaptations in the same area, during different seasons, have been studied in a sub-tropical area, Potohar, Pakistan. We used hematological parameter analysis for this purpose. Blood samples were collected from Sparrows in winter, spring, and summer and analyzed for some hematological parameters. White blood cells (WBCs) were higher in spring and summer which may relate to mating promiscuity. Sparrows were more stressed in summer. The Red blood cells (RBCs) and hematocrit (Hct) were greater in summer. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is lower in summer. This may have an adaptation to cope with high stress in summer as small-size RBCs increase gaseous exchange. Platelets were not affected by season or gender. Mean corpuscular volume and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) are positively correlated with each other. Red blood cells, hemoglobin (Hb) and MCV were higher in males during the spring season perhaps as an adaptation to energetic activities during spring like mating calls and search for nesting sites. White blood cells remained the same in both genders in summer and winter, and effected in spring may be related to the mating system. Behavioral state is linked with physiological states that shows tradeoff and life history traits. This study is a small effort to know this incredible species. We can work further in different parts of the world to explore different aspects of it.

Evaluation of Static Electric Field Exposure on Histopathological Structure and Function of Kidney and Liver in DMBA-Induced RAT (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769)

Intermediate frequency and low intensity static electric field have been developed for non-invasive cancer therapy nowadays. The evaluation of the vital organs, one of which is kidney and liver, is necessary for pre-clinical safety assessment. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of the intermediate frequency (150 kHz) and low intensity (18 Vpp) static electric fields in kidney tissue of rats induced by DMBA (7,12-Dimethylbenz [α] anthracene). This study was carried out in breast tumor models using Sprague Dawley (SD) rats induced with 7,12-Dimethylbenz [α] anthracene (DMBA) by 20 mg/kg body weight of dose ten times over five weeks. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups, namely: Non-induction Non-therapy (NINT), Non-Induction Therapy (NIT), Induction Non-Therapy (INT), and Induction Therapy (IT) groups. Static electric field therapy is carried out for 10 hours (resting 2 hours after 5 hours exposure) per day using the Electro-Capacitive Cancer Therapy (ECCT) individual enclosure for 21 days. The blood samples were collected before and after therapy for AST, ALT, and Creatinine measurement. The samples of liver and kidney were processed using Paraffin Method and Hematoxylin-Eosin Staining for histopathological observation. The histopathological score was determined using the ordinal method and post-examination masking. This study reveals that the 150 kHz and 18 Vpp static electric field therapy doesn’t significantly induce histopathological injuries on the liver and the kidney. Furthermore, it also does not have a negative impact on the creatinine, AST, and ALT levels of blood plasma.

Instability of modified Zakharov-Kuznetsov solitons in an inhomogeneous partially degenerate electron-ion magnetoplasma

Linear and nonlinear propagation characteristics of multidimensional drift ion-acoustic (IA) solitons are studied in an inhomogeneous partially degenerate electron-ion magnetoplasma. A modified Zakharov-Kuznetsov (mZK) equation is deduced, accounting for the longitudinal as well as the transverse dispersions. It is shown that the mZK equation admits a distinct solution, revealing excitation of a pulse-shaped soliton when the phase speed exceeds by the wave dispersion. For the instability condition of the waves, a novel growth rate (γ) is derived by modifying the standard small-k expansion scheme. The instability criterion, given for long-wavelength IA waves, has not been described elsewhere. Numerical analysis show that solitary pulses gain energy from the ion drift, involving into instability: it saturates with amplification of the unstable potentials. Similarly trapped electrons lead to unstable growth of the solitary waves by enhancing γ. This study is relevant to compact stars and to high-density facilities where density inhomogeneity ensues the unstable drift modes. The instability analysis is important in understanding anomalous diffusion, which reduces the lifespan (τ=γ^{-1}) of magnetically confined plasma.

Harnessing the power of hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) for improving fruit quality traits

Hydrogen sulphide (H₂ S) is a gaseous molecule and originates endogenously in plants. It is considered a potential signalling agent in various physiological processes of plants. Numerous reports have examined the role of H₂ S in fruit ripening and in enhancing fruit quality traits. H₂ S coordinates the fruit antioxidant system, fruit ripening phytohormones, such as ethylene and abscisic acid, together with other ripening-related signalling molecules, including nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide. Although many studies have increased understanding of various aspects of this complex network, there is a gap in understanding crosstalk of H₂ S with key players of fruit ripening, postharvest senescence and fruit metabolism. This review focused on deciphering fruit H₂ S metabolism, signalling and its interaction with other ripening-related signalling molecules during fruit ripening and postharvest storage. Moreover, we also discuss how H₂ S can be used as a tool for improving fruit quality and productivity and reducing postharvest loss of perishable fruits.

GC-MS analysis of organic fractions of Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. and their prokinetic propensity in animal models

Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. is herbaceous, monecious annual plant used traditionally to cure gastrointestinal disorders. The present study was carried out to find the bioactive compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential acute toxicity, and emetic activity present in the ethyl acetate fraction of Chrozophora tinctoria (EAFCT) and dichloromethane fraction of Chrozophora tinctoria (DCMFCT). The compounds detected in both fractions were mostly fatty acids, with about seven compounds in EAFCT and 10 in DCMFCT. These included pharmacologically active compounds such as imipramine, used to treat depression, or hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, an antioxidant, nematicide, pesticide, hypocholesterolemic, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- is used as a cancer preventive, antiarthritic, antihistaminic, hepatoprotective, insectifuge, nematicide, Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester have antifungal, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, 10-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester have the property to decrease blood cholesterol, Antioxidant and antimicrobial, 1-Eicosanol is used as an antibacterial, 1-Hexadecene has antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activities. Both DCMFCT and EAFCT fractions inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity with IC50 values of 10 µg and 130 µg, respectively. Both the fractions were found to be toxic in a dose-dependent manner, inducing emesis at 0.5g onward and lethargy and mortality from 3-5 g upwards. Both the fractions combined with distilled water showed highly emetic activity. The significant increase in the number of vomits was shown by EAFCT plus distilled water which are 7.50±1.29, 7.25±3.10, and 11.75±2.22 number of vomits at 1g, 2g, and 3g/kg concentration respectively, while DCMFCT plus distilled water showed 5.25±2.22, 7.50±2.52 and 10.25±2.22 number of vomits at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg correspondingly. The antiemetic standard drug metoclopramide has a higher impact against the emesis induced by both the fractions than dimenhydrinate. Metoclopramide decreases the number of vomits caused by EAFCT to 1.00±0.00, 2.00±0.00, 4.00±1.00 at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg sequentially, while dimenhydrinate decreases the number of vomits to 1.33±0.58, 2.33±1.15, 4.33±0.58 at 1g, 2, and 3g respectively. In the same way, Metochloprimide decreases the number of emesis caused by DcmCt from 5.25±2.22, 7.50±2.52, 10.25±2.22 to 1.33±0.58, 2.33±1.1, 4.33±0.58 at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg concentrations. The present study is the first documented report that scientifically validates the folkloric use of Chrozophora tinctoria as an emetic agent.

Chemical divergence of the Juglans Regia L. across districts Swat and Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Juglans regia L. are nutritious fruit bearing plants mostly found in Northern areas of Pakistan. The population of walnuts was explored from district Dir and Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan for their geographical, climatic and chemical divergence. The geographical differences such as altitude, latitude and longitude whereas climatic differences viz. soil EC, soil pH, precipitations, intensity of light, temperature and soil temperature. In both districts TPC ranged from 211.2±0.6 to 227.8±0.4 mg/100g, RSA ranged from 43.32±1.5% to 52.18±0.4%, conductivity ranged from 296.43±0.6 to 312.22±0.3 S/m and elemental composition such as iron, copper, calcium, zinc and magnesium in Dir differs from 0.312±0.032, 0.209±0.13, 20.0±0.313, 0.406±0.10 and 10.2±0.030 mg/L to 0.543±0.65, 0.698±0.82, 28.7±0.234, 0.685±0.15 and 17.6±0.015 mg/L respectively. Altitude and temperature showed a correlation with total phenolics contents and radical scavenging activity while soil pH, precipitations, soil temperature, soil Ec and light intensity indicated a weak correlation with chemical traits of walnuts. Further studies of walnuts are needed to explore their therapeutically important phytochemicals to succeed naturally pharmaceutical nutrients of the maximum significance for the health of human beings.

A comprehensive review on the documented characteristics of four Reticulitermes termites (Rhinotermitidae, Blattodea) of China

Termites are known as social insects worldwide. Presently in China 473 species, 44 genera and 4 families of termites have been reported. Of them, 111 Reticulitermes species are widely spread in different zones of China. The dispersion flight season of these Chinese Reticulitermes species are usually started from February to June, but in some regions different species are distributed, sharing their boundaries and having overlapping flight seasons. These reasons become important sources of hybridization between two different heterospecific populations of termites. It was confirmed that the fertilized eggs and unfertilized eggs of some Reticulitermes termites have the capacity of cleavage. While the unfertilized eggs of R. aculabialis, R. chinensis and R. labralis cleaved normally and the only R. aculabialis unfertilized eggs develop in embryos. While, the R. flaviceps and R. chinensis were observed with their abnormal embryonic development, and not hatching of eggs parthenogenetically. They were reported more threatening to Chinese resources as they propagate with parthenogenesis, hybridization and sexual reproduction. Eggshell and macrophiles of eggs play important roles in species identification and control. Although, they are severe pests and cause a wide range of damages to wooden structures and products in homes, buildings, building materials, trees, crops, and forests in China's Mainland.

Effects of Pasturella Multocida B:2 and its immunogens (LPS and OMP) on reproductive hormones in Nili-Ravi Buffaloes

Abstract Livestock is a fundamental part of the agriculture industry in Pakistan and contributes more than 11.53% to GDP. Among livestock species, the buffaloes are regarded as the black gold of Pakistan. Being the highest milk producers globally, Nili-Ravi buffaloes are the most famous ones. Buffaloes are affected by many endemic diseases, and "Hemorrhagic septicemia" (HS) is one of them. This study was designed to ascertain the effects of experimental exposure ofP. multocida B:2 (oral) and its immunogens, i.e., LPS (oral and intravenous) and OMP (oral and subcutaneous) on reproductive hormonal profiles in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Repeated serum samples were collected from the jugular vein of experimental animals for 21 days (0, 02, 04, 08, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 72, 120, 168, 216, 264, 360, 456 and 504 hours). Hormonal assays to determine the serum concentrations of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) were performed using (MyBioSource) commercial Elisa kits. The hormonal profile of all treatment groups of the buffalo heifers exhibited significant (P<0.05) variations as compared to the control group (G-1). These results indicate suppression in Nili-Ravi buffaloes' reproductive hormonal profile on exposure to P. multocida B:2 and its immunogens. This influence warrants that exposure to H.S may be a possible reason for delayed puberty and poor reproduction performance in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.

Ethnomedicinal and traditional uses of the Ferns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Ferns are often used by indigenous people in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This study was designed to collect the ethnomedicinal and traditional knowledge of these locals about this group of vascular plants. Forty taxa belong to nineteen genera and ten families are used in the treatment of different diseases. The Pteridaceae was the most representative family with twelve taxa (30%), followed by Athyriaceae and Dryopteridaceae with six taxa each (30%), and Thelypteridaceae with five taxa (12.5%). Regarding the genera, Adiantum, Asplenium and Dryopteris ranked first with four taxa each (30%), followed by Aleuritopteris, Diplazium, Pteris and Equisetum with three taxa each (30%), followed by Athyrium, Oeosporangium, Polystichum and Pseudophegopteris with two taxa each (20%). These taxa were commonly used in the treatment of respiratory disorders i.e. asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia; intestinal ulcer, stomach, urinary ailments and skin disorders by the methods of decoction and infusion. Traditional knowledge about ethnomedicinal plants is a valuable and essential source for the discovery of allopathic, herbal and homeopathic medicines.

Complete intracranial migration of ventriculoperitoneal shunt: a common procedure with a rare complication

Background

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion is widely used in the treatment of different kinds of hydrocephalus. Shunt failure is one of the most common complications; however complete intracranial shunt migration is rarely reported.

Case presentation

We report a case of an eleven-month-old girl with complete intracranial migration of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt (Chhabra Shunt). We removed this intracranially migrated shunt with the help of an endoscope (GAAB) and inserted a new Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt (Medtronic Shunt) on the opposite side. She had a good clinical outcome.

Conclusion

Complete intracranial shunt migration is an extremely rare complication. It is likely due to raised intra-peritoneal pressure, strong head movements, and inadequate shunt fixation. The best possible approach to prevent shunt migration would be better patient handling along with appropriate operative techniques.

Gender-based incidence, recovery period, and mortality rate of COVID-19 among the population of district Attock, Pakistan

COVID-19 is reported as an extremely contagious disease with common symptoms of fever, dry cough, sore throat, and tiredness. The published literature on incidence and gender-wise prevalence of COVID-19 is scarce in Pakistan. Therefore, the present study was designed to compare the distribution, incubation period and mortality rate of COVID-19 among the male and female population of district Attock. The data were collected between 01 April 2020 and 07 December 2020 from the population of district Attock, Pakistan. A total of 22,962 individuals were screened and 843 were found positive for RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2. The confirmed positive cases were monitored carefully. Among the positive cases, the incidence of COVID-19 was 61.7% among males and 38.2% among females. The average recovery period of males was 18.89±7.75 days and females were 19±8.40 days from SARS-CoV-2. The overall mortality rate was 8.06%. The death rate of male patients was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to female patients. Also, the mortality rate was higher (P<0.05) in male patients of 40-60 years of age compared to female patients of the same age group. Moreover, the mortality rate significantly increased (P<0.05) with the increase of age irrespective of gender. In conclusion, the incidence and mortality rate of COVID-19 is higher in males compared to the female population. Moreover, irrespective of gender the mortality rate was significantly lower among patients aged <40 years.

Effect of microwave plasma treatment on magnetic and photocatalytic response of manganese ferrite nanoparticles for wastewater treatment

The conventionally synthesized nano-ferrite materials do not possess bulk properties, generally required for their use in mainstream industry. To make ferrite nanoparticles clinically applicable materials, it is important to have good control over morphology and optical properties of these materials. In this study, low-pressure microwave plasma was used to tailor the structural properties and surface chemistry of manganese ferrite nanoparticles. A facile sol-gel method was used to prepare cubic spinal structures of manganese ferrite nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were exposed to oxygen plasma sustained with a microwave source for improving their magnetic and photocatalytic activities. The techniques like XRD, SEM, PL, UV-Vis DRS, transient photocurrent response and EIS were used to characterize the samples. The plasma treated nanoparticles were used to degraded methyl blue (MB) dye in the solution. The photocatalytic activity showed 85% degradation of MB after 100 min of exposure of visible light. The second part of the paper studied the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. The saturation magnetization decreased from 0.78 emu/g to 0.68 emu/g after plasma treatment of nanoparticles.

Histopathological alterations in gills, liver, kidney and muscles of Ictalurus punctatus collected from pollutes areas of River

Abstract Untreated sewage and industrial wastes from Faisalabad city are disposed to River Chenab through Chakbandi Main Drain (CMD). The present project is planned to investigate the effects of this freshwater pollution on the body of fish Ictalurus punctatus. The specimens of this fish species were collected upstream and downstream of the entrance of CMD into River Chenab. Fish gills, liver, kidney and muscles from dorsolateral regions of fish were subjected to histopathology. Farmed fish and fish from upstream areas were used as control. Fish collected from polluted experimental sites showed significant damage in selected organs. Gill tissues showed an abnormality in the form of an uplifting of the primary epithelium, fusion, vacuolation, hypertrophy, and necrosis. While liver tissues subjected to hepatocytes degeneration, necrosis, mitochondrial granular hepatocyte, and sinusoids dilation. Kidney tissues indicated increased bowmen space and constricted glomerulus and degenerated nephrons. Edema, necrosis, and atrophy were observed in muscle tissues of fish from polluted areas. Fish from the upstream area showed fused gill lamellae, inflammatory cell infiltration, hypertrophy and vacuolation in hepatocytes. Kidney tissues indicated the presence of nuclear tubular cells, destructive renal tubules, hemorrhage, and necrosis at tubular epithelium. Intra myofibril spaces were also observed in muscles. Specimens of control fish indicated no variation in gills, liver, kidney, and muscles. The present study revealed a strong correlation between the degree of tissue damage and environmental contamination. Present findings also compel global warnings to protect our water bodies and fish to rescue the human population.

Prevalence of and risk factors for respiratory symptoms in an adult urban population

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of and risk factors for respiratory symptoms in an adult urban Pakistani population.METHODS: We conducted a multi-stage, community-based, cross-sectional survey from May 2014 to August 2015, comprising 1629 adults from 75 random clusters in Karachi using questionnaire-based interviews.RESULTS: Around 60% of participants were females and 43% belonged to the >37 years age group. At least one respiratory symptom was reported by 37.5% of participants. Breathlessness was the most common symptom (25.2%, 95%CI 23.1-27.3), followed by acute wheeze (10.1%, 95%CI 8.7-11.7). Multivariable models revealed that males and those aged >37 years were more likely to report acute and chronic phlegm and bronchitis, and breathlessness. Participants with a higher level of education were less likely to report acute and chronic cough. Participants with >5 years pack-years of smoking were more likely to report acute and chronic cough and breathlessness. Other risk factors included passive smoking, regular use of air conditioning and mosquito coils, wet spots and mould in the house, and exposure to dusty jobs.CONCLUSION: We found breathlessness to be the most prevalent respiratory symptom and identified various risk factors for respiratory symptoms.

CYP1A2, 2A13, and 3A4 network and interaction with aflatoxin B1

Aspergillus fungi are known to produce aflatoxins, among which aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent carcinogen that is metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP450). In the liver, AFB1 is metabolised into exo-8,9-epoxide by the CYP1A2 enzymes. The resulting epoxide can react with guanine to cause DNA damage. Natural inhibitors are being identified. However, the modes of action are poorly understood. In the current study, we have investigated the mode of action of AFB1 with CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2A13 using molecular dynamic simulation (MD simulation) approaches. The interaction network and paths among CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2A13 have been investigated using the STRING database and PathLinker plugin of Cytoscape. CYP3A4 is the most active protein involved in interactions with AFB1 during its metabolism. Residues 362ARG, 445SER, 450LEU and 451PHE of CYP1A2 are important, interacting with AFB1 and converting it to toxic exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide (AFBEX). The pathway shows that microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) may acts as initiator in the signalling pathway where CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2A13 interact in a sequential order. The interaction network shows there to be a strong association in expression among CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2A13 along with other metabolising enzymes. The complex of AFB1 and CYP1A2 was found to be stable during the MD simulation. This study provides a better understanding of the mode of action between AFB1 and CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2A13 which relates to the effective management of AFB1 toxicity. EPHX1 in the protein network may be an ideal target when designing inhibitors to prevent the toxin’s activation. Peptide inhibitors may be designed to block the substrate site residues of CYP1A2 in order to prevent the conversion from AFB1 into AFBEX. This would either neutralise or reduce its toxicity.

Higher Increase in Plasma DHA in Females Compared to Males Following EPA Supplementation May Be Influenced by a Polymorphism in ELOVL2: An Exploratory Study

Young adult females have higher blood docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 22:6n-3 levels than males, and this is believed to be due to higher DHA synthesis rates, although DHA may also accumulate due to a longer half-life or a combination of both. However, sex differences in blood fatty acid responses to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 20:5n-3 or DHA supplementation have not been fully investigated. In this exploratory analysis, females and males (n = 14-15 per group) were supplemented with 3 g/day EPA, 3 g/day DHA, or olive oil control for 12 weeks. Plasma was analyzed for sex effects at baseline and changes following 12 weeks' supplementation for fatty acid levels and carbon-13 signature (δ¹³ C). Following EPA supplementation, the increase in plasma DHA in females (+23.8 ± 11.8, nmol/mL ± SEM) was higher than males (-13.8 ± 9.2, p < 0.01). The increase in plasma δ¹³ C-DHA of females (+2.79 ± 0.31, milliUrey (mUr ± SEM) compared with males (+1.88 ± 0.44) did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.10). The sex effect appears driven largely by increased plasma DHA in the AA genotype of females (+58.8 ± 11.5, nmol/mL ± SEM, n = 5) compared to GA + GG in females (+4.34 ± 13.5, n = 9) and AA in males (-29.1 ± 17.2, n = 6) for rs953413 in the ELOVL2 gene (p < 0.001). In conclusion, EPA supplementation increases plasma DHA levels in females compared to males, which may be dependent on the AA genotype for rs953413 in ELOVL2.

Ion-acoustic dipolar vortex in degenerate magnetoplasma with ions/electrons thermal corrections

Nonlinear evolution and propagation characteristics of an ion-acoustic (IA) dipolar vortex are examined in a magnetoplasma that comprises partially degenerate electrons and dynamic ions. The adiabatic ions reduce the quantum magnetohydrodynamic equations to a modified momentum equation. The latter admits a new solution and leads to an evolution equation for the description of a coherent IA dipolar vortex. Numerical analysis reveals that variations in the relevant plasma parameters alter the evolution condition for a stable vortex. The electron exchange-correlation enhances excitation of the vortex as it extends the parametric regime associated with the stable vortex solution. On the contrary, the ion temperature lessens the nonlinear evolution of the vortex. Importantly, a degree of enhancement in the exchange-correlation potential leads to the wave dispersion and-in return-widens the vortex potential spatially. The novel nature of the derived results stresses upon the comprehension of the ordered structures in the compact stars, the magnetic mirrors, the ionosphere, the pinch devices, etc., where thermal corrections significantly impact the waves dynamics.

On the evaluation of stratification based entropy optimized hydromagnetic flow featuring dissipation aspect and Robin conditions

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The scrutiny of nonlinear convected flow aspect has continuously appealed researchers attention because of its ample demands in processes like heat exchangers, building insulation, crystal growth, insulation of nuclear reactor, food processing, solar energy and electronic element chilling etc. Taking into consideration the aforesaid utilizations, we modeled differential type (second-grade) nanoliquid considering non-linear mixed convection. The considered differential type nonlinear model elaborates viscoelasticity (elastic and viscous) characteristics. Furthermore the thermal systems emphases on transportation of heat and irreversibility reduction. Especially, evaluating the systems via thermodynamic second relation is essential with the purpose of finding a standard communication between power input prerequisite and heat transference augmentation.

METHOD

Formulated non-dimensional problem is non-linear subject to the assumptions (i.e., Non-linear mixed convection, magnetic field, viscous dissipation, double stratification, Joule heating and convective conditions). Analytic simulations for modeled non-linear systems is not possible. Hence we considered bvp4c scheme for non-linear analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Velocity [Formula: see text] of second grade (non-Newtonian) fluid intensifies for larger estimations of R* and λ* whereas it dwindles for M. Temperature of nanoliquid deteriorates with S₁ while (θ(η)) rises against Ec. Entropy generation (EG) and (BN) (Bejan number) significantly affected by physical parameters M, α₂ and Br.

Exploring the features for flow of Oldroyd-B liquid film subjected to rotating disk with homogeneous/heterogeneous processes

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

In the working principle of magnetic devices, the thin film substances are the verified efficient ingredients. Several fields of physics and chemistry has taken advanced studies for the features and utilization of thin film for various aspects. Here, we extracted the features of thin film analysis for time-dependent Oldroyd-B liquid. More specifically, our emphasis is to explore transportation rate of mass/heat by considering mass/energy fluxes. Furthermore, space/temperature dependent heat source/sink are considered. Radiation aspects are taken into account for mathematical modeling of Oldroyd-B liquid. Additionally, Oldroyd-B liquid features are elaborated considering Dufour/Soret aspects. Moreover, the heated surface by convection and chemical aspects remained under consideration while designing the physical model.

METHOD

Feasible variables are employed to achieve nonlinear structure. Computational analysis of such a nonlinear structure is too easy. Therefore, we have engaged numerical technique (bvp4c technique) to solve nonlinear system.

RESULTS

Thickness of liquid film boosts for larger rotation whereas it dwindles against magnetic parameter. Liquid concentration intensifies for Soret number. Transportation rate of mass for larger rotation parameter.

CONCLUSION

Velocity components (Radial, axial, azimuthal) rises via higher ω. Velocity of liquid increase for greater (β₂) while reverse trend is detected for (β₁). Temperature of liquid dwindles for heat sink (A* < 0, B* < 0) parameters while (θ(η)) rises for (A* > 0, B* > 0).

1169 Innovative Exposure to Sleep Medicine for Medical Students

Introduction

Lack of exposure to the field of Sleep Medicine at the medical student level hinders sleep training. Instead of the traditional didactic style, there is a need for innovative collaborative measures to spark interest in the younger generation of learners. The goal of this educational endeavor was to introduce medical students to the field of Sleep Medicine through the platform of Student Interest Group in Neurology (SIGN).

Methods

An interactive session was conducted for SIGN at the University of Minnesota. 24 second-year medical students were divided into 6 groups. The session consisted of introduction, videos of common sleep disorders and interactive briefing afterward. 5-point Likert scale pre and post-session surveys were administered to measure the level of knowledge regarding sleep, familiarity with diagnostic tools, available education, pathways to Sleep Medicine, learner’s interest and impact of the session. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was performed to compare pre- and post-surveys.

Results

There was a significant improvement in measures of students’ knowledge about sleep diagnostic modalities (p =7.8*10-5), education received (p= 3.2*10-5) and pathways to sleep medicine (p=4.1*10-5). Survey also showed improvement in students’ interest in pursuing a Sleep Medicine career (p=0.07). There was no difference in knowledge about the importance of sleep for health (p=0.69). All of the students found the session to be informative.

Conclusion

Early exposure to sleep disorders in interactive format was well received by the medical students with significant improvement in scores regarding sleep education, awareness of diagnostic modalities, career pathway and interest in sleep medicine (p=0.07). Integration of exposure to Sleep Medicine within the medical curriculum in an innovative format should be done to instigate interest in this field. Further larger studies are warranted to evaluate the changes in the students’ interest in the subspecialty with an introduction in the early stages of their career.

Support

 

Entropy optimized stretching flow based on non-Newtonian radiative nanoliquid under binary chemical reaction

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Developed electronic mechanisms frequently deal with defies about thermal management from developed phase of heat diminution or generation of available surface area regarding heat exclusion. Such promising defy can be subjugated either by introducing an optimal geometry for chilling equipments or intensifying heat transportation attributes. Nanoliquid in this perspective executes an extraordinary function to address all such matters. Having such usefulness of entropy in view, we formulated the hydromagnetic non-Newtonian nanoliquid in frames of mixed convection. Nanoliquid model comprises Brownian movement and thermophoretic mechanisms. In addition, the novel mass transportation approach featuring binary chemically reacting species is introduced. Energy expression formulation is developed through dissipation phenomenon. Besides, new conditions for Buongiorno model along with radiating flux are considered.

METHOD

We obtained highly nonlinear structure. The computations of such structure are not easy. Thus we employed bvp4c scheme to tackle the nonlinear structure.

RESULTS

Heat transportation rate boosts subject to higher chemical reaction parameter in comparison to thermophoretic factor and Eckert number. The considered rheological model yields viscous nanoliquid situation when material factors are assumed zero. Entropy owing to habituation of respiring air is more in comparison to its frictional factor and during hefty physical action. Entropy subject to respiring air friction under respiratory region is much higher in comparison to air habituation factor.

CONCLUSION

Velocity rises via higher material parameter for thickening situation while opposing trend is witnessed for thinning nature of liquid. Entropy is meaningfully higher owing to breathing air condition rather than frictional impact towards tract. No doubt, entropy have a feasible association with respiratory thermoplasty which assists to handle asthma.

EPA and DHA have divergent effects on serum triglycerides and lipogenesis, but similar effects on lipoprotein lipase activity: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Comparative studies suggest that DHA may have stronger serum triglyceride-lowering effects than EPA; however, the molecular basis for this differential effect remains unexplored in humans. Differential regulation of lipogenesis and triglyceride clearance are 2 possible mechanisms of action.

OBJECTIVES

We compared the effects of EPA and DHA supplementation on serum triglycerides, markers of lipogenesis, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adults participating in a double-blind, multiarm, placebo-controlled parallel-group randomized trial. Lipogenesis was assessed with the lipogenic index and compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA).

METHODS

Young, healthy normolipidemic men and women (n = 89; 21.6 ± 0.23 y; mean ± SEM) were randomly allocated into 1 of 3 supplement groups for 12 wk: 1) olive oil, 2) ∼3 g EPA/d, and 3) ∼3 g DHA/d. Omega-3 supplements were provided in triglyceride form. Blood was collected before and after supplementation for the analysis of fatty acids and preheparin LPL activity. Variations in the 13C:12C ratio (δ13C) of palmitate (16:0) and linoleate (18:2n-6) were measured by CSIA.

RESULTS

DHA supplementation reduced blood triglycerides (0.85 ± 0.04 mmol/L to 0.65 ± 0.03 mmol/L; P < 0.01), with no change seen with EPA supplementation. DHA supplementation did not change the lipogenic index or δ13C-16:0, whereas EPA supplementation increased the lipogenic index by 11% (P < 0.01) and δ13C-16:0 (P = 0.03) from -23.2 ± 0.2 to -22.8 ± 0.2 milliUrey ± SEM.

CONCLUSIONS

Reduced triglyceride concentrations after DHA supplementation are associated with increased LPL activity, whereas the null effect of EPA supplementation on blood triglycerides may stem from the concomitant increases in lipogenesis and LPL activity. Further investigation of the differential triglyceride-lowering effects of EPA and DHA is warranted in both normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic individuals. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03378232.

Compound-specific isotope analysis reveals no retroconversion of DHA to EPA but substantial conversion of EPA to DHA following supplementation: a randomized control trial

BACKGROUND

It has long been believed that DHA supplementation increases plasma EPA via the retroconversion pathway in mammals. However, in rodents this increase in EPA is likely due to a slower metabolism of EPA, but this has never been tested directly in humans.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to use the natural variations in 13C:12C ratio (carbon-13 isotopic abundance [δ13C]) of n-3 PUFA supplements to assess n-3 PUFA metabolism following DHA or EPA supplementation in humans.

METHODS

Participants (aged 21.6 ± 2.2 y) were randomly assigned into 1 of 3 supplement groups for 12 wk: 1) olive oil control, 2) ∼3 g/d DHA, or 3) ∼3 g/d EPA. Blood was collected before and after the supplementation period, and concentrations and δ13C of plasma n-3 PUFA were determined.

RESULTS

DHA supplementation increased (P < 0.05) plasma EPA concentrations by 130% but did not affect plasma δ13C-EPA (-31.0 ± 0.30 to -30.8 ± 0.19, milliUrey ± SEM, P > 0.05). In addition, EPA supplementation did not change plasma DHA concentrations (P > 0.05) but did increase plasma δ13C-DHA (-27.9 ± 0.2 to -25.6 ± 0.1, P < 0.05) toward δ13C-EPA of the supplement (-23.5 ± 0.22). EPA supplementation increased plasma concentrations of EPA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-3) by 880% and 200%, respectively, and increased plasma δ13C-EPA (-31.5 ± 0.2 to -25.7 ± 0.2) and δ13C-DPAn-3 (-28.9 ± 0.3 to -25.0 ± 0.1) toward δ13C-EPA of the supplement.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we show that the increase in plasma EPA following DHA supplementation in humans does not occur via retroconversion, but instead from a slowed metabolism and/or accumulation of plasma EPA. Furthermore, substantial amounts of supplemental EPA can be converted into DHA. δ13C of n-3 PUFA in humans is a powerful and underutilized tool that can track dietary n-3 PUFA and elucidate complex metabolic questions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03378232.

Three dimensional ion-acoustic rogons in quantized anisotropic magnetoplasmas with trapped/untrapped electrons

Three-dimensional (3D) modulational instability (MI) and ion-acoustic (IA) envelopes are studied in a quantized degenerate magnetoplasma, whose constituents are the trapped/untrapped electrons and anisotropic positive ions. By using quantum hydrodynamic equations and the multiscale reductive perturbation technique, a 3D nonlinear Schrödinger equation is derived to account for electron quantization and ion pressure anisotrophy effects. The potential excitations are shown stable (unstable) against the perturbations for K_c<0(K_c>0), where K_c is a critical parameter that accounts for the longitudinal (transverse) dispersion(s) and nonlinearity effects. Numerically, the nonlinear evolution of IA wavepackets into a 3D MI may be revealed in the ranges of low and high frequencies 0<ω≤0.05 and 0.75≤ω≤1.1. The quantizing magnetic field reduces (enhances) the group speed (wave frequency) of IA excitations, concentrating the wave energy to favor the modulational instability. Finite electronic temperature (viz.,T_e≤10keV) enhances the untrapped electrons and significantly widens the instability domain K_c>0. The ionic pressure anisotropy increases the wave frequency (ω), piles up the harmonics under K_c>0, and give rise to modulational instability. The quantized magnetic field and anisotropic pressure reduce the amplitude and spatial extension of the IA rogons. This study is important for understanding the 3D MI and unstable excitations in degenerate plasmas, relevant to white dwarfs, neutron stars, and high-energy density experiments, where strong magnetic field quantizes the dynamics of trapped/untrapped electrons.

Utility of the microcolony method for evaluation of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Karachi, Pakistan

OBJECTIVE: To compare the microcolony method (MCM) with the reference culture method to evaluate culture conversion in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Adult patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture-positive MDR-TB undergoing second-line anti-tuberculosis treatment were recruited from two tertiary care chest clinics from January 2013 to October 2014. The MCM was performed in addition to MGIT™ and Löwenstein-Jensen medium (reference method) on sputum samples submitted on a monthly basis.RESULTS: Of 140 patients, culture conversion could be evaluated in 95 patients. The MCM showed 100% agreement with the reference M. tuberculosis culture in 83 of 95 patients who achieved culture conversion. In smear-positive and smear-negative cases, the mean time to positivity was 9.1 and 11.4 days for the MCM and 16.1 and 23.2 days for the reference M. tuberculosis culture respectively. The contamination rate for the MCM was 4.5% in comparison with 6.1% for the reference M. tuberculosis culture. The cost of MCM was estimated to be 30% that of the reference method.CONCLUSION: The MCM can be used in non-urban laboratories as a safe, rapid and cost-effective substitute for the reference M. tuberculosis culture to assess culture conversion in MDR-TB patients.Note: Abstract has been published in International Journal of Mycobacteriology 2015; 4: 159-160.

DHA Cycling Halves the DHA Supplementation Needed to Maintain Blood and Tissue Concentrations via Higher Synthesis from ALA in Long-Evans Rats

BACKGROUND

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) recommendations are frequently stated at 500 mg/d; however, adherence to these recommendations would result in a large global commercial EPA/DHA production deficit. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that acute DHA intake in rats can increase the capacity for synthesis-secretion of n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the utility of a dietary DHA cycling strategy that employs 2 wk of repeated DHA feeding for a total of 3 cycles over 12 wk.

METHODS

Male Long-Evans rats were fed a 10% fat diet by weight comprised of either 1) a 2-wk, 2% α-linolenic acid (ALA, DHA-ALA group 18:3n-3) diet followed by a 2-wk, 2% DHA + 2% ALA diet over 3 consecutive 4-wk periods ("DHA cycling," DHA-ALA group); 2) a 2% DHA + 2% ALA diet (DHA group) for 12 wk; or 3) a 2% ALA-only diet (ALA group) for 12 wk. At 15 wk old, blood and tissue fatty acid concentrations and liver mRNA expression and 13C-DHA natural abundances were determined.

RESULTS

DHA concentrations in plasma, erythrocytes, and whole blood between the DHA-ALA group and the DHA groups were not different (P ≥ 0.05), but were 72-110% higher (P < 0.05) than in the ALA group. Similarly, DHA concentrations in liver, heart, adipose, and brain were not different (P ≥ 0.05) between the DHA-fed groups, but were at least 62%, 72%, 320%, and 68% higher (P < 0.05) than in the ALA group in liver, heart, adipose, and skeletal muscle, respectively. Compound-specific isotope analysis indicated that 310% more liver DHA in the DHA-ALA group compared with the DHA group is derived from dietary ALA, and this was accompanied by a 123% and 93% higher expression of elongation of very long-chain (Elovl)2 and Elovl5, respectively, in the DHA-ALA group compared with the ALA group.

CONCLUSIONS

DHA cycling requires half the dietary DHA while achieving equal blood and tissue DHA concentrations in rats. Implementation of such dietary strategies in humans could reduce the gap between global dietary n-3 PUFA recommendations and commercial production.

Spin-orbit torque switching in a T-type magnetic configuration with current orthogonal to easy axes

Different symmetry breaking ways determine various magnetization switching modes driven by spin–orbit torques (SOT). For instance, an applied or effective field parallel to applied current is indispensable to switch magnetization with perpendicular anisotropy by SOT. Besides of this mode, here we experimentally demonstrate a distinct field-free switching mode in a T-type magnetic system with structure of MgO/CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB/MgO where a perpendicular layer with tilted easy axis was coupled to an in-plane layer with a uniaxial easy axis. Current was applied orthogonal to both easy axes and thus also normal to an in-plane effective field experienced by the perpendicular layer. Dynamic calculation shows perpendicular layer could be switched at the same time as the in-plane layer is switched. These field-free switching modes realized in the same T-type magnetic system might expedite the birth of multi-state spin memories or spin logic devices which could be operated by all electric manners.

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) induced magnetization switching facilitates all electric multi-state spin memories and spin logic devices. Here the authors show a new SOT field-free switching mode where the perpendicular layer with tilted easy axis is coupled to an in-plane layer with a uniaxial easy axis.

Experimental investigation and micromagnetic simulations of hybrid CoCr2O4/Ni coaxial nanostructures

Multiphase CoCr₂O₄/Ni core-shell nanowires (NWs) have been synthesized within anodic aluminum oxide membranes by the combination of the sol-gel method with electrodeposition techniques. X-ray diffraction and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy results confirmed the formation of a cubic spinel structure of CoCr₂O₄ shell with space group Fd-3m (227). The morphology and composition of the as-grown NWs were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy, as well as transmission electron microscopy. The magnetic properties of the CoCr₂O₄ NT shell and hybrid CoCr₂O₄/Ni NWs were measured at low temperature using a physical property measurement system. The temperature dependence of the magnetization curves showed that CoCr₂O₄ NTs undergo a transition from a paramagnetic state to a ferrimagnetic state at about 90 K and a spiral ordering transition temperature near 22 K. An enhanced coercivity and saturation field were observed for the CoCr₂O₄/Ni core-shell NWs compared to the single-phase Ni NWs. Micromagnetic simulation results indicated that there is a strong coupling between the shell and core layers during the magnetization reversal process. The combination of hard CoCr₂O₄ and soft Ni in a single NW structure may have potential applications in future multifunctional devices.