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Establishment of Transcriptional Gene Silencing Targeting the Promoter Regions of GFP, PDS, and PSY Genes in Cotton using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing. Mol Biotechnol 2022:10.1007/s12033-022-00610-0. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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2
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Qu W, Liang N, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Chu D. Minimum sample sizes for invasion genomics: Empirical investigation in an invasive whitefly. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:38-49. [PMID: 31988715 PMCID: PMC6972819 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of population genetics provides insights into the evolutionary processes, among which the sample size choice is per se a crucial issue in the analysis. Genome-wide high-throughput techniques based on RADseq have been increasingly used in studies on the population genomics of invasive species. However, there is little information available regarding optimal sample sizes for analyzing population genomics of invasive species. In this study, we first use type IIB endonucleases restriction site-associated DNA (2b-RAD) to mine thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for native and introduced populations in Q1 clade (SPB and 17JN) and Q2 clade (ISQ and UAS0601) of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MED (also known as B. tabaci biotype Q). Then, we used resampling techniques to create simulated populations with a random subset of individuals and 3,000 SNPs to determine how many individuals should be sampled for accurate estimates of intra- and interpopulation genetic diversity. We calculated the intrapopulation genetic diversity parameters (unbiased expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, and the number of effect alleles) and pairwise genetic differentiation F ST; finally, an ad hoc statistic, ΔK, was used to determine the optimal value. Our results showed that a sample size greater than four individuals (n ≥ 4) has little impact on estimates of genetic diversity within whitefly populations; moreover, precise estimate of F ST can be easily achieved at a very small simple size (n = 3 or 4). Our results will provide in-depth understanding of the optimization of sampling schemes in population genomics of invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan‐Mei Qu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Ni Liang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Zi‐Ku Wu
- Science and Information CollegeQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - You‐Gang Zhao
- Science and Information CollegeQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
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Competitive Displacement between Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 and MED and Evidence for Multiple Invasions of MED. INSECTS 2019; 11:insects11010035. [PMID: 31906186 PMCID: PMC7022974 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the severe ecological damage and economic loss caused by invasive species, the factors contributing to successful invasion or displacement remain elusive. The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is an important invasive agricultural pest worldwide, causing severe damage to numerous crops by feeding or transmitting plant viruses. In this study, we monitored the dynamics of two invasive whitefly cryptic species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), in Jiangsu, China, from 2005-2016. We found that B. tabaci MED quickly established and asserted dominance over MEAM1, resulting in their population displacement in Jiangsu in only three years (from 2005 to 2008). We further investigated the possible mechanisms underlying the successful invasion and competitive displacement from a genetic perspective. Based on sequencing of mitochondrial gene sequences from large numbers of whitefly samples, multiple invasion events of MED were validated by our genetic analyses. MED invaded Jiangsu starting from multiple introduction sites with secondary and/or subsequent invasive events. This may favor their invasion and displacement of MEAM1. This study advances our understanding of the mechanisms that enabled the successful invasion of MED.
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4
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Population genetic structure of Bemisia tabaci MED (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Korea. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220327. [PMID: 31344119 PMCID: PMC6657892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major agricultural pest that causes economic damages worldwide. In particular, B. tabaci MED (Mediterranean) has resulted in serious economic losses in tomato production of Korea. In this study, 1,145 B. tabaci MED females from 35 tomato greenhouses in different geographic regions were collected from 2016 to 2018 (17 populations in 2016, 13 in 2017, and five in 2018) and analyzed to investigate their population genetic structures using eight microsatellite markers. The average number of alleles per population (NA) ranged from 2.000 to 5.875, the expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.218 to 0.600, the observed heterozygosity (HO) ranged from 0.061 to 0.580, and the fixation index inbreeding coefficient (FIS) ranged from -0.391 to 0.872 over the three years of the study. Some significant correlation (p < 0.05) was present between genetic differentiations (FST) and geographical distance, and a comparatively high proportion of variation was found among the B. tabaci MED populations. The B. tabaci MED populations were divided into two well-differentiated genetic clusters within different geographic regions. Interestingly, its genetic structures converged into one genetic cluster during just one year. The reasons for this genetic change were speculated to arise from different fitness, insecticide resistance, and insect movement by human activities.
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5
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Tay WT, Elfekih S, Court LN, Gordon KHJ, Delatte H, De Barro PJ. The Trouble with MEAM2: Implications of Pseudogenes on Species Delimitation in the Globally Invasive Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Cryptic Species Complex. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:2732-2738. [PMID: 28985301 PMCID: PMC5647793 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular species identification using suboptimal PCR primers can over-estimate species diversity due to coamplification of nuclear mitochondrial (NUMT) DNA/pseudogenes. For the agriculturally important whitefly Bemisia tabaci cryptic pest species complex, species identification depends primarily on characterization of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (mtDNA COI) gene. The lack of robust PCR primers for the mtDNA COI gene can undermine correct species identification which in turn compromises management strategies. This problem is identified in the B. tabaci Africa/Middle East/Asia Minor clade which comprises the globally invasive Mediterranean (MED) and Middle East Asia Minor I (MEAM1) species, Middle East Asia Minor 2 (MEAM2), and the Indian Ocean (IO) species. Initially identified from the Indian Ocean island of Réunion, MEAM2 has since been reported from Japan, Peru, Turkey and Iraq. We identified MEAM2 individuals from a Peruvian population via Sanger sequencing of the mtDNA COI gene. In attempting to characterize the MEAM2 mitogenome, we instead characterized mitogenomes of MEAM1. We also report on the mitogenomes of MED, AUS, and IO thereby increasing genomic resources for members of this complex. Gene synteny (i.e., same gene composition and orientation) was observed with published B. tabaci cryptic species mitogenomes. Pseudogene fragments matching MEAM2 partial mtDNA COI gene exhibited low frequency single nucleotide polymorphisms that matched low copy number DNA fragments (<3%) of MEAM1 genomes, whereas presence of internal stop codons, loss of expected stop codons and poor primer annealing sites, all suggested MEAM2 as a pseudogene artifact and so not a real species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Tek Tay
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Acton, Australia
| | - Samia Elfekih
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Acton, Australia
| | - Leon N Court
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Acton, Australia
| | - Karl H J Gordon
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Acton, Australia
| | | | - Paul J De Barro
- CSIRO, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Secretory laccase 1 in Bemisia tabaci MED is involved in whitefly-plant interaction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3623. [PMID: 28620217 PMCID: PMC5472608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a phloem-feeding pest that lives predominantly on herbaceous species and causes serious damage to hosts. Whitefly saliva is thought to contain proteins that modulate plant defences and facilitate feeding. A predicted secreted protein, laccase 1 (LAC1), was found in the salivary gland transcriptome of B. tabaci and might be existed in the watery saliva of B. tabaci. As LAC1 has a potential role in detoxification of secondary plant compounds in insects, we speculated that it may participate in the insect’s response to plant defences. Here, we cloned the complete cDNA of LAC1 and found that (1) LAC1 was highly expressed in the salivary gland (SG) and midgut; (2) LAC1 transcript level in head (containing SG) was 2.1 times higher in plant-fed than in diet-fed whiteflies and 1.6 times higher in the head and 23.8 times higher in the midgut of whiteflies that fed on jasmonic acid (JA)-sprayed plants than on control plants; and (3) silencing LAC1 decreased the survival rate of plant-fed whiteflies but had a marginal effect on whiteflies raised on an artificial diet. These results indicate that LAC1 enables whiteflies to overcome the chemical defences of host plants and might act as an effector in saliva.
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7
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Population genetics of an alien whitefly in China: implications for its dispersal and invasion success. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2228. [PMID: 28533549 PMCID: PMC5440374 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive genotypes may be associated with their ability to access the invasion habitat. The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Q, has been an important agricultural pest in China since 2008. In order to identify the invasion routes and to provide insight into its invasion success in China, we analyzed the composition, distribution, and genetic diversity of mitochondrial haplotypes of B. tabaci Q. Samples were obtained from 23 provincial level administrative units in 2011, and analyses conducted based on the mtCOI. Our results revealed five haplotypes (abbreviated as Q1H1-Q1H5) were present in the Q1 subclade based on 773-bp mtCOI fragment analysis. The diversity of haplotypes indicated the B. tabaci Q populations were derived from multiple invasion sources originating from the western Mediterranean region. Among the haplotypes, Q1H1 was dominant, followed by Q1H2. The whitefly populations were generally characterized by low levels of genetic diversity based on the 773-bp mtCOI fragment. Similar results were obtained when the 657-bp fragment was analyzed using the procedure in a previous report. Potential mechanisms contributing to the dominance of the Q1H1 in China are also discussed. These results will be helpful in revealing the mechanisms that enabled the successful invasion of B. tabaci Q into the country.
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8
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Li XY, Chu D, Yin YQ, Zhao XQ, Chen AD, Khay S, Douangboupha B, Kyaw MM, Kongchuensin M, Ngo VV, Nguyen CH. Possible Source Populations of the White-backed Planthopper in the Greater Mekong Subregion Revealed by Mitochondrial DNA Analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39167. [PMID: 27991532 PMCID: PMC5171772 DOI: 10.1038/srep39167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a serious pest of rice in Asia. However, little is known regarding the migration of this pest insect from the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) including Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, and Vietnam, into China’s Yunnan Province. To determine the migration patterns of S. furcifera in the GMS and putative secondary immigration inside China’s Yunnan Province, we investigated the population genetic diversity, genetic structure, and gene flow of 42 S. furcifera populations across the six countries in the GMS by intensive sampling using mitochondrial genes. Our study revealed the potential emigration of S. furcifera from the GMS consists primarily of three major sources: 1) the S. furcifera from Laos and Vietnam migrate into south and southeast Yunnan, where they proceed to further migrate into northeast and central Yunnan; 2) the S. furcifera from Myanmar migrate into west Yunnan, and/or central Yunnan, and/or northeast Yunnan; 3) the S. furcifera from Cambodia migrate into southwest Yunnan, where the populations can migrate further into central Yunnan. The new data will not only be helpful in predicting population dynamics of the planthopper, but will also aid in regional control programs for this economically important pest insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yong Li
- Agriculture Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Yin
- Agriculture Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Xue-Qing Zhao
- Agriculture Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Ai-Dong Chen
- Agriculture Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Sathya Khay
- Plant Protection Office, Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh 01, Cambodia
| | - Bounneuang Douangboupha
- Horticulture Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Vientiane 7170, Lao PDR
| | - Mu Mu Kyaw
- Department of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Manita Kongchuensin
- Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10170, Thailand
| | - Vien Vinh Ngo
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chung Huy Nguyen
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Pandey N, Rajagopal R. Molecular characterization and diversity analysis of bacterial communities associated with Dialeurolonga malleswaramensis (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) adults using 16S rDNA amplicon pyrosequencing and FISH. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:704-711. [PMID: 25788442 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dialeurolonga malleswaramensis Sundararaj (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a phytophagous sap sucking insect. It infests Polyalthia longifolia, an important avenue tree of India, effective in alleviating noise pollution and having immense medicinal importance. Samples of this insect were collected from Polyalthia longifolia. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (mtCO1) helped in the molecular characterization of the insect. This study reports the bacterial diversity in D. malleswaramensis adults by high throughput 16S rDNA amplicon pyrosequencing. The major genera identified were Portiera and Arsenophonus. Other bacterial genera detected were uncultured alpha proteobacterium, Sphingopyxis and Methylobacterium. We also employed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in whole mount samples to confirm the presence of dominant endosymbionts Portiera and Arsenophonus to the bacteriocyte of D. malleswaramensis. This study concludes that combining techniques like 16S rDNA amplicon pyrosequencing and FISH reveal both dominant and rare bacteria. The data also predict the evolutionary position of this pest with respect to other whitefly species using a mitochondrial marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti Pandey
- Gut Biology Lab, Room No 117, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Raman Rajagopal
- Gut Biology Lab, Room No 117, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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10
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Tang XT, Ji Y, Chang YW, Shen Y, Tian ZH, Gong WR, Du YZ. Population genetic structure and migration patterns of Liriomyza sativae in China: moderate subdivision and no Bridgehead effect revealed by microsatellites. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:114-123. [PMID: 26615869 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae), an important invasive pest of ornamentals and vegetables has been found in China for the past two decades, few studies have focused on its genetics or route of invasive. In this study, we collected 288 L. sativae individuals across 12 provinces to explore its population genetic structure and migration patterns in China using seven microsatellites. We found relatively low levels of genetic diversity but moderate population genetic structure (0.05 < F ST < 0.15) in L. sativae from China. All populations deviated significantly from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to heterozygote deficiency. Molecular variance analysis revealed that more than 89% of variation was among samples within populations. A UPGMA dendrogram revealed that SH and GXNN populations formed one cluster separate from the other populations, which is in accordance with STRUCTURE and GENELAND analyses. A Mantel test indicated that genetic distance was not correlated to geographic distance (r = -0.0814, P = 0.7610), coupled with high levels of gene flow (M = 40.1-817.7), suggesting a possible anthropogenic influence on the spread of L. sativae in China and on the effect of hosts. The trend of asymmetrical gene flow was from southern to northern populations in general and did not exhibit a Bridgehead effect during the course of invasion, as can be seen by the low genetic diversity of southern populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-T Tang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China
| | - Y Ji
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China
| | - Y-W Chang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China
| | - Y Shen
- Agriculture and Forestry Bureau of Binhu District,Wuxi 214071,China
| | - Z-H Tian
- Plant Protection Station of Jiangsu Province,Nanjing 21003,China
| | - W-R Gong
- Plant Protection Station of Jiangsu Province,Nanjing 21003,China
| | - Y-Z Du
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China
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11
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Sequence variation of Bemisia tabaci Chemosensory Protein 2 in cryptic species B and Q: New DNA markers for whitefly recognition. Gene 2015; 576:284-91. [PMID: 26481237 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci Gennadius biotypes B and Q are two of the most important worldwide agricultural insect pests. Genomic sequences of Type-2 B. tabaci chemosensory protein (BtabCSP2) were cloned and sequenced in B and Q biotypes, revealing key biotype-specific variations in the intron sequence. A Q260 sequence was found specifically in Q-BtabCSP2 and Cucumis melo LN692399, suggesting ancestral horizontal transfer of gene between the insect and the plant through bacteria. A cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) method was then developed to differentiate B and Q based on the sequence variation in exon of BtabCSP2 gene. The performances of CSP2-based CAPS for whitefly recognition were assessed using B. tabaci field collections from Shandong Province (P.R. China). Our SacII based CAPS method led to the same result compared to mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-based CAPS method in the field collections. We therefore propose an explanation for CSP origin and a new rapid simple molecular method based on genomic DNA and chemosensory gene to differentiate accurately the B and Q whiteflies of the Bemisia complex around the world.
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12
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Zhou HX, Zhang RM, Tan XM, Tao YL, Wan FH, Wu Q, Chu D. Invasion Genetics of Woolly Apple Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in China. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:1040-1046. [PMID: 26470227 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In China, the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), was first detected as an invasive species during the 1910s to 1930s, restricted to Shandong, Liaoning, and Yunnan Provinces. However, since the 1990s, the pest has spread into many other areas of China. To determine the possible spread routes of the recently established populations, the genetic diversity and genetic structure of 24 populations in 10 provinces were analyzed using eight microsatellite loci. Analyses using STRUCTURE software identified two genetic clusters overall. Three populations from Yunnan and Xinjiang consisted of individuals originating from a single cluster. Nineteen populations from eight northern provinces consisted only of individuals from another cluster, which formed a single large and panmictic population, resembling a distinct "supercolony" in Northern China. The other two populations from Yunnan consisted of individuals from both clusters. The possible routes of spread of the recently established populations of E. lanigerum in China were revealed as follows: 1) the populations in Northern China (including these from Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shannxi, Jiangsu, and Gansu) may have been introduced from Shandong or Liaoning Provinces; 2) the populations in Yunnan consisted of an early-established population and a population introduced secondarily from Shandong or neighboring areas, indicating that the population in Yunnan has at least two sources; and 3) the recently established populations of E. lanigerum in Xinjiang might not have been introduced from the "supercolony" in Northern China. Knowledge of these routes of spread is useful for avoiding further dissemination and/or additional introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xu Zhou
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Rui-Ming Zhang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiu-Mei Tan
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Li Tao
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Hao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
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13
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Kollenberg M, Winter S, Götz M. Quantification and localization of Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Geminiviridae) in populations of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) with differential virus transmission characteristics. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111968. [PMID: 25365330 PMCID: PMC4218829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is one of the economically most damaging insects to crops in tropical and subtropical regions. Severe damage is caused by feeding and more seriously by transmitting viruses. Those of the genus begomovirus (Geminiviridae) cause the most significant crop diseases and are transmitted by B. tabaci in a persistent circulative mode, a process which is largely unknown. To analyze the translocation and to identify critical determinants for transmission, two populations of B. tabaci MEAM1 were compared for transmitting Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Insect populations were chosen because of their high and respectively low virus transmission efficiency to compare uptake and translocation of virus through insects. Both populations harbored Rickettsia, Hamiltonella and Wolbachia in comparable ratios indicating that endosymbionts might not contribute to the different transmission rates. Quantification by qPCR revealed that WmCSV uptake and virus concentrations in midguts and primary salivary glands were generally higher than TYLCV due to higher virus contents of the source plants. Both viruses accumulated higher in insects from the efficiently compared to the poorly transmitting population. In the latter, virus translocation into the hemolymph was delayed and virus passage was impeded with limited numbers of viruses translocated. FISH analysis confirmed these results with similar virus distribution found in excised organs of both populations. No virus accumulation was found in the midgut lumen of the poor transmitter because of a restrained virus translocation. Results suggest that the poorly transmitting population comprised insects that lacked transmission competence. Those were selected to develop a population that lacks virus transmission. Investigations with insects lacking transmission showed that virus concentrations in midguts were reduced and only negligible virus amounts were found at the primary salivary glands indicating for a missing or modified receptor responsible for virus attachment or translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kollenberg
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Winter
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Monika Götz
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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14
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Developing conversed microsatellite markers and their implications in evolutionary analysis of the Bemisia tabaci complex. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6351. [PMID: 25220501 PMCID: PMC4163675 DOI: 10.1038/srep06351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of population genetics among the Bemisia tabaci complex is limited due to the lack of conserved molecular markers. In this study, 358, 433 and 322 new polynucleotide microsatellites are separately identified from the transcriptome sequences of three cryptic species of the B. tabaci complex. The cross species transferability of 57 microsatellites was then experimentally validated. The results indicate that these markers are conserved and have high inter-taxon transferability. Thirteen markers were employed to assess the genetic relationships among six cryptic species of the B. tabaci complex. To our surprise, the inferred phylogeny was consistent with that of mitochondrial COI sequences, indicating that microsatellites have the potential to distinguish species of the B. tabaci complex. Our results demonstrate that development of microsatellites from transcriptome data is a fast and cost-effective approach. These markers can be used to analyze the population genetics and evolutionary patterns of the B. tabaci complex.
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Gao RR, Zhang WP, Wu HT, Zhang RM, Zhou HX, Pan HP, Zhang YJ, Brown JK, Chu D. Population structure of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), an invasive species from the Americas, 60 years after invading China. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:13514-28. [PMID: 25093716 PMCID: PMC4159808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150813514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was introduced into China more than 60 years ago, the genetic diversity and structure of this exotic insect pest and virus vector have not been studied. To investigate the population genetic characteristics of this invasive species and to identify potential invasion routes, the genetic diversity and population structure of 17 collections of T. vaporariorum from nine provinces in China were analyzed using seven microsatellite loci. The results of the analyses indicated that the genetic diversity for the populations examined from the four provinces: Jilin, Ningxia, Guizhou and Qinghai, was lower than the genetic diversity of populations from the five provinces: Yunnan, Shandong, Shanxi, Liaoning, and Gansu. The T. vaporariorum populations analyzed in this study grouped as two distinct genetic clusters based on the analysis using STRUCTURE, whereas, 8 clusters were identified based on the BAPS analysis. Of the 136 genetic distance (Fst) values, 128 (94%) were associated with a significant exact test. However, there was no significant relationship between Fst and geographical distance. These results demonstrate that populations of T. vaporariorum in China exhibit significant genetic differentiation, indicating the likelihood that multiple introductions of T. vaporariorum into China have occurred. Also, the populations collected from the provinces of Jilin, Ningxia, Guizhou and Qinghai appear to represent secondary introductions originating from other Chinese provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rui Gao
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Wen-Ping Zhang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Huai-Tong Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Rui-Ming Zhang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Hong-Xu Zhou
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Hui-Peng Pan
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - You-Jun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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16
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Competitive ability and fitness differences between two introduced populations of the invasive whitefly Bemisia tabaci Q in China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100423. [PMID: 24945699 PMCID: PMC4063783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our long-term field survey revealed that the Cardinium infection rate in Bemisia tabaci Q (also known as biotype Q) population was low in Shandong, China over the past few years. We hypothesize that (1) the Cardinium-infected (C+) B. tabaci Q population cannot efficiently compete with the Cardinium-uninfected (C−) B. tabaci Q population; (2) no reproductive isolation may have occurred between C+ and C−; and (3) the C− population has higher fitness than the C+ population. Methodology and Results To reveal the differences in competitive ability and fitness between the two introduced populations (C+ and C−), competition between C+ and C− was examined over several generations. Subsequently, the reproductive isolation between C+ and C− was studied by crossing C+ with C− individuals, and the fitnesses of C+ and C− populations were compared using a two-sex life table method. Our results demonstrate that the competitive ability of the C+ whiteflies was weaker than that of C−. There is that no reproductive isolation occurred between the two populations and the C− population had higher fitness than the C+ population. Conclusion The competitive ability and fitness differences of two populations may explain why C− whitefly populations have been dominant during the past few years in Shandong, China. However, the potential role Cardinium plays in whitefly should be further explored.
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17
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Evidence for rapid spatiotemporal changes in genetic structure of an alien whitefly during initial invasion. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4396. [PMID: 24637851 PMCID: PMC3957146 DOI: 10.1038/srep04396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci Q species is a recent invader and important pest of agricultural crops in China. This research tested the hypothesis that the Q populations that establish in agricultural fields in northern China each year are derived from multiple secondary introductions and/or local populations that overwinter in greenhouses (the pest cannot survive winters in the field in northern China). Here, we report the evidence that the Q populations in agricultural fields mainly derive from multiple secondary introductions. In addition, the common use of greenhouses during the winter in certain locations in northern China helps increase the genetic diversity and the genetic structure of the pest. The genetic structure information generated from this long-term and large-scale field analysis increases our understanding of B. tabaci Q as an invasive pest and has important implications for B. tabaci Q management.
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18
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Liu GX, Xuan N, Chu D, Xie HY, Fan ZX, Bi YP, Picimbon JF, Qin YC, Zhong ST, Li YF, Gao ZL, Pan WL, Wang GY, Rajashekar B. Biotype expression and insecticide response of Bemisia tabaci chemosensory protein-1. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 85:137-151. [PMID: 24478049 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are a group of small soluble proteins found so far exclusively in arthropod species. These proteins act in chemical communication and perception. In this study, a gene encoding the Type 1 CSP (BtabCSP1) from the agricultural pest Bemisia tabaci (whitefly) was analyzed to understand sequence variation and expression specificity in different biotypes. Sequence analysis of BtabCSP1 showed significant differences between the two genetically characterized biotypes, B and Q. The B-biotype had a larger number of BtabCSP1 mutations than the Q-biotype. Similar to most other CSPs, BtabCSP1 was more expressed in the head than in the rest of the body. One-step RT-PCR and qPCR analysis on total messenger RNA showed that biotype-Q had higher BtabCSP1 expression levels than biotype-B. Females from a mixed field-population had high levels of BtabCSP1 expression. The interaction of BtabCSP1 with the insecticide thiamethoxam was investigated by analyzing the BtabCSP1 expression levels following exposure to the neonicotinoid, thiamethoxam, in a time/dose-response study. Insecticide exposure increased BtabCSP1 expression (up to tenfold) at 4 and 24 h following 50 or 100 g/ml treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Xia Liu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement Cultivation and Physiology of Crops, Jinan, China
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19
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Legg JP, Sseruwagi P, Boniface S, Okao-Okuja G, Shirima R, Bigirimana S, Gashaka G, Herrmann HW, Jeremiah S, Obiero H, Ndyetabula I, Tata-Hangy W, Masembe C, Brown JK. Spatio-temporal patterns of genetic change amongst populations of cassava Bemisia tabaci whiteflies driving virus pandemics in East and Central Africa. Virus Res 2013; 186:61-75. [PMID: 24291251 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The greatest current threat to cassava in sub-Saharan Africa, is the continued expansion of plant virus pandemics being driven by super-abundant populations of the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci. To track the association of putatively genetically distinct populations of B. tabaci with pandemics of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), a comprehensive region-wide analysis examined the phylogenetic relationships and population genetics of 642 B. tabaci adults sampled from cassava in six countries of East and Central Africa, between 1997 and 2010, using a mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I marker (780 bases). Eight phylogenetically distinct groups were identified, including one, designated herein as 'East Africa 1' (EA1), not previously described. The three most frequently occurring groups comprised >95% of all samples. Among these, the Sub-Saharan Africa 2 (SSA2) group diverged by c. 8% from two SSA1 sub-groups (SSA1-SG1 and SSA1-SG2), which themselves were 1.9% divergent. During the 14-year study period, the group associated with the CMD pandemic expansion shifted from SSA2 to SSA1-SG1. Population genetics analyses of SSA1, using Tajima's D, Fu's Fs and Rojas' R2 statistics confirmed a temporal transition in SSA1 populations from neutrally evolving at the outset, to rapidly expanding from 2000 to 2003, then back to populations more at equilibrium after 2004. Based on available evidence, hybrid introgression appears to be the most parsimonious explanation for the switch from SSA2 to SSA1-SG1 in whitefly populations driving cassava virus pandemics in East and Central Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Legg
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PO Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Peter Sseruwagi
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, PO Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Simon Boniface
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PO Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Geoffrey Okao-Okuja
- National Agricultural Crops Resources Research Institute, PO Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rudolph Shirima
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PO Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Simon Bigirimana
- Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi, BP 173, Gitega, Burundi
| | | | | | - Simon Jeremiah
- Lake Zone Agricultural Research and Development Institute, PO Box 1433, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Willy Tata-Hangy
- Institut National Pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomique (INERA-DR Congo), BP 327, Cyangugu, Rwanda
| | | | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Spatial genetic heterogeneity in populations of a newly invasive whitefly in china revealed by a nation-wide field survey. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79997. [PMID: 24302995 PMCID: PMC3841195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though introductions of exotic species provide ready-made experiments of rapid evolution, few studies have examined the genetic structure of an exotic species shortly after its initial introduction and subsequent spread. To determine the genetic structure of its populations during the initial introduction, we investigated the invasive sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Q, commonly known as B. tabaci biotype Q) in China, which was introduced in approximately 2003. A total of 619 B. tabaci Q individuals in 20 provinces throughout China were collected and analyzed using five microsatellite loci. Results The introduced populations of B. tabaci Q in China represent eight genetic clusters with different geographic distributions. The populations in Yunnan Province, where B. tabaci Q was first detected, are genetically different from the other populations in China. Conclusion The introduced populations of B. tabaci Q in China have high spatial genetic heterogeneity. Additional research is required to determine whether the heterogeneity results from multiple introductions, rapid evolution following one or few introductions, or some combination of multiple introductions and rapid evolution. The heterogeneity, however, is inconsistent with a single introduction at Yunnan Province, where B. tabaci Q was first detected, followed by spread.
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21
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Anderson KL, Congdon BC. Population genetics suggest that multiple invasion processes need to be addressed in the management plan of a plant disease vector. Evol Appl 2013; 6:660-72. [PMID: 23789032 PMCID: PMC3684746 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a multidisciplinary approach is becoming increasingly important when developing management strategies that mitigate the economic and biological costs associated with invasive pests. A framework of simulated dispersal is combined with life-history information and analyses of population genetic structure to investigate the invasion dynamics of a plant disease vector, the island sugarcane planthopper (Eumetopina flavipes), through an archipelago of significant Australian quarantine concern. Analysis of eight microsatellite loci from 648 individuals suggests that frequent, wind-assisted immigration from multiple sources in Papua New Guinea contributes significantly to repeated colonization of far northern islands. However, intermittent wind-assisted immigration better explains patterns of genetic diversity and structure in the southern islands and on the tip of mainland Australia. Significant population structuring associated with the presence of clusters of highly related individuals results from breeding in-situ following colonization, with little postestablishment movement. Results also suggest that less important secondary movements occur between islands; these appear to be human mediated and restricted by quarantine zones. Control of the planthopper may be very difficult on islands close to Papua New Guinea given the apparent propensity for multiple invasion, but may be achievable further south where local populations appear highly independent and isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie L Anderson
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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22
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Skoracka A, Kuczyński L, Szydło W, Rector B. The wheat curl miteAceria tosichella(Acari: Eriophyoidea) is a complex of cryptic lineages with divergent host ranges: evidence from molecular and plant bioassay data. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skoracka
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology; Institute of Environmental Biology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 89; 61-614; Poznań; Poland
| | - Lechosław Kuczyński
- Department of Avian Biology and Ecology; Institute of Environmental Biology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 89; 61-614; Poznań; Poland
| | - Wiktoria Szydło
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology; Institute of Environmental Biology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 89; 61-614; Poznań; Poland
| | - Brian Rector
- USDA-ARS; Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit; Reno; NV; 89512; USA
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