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Sinclair BJ, Saruhashi S, Terblanche JS. Integrating water balance mechanisms into predictions of insect responses to climate change. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247167. [PMID: 38779934 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Efficient water balance is key to insect success. However, the hygric environment is changing with climate change; although there are compelling models of thermal vulnerability, water balance is often neglected in predictions. Insects survive desiccating conditions by reducing water loss, increasing their total amount of water (and replenishing it) and increasing their tolerance of dehydration. The physiology underlying these traits is reasonably well understood, as are the sources of variation and phenotypic plasticity. However, water balance and thermal tolerance intersect at high temperatures, such that mortality is sometimes determined by dehydration, rather than heat (especially during long exposures in dry conditions). Furthermore, water balance and thermal tolerance sometimes interact to determine survival. In this Commentary, we propose identifying a threshold where the cause of mortality shifts between dehydration and temperature, and that it should be possible to predict this threshold from trait measurements (and perhaps eventually a priori from physiological or -omic markers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, CanadaN6A 5B7
| | - Stefane Saruhashi
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, CanadaN6A 5B7
| | - John S Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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2
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Horgan FG. The Structure of Rice Stemborer Assemblages: A Review of Species' Distributions, Host Ranges, and Interspecific Interactions. INSECTS 2023; 14:921. [PMID: 38132595 PMCID: PMC10744004 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This review describes global rice stemborer assemblages based on published species distributions, apparent host preferences, and reported shifts in assemblage composition in response to environmental factors. At least 56 moth (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, Pyralidae, Noctuidae) and fly (Diptera: Diopsidae, Chloropidae) species have been associated with rice; however, only 21 species are of potential, large-scale economic importance with a further 2 species of localized concern; most of the remaining species' associations with rice are based on dubious records without economic impacts on rice production. A list of stemborer-host associations indicates that rice stemborers are largely oligophagous on grasses (Poaceae), but a few species are polyphagous (also attacking Cyperaceae, Typhaceae, and some Eudicotyledon plants). Total stemborer abundance is determined by rice cropping patterns and management. Assemblage species richness is determined by geographical location, surrounding habitat (particularly as regards secondary and occasional species), and season. Evidence suggests that stemborer assemblage structure is largely determined through conditional interspecific competition. Regional assemblages typically include a single dominant lepidopteran species (primary species) that is largely restricted to rice and for which the climate is optimal; one or more secondary species that vary based on the age of rice attacked, rice anatomy, and the proximity to other habitats (including other crops); and occasional species that probably spill over from adjacent grasslands. The co-occurrence of lepidopteran with dipteran rice stemborers requires further research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finbarr G. Horgan
- EcoLaVerna Integral Restoration Ecology, Bridestown, Kildinan, T56 P499 Co. Cork, Ireland;
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Casilla 7-D, Curicó 3430000, Chile
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3
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Moradinour Z, Wiklund C, Miettinen A, Gérard M, Baird E. Exposure to elevated temperature during development affects eclosion and morphology in the temperate Pieris napi butterfly (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). J Therm Biol 2023; 118:103721. [PMID: 38016229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has been identified as one of the main drivers of population decline in insect pollinators. One aspect of the insect life cycle that would be particularly sensitive to elevated temperatures is the developmental transition from larva to adult. Temperature-induced modifications to the development of body parts and sensory organs likely have functional consequences for adult behaviour. To date, we have little knowledge about the effect of sub-optimal temperature on the development and functional morphology of different body parts, particularly sensory organs, in ectothermic solitary pollinators such as butterflies. To address this knowledge gap, we exposed the pupae of the butterfly Pieris napi to either 23 °C or 32 °C and measured the subsequent effects on eclosion, body size and the development of the wings, proboscis, eyes and antennae. In comparison to individuals that developed at 23 °C, we found that exposure to 32 °C during the pupal stage increased mortality and decreased time to eclose. Furthermore, both female and male butterflies that developed at 32 °C were smaller and had shorter proboscides, while males had shorter antennae. In contrast, we found no significant effect of rearing temperature on wing and eye size or wing deformity. Our findings suggest that increasing global temperatures and its corresponding co-stressors, such as humidity, will impact the survival of butterflies by impairing eclosion and the proper development of body and sensory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arttu Miettinen
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5234, Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Maxence Gérard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emily Baird
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Gno-Solim Ela N, Olago D, Akinyi AD, Tonnang HE. Assessment of the effects of climate change on the occurrence of tomato invasive insect pests in Uganda. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13702. [PMID: 36865473 PMCID: PMC9971177 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The shift in the geographical spread of invasive pests in Africa has rarely been linked directly to climate change. However, it is predicted that environmental changes play a significant role in spreading and expanding pests. The occurrence of new tomato invasive insect pests has been increasing in Uganda during the past century. Assessing the impact of temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and windspeed on the occurrence of invasive tomato insect pests, gives a better understanding of managing and limiting the bio-invasion process sustainably. We used the Mann Kendall trend Test to establish trends in climate variables from 1981 to 2020 and to document the trend in the occurrence of new invasive pests. The relationship between climate variables and pests occurrence is analyzed using Pearson's correlation and the Generalized Linear Model (GLM-quasi-Poisson) in R-software. The results showed that temperature and windspeed have significantly increased in both Kampala and Namutumba by 0.049 °C, 0.005 m s-1and by 0.037 °C, 0.003 m s-1 per year respectively while in Mbale there was no change in wind speed pattern and a non-significant decrease in temperature. There was an overall rainfall increase in Kampala (p = 0.029) by 0.241 mm, Mbale (p = 0.0011) by 9.804 mm, and Namutumba (p = 0.394) by 0.025 mm. On the other hand, humidity has decreased both in Kampala (p = 0.001) by 13.3% and in Namutumba (p = 0.035) by 13.2% while there was a no significant change in Mbale. The results of GLM showed that each variable, taken individually, had a direct effect on the pests' occurrence in all three districts. However, with all these climate variables taken together, the effect on the pests' occurrence varied with each of the three districts; Kampala, Mbale, and Namutumba. This study demonstrated that pest occurrence is different from one agroecology to another. Our findings suggest that climate change is a driver that favors bio-invasion of tomato invasive insect pests occurrence in Uganda. It calls for awareness to policymakers and stakeholders to consider climate-smart pest management practices and policies to deal with bio-invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N'dakpaze Gno-Solim Ela
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya,Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Nairobi and South Eastern Kenya University, P. O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Olago
- Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Nairobi and South Eastern Kenya University, P. O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amwata Dorothy Akinyi
- Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Nairobi and South Eastern Kenya University, P. O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Henri E.Z. Tonnang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya,Corresponding author.
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Maestri R, Fiedler MS, Shenbrot GI, Surkova EN, Medvedev SG, Khokhlova IS, Krasnov BR. Harrison's rule scales up to entire parasite assemblages but is determined by environmental factors. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2888-2895. [PMID: 32936457 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Harrison's rule states that parasite body size and the body size of their hosts tend to be positively correlated. After it was proposed a century ago, a number of studies have investigated this trend, but the support level has varied greatly between parasite/host associations. Moreover, while the rule has been tested at the individual species level, we still lack knowledge on whether Harrison's rule holds at the scale of parasite and host communities. Here, we mapped flea (parasites) and rodent (hosts) body sizes across Mongolia and asked whether Harrison's rule holds for parasite/host assemblages (i.e. whether a parasite's average body size in a locality is positively correlated with its host's average body size). In addition, we attempted to disentangle complex relationships between flea size, host size and environmental factors by testing alternative hypotheses for the determinants of fleas' body size variation. We gathered occurrence data for fleas and rodents from 2,370 sites across Mongolia, constructed incidence matrices for both taxa and calculated the average body sizes of fleas and their hosts over half-degree cells. Then, we applied a path analysis, accounting for spatial autocorrelation, trying to disentangle the drivers of the correlation between parasite and host body sizes. We found a strong positive correlation between average flea and host size across assemblages. Surprisingly though, we found that environmental factors simultaneously affected the body sizes of both fleas and hosts in the same direction, leading to a most likely deceptive correlation between parasite and host size across assemblages. We suggest that environmental factors may, to a great extent, reflect the environmental conditions inside the hosts' burrows where fleas develop and attain their adult body size, thus influencing their larval growth. Similarly, rodent body size is strongly influenced by air temperature, in the direction predicted by Bergmann's rule. If our findings are valid in other host-parasite associations, this may explain the dissenting results of both support and lack thereof for Harrison's rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Maestri
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maico S Fiedler
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Georgy I Shenbrot
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute of Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institute of Desert Research, Ben-Gurion Univiversity of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Elena N Surkova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei G Medvedev
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina S Khokhlova
- Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, French Associates Institute for Agriculture, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute of Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institute of Desert Research, Ben-Gurion Univiversity of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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6
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Shi CH, Hu JR, Zhang YJ. The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on a Field Population of Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1927-1932. [PMID: 32484541 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The production of Chinese chives is reduced throughout China due to a root-feeding dipteran pest Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae), therefore deciphering the conditions influencing its growth and development are important in developing ecological control strategies. A study was conducted from 2014 to 2017 to determine the relationship between the abundance of B. odoriphaga and temperature (atmospheric and soil), soil water content, and atmospheric humidity in a Chinese chive field in Beijing City, China. Numbers of adults peaked in March and October to November and were lowest in July to August and December to next February; numbers of larvae were highest in December to next February and lowest in July to August. From 2014 to 2017, the numbers of adults and larvae were significantly correlated with monthly mean atmospheric temperatures and soil temperatures, but were not significantly correlated with monthly mean atmospheric relative humidity and soil water content. However, for both adults and larvae, numbers were significantly greater with high soil water contents compared with drought treatment. The results of this study suggest that the very low soil water contents, high atmospheric temperatures, and high soil temperatures were critical for regulating field populations of B. odoriphaga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Hua Shi
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P.R. China
- Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, Hubei Engineering Technology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Rong Hu
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - You-Jun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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7
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Dhillon MK, Hasan F, Tanwar AK, Jaba J, Singh N, Sharma HC. Genetic regulation of diapause and associated traits in Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Sci Rep 2020; 10:1793. [PMID: 32019977 PMCID: PMC7000748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diapause is an endocrine controlled arrested metabolic state to delay development or reproduction under unfavorable conditions. To gain an understanding of importance of diapause for ecological adaptation, it is important to study regulation of diapause in insects. We examined genetics of diapause in Chilo partellus by crossing the hibernating (HD), aestivating (AD), post-hibernating (PHD), post-aestivating (PAD), and nondiapause (ND) strains. Reciprocal crosses were also made to gain full understanding of diapause regulation and the maternal effects, if any. Data were recorded on fecundity, egg hatching, larval survival, diapause induction and termination, adult emergence, and morphometrics of larvae, pupae and adults in the parents (P1, P2), F1 hybrids, and the reciprocal crosses. Genetic analysis showed that AD strain is general combiner, which also improved egg hatching, larval survival, diapause termination, adult emergence and proportion of females in the progenies. Incidence of diapause was highest in HD × AD, whereas termination was greatest in PHD × AD. However, ND strain and its reciprocal crosses with other strains did not exhibit any noticeable developmental response associated with diapause. Specific combining ability analysis suggested that where PHD and AD strains exist together there will be likely reduction in diapause incidence, increased survival with greater fitness and faster multiplication of their progenies resulting in outbreak of C. partellus. Degree of dominance estimates revealed that diapause, developmental and morphometric traits in C. partellus are governed by over dominance gene effects, and mainly depend on parental diapause history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K Dhillon
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Fazil Hasan
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Aditya K Tanwar
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Naveen Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Hari C Sharma
- ICRISAT, Patancheru, 502324, Telangana, India.,Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, 173230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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8
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Ruslan SA, Muharam FM, Zulkafli Z, Omar D, Zambri MP. Using satellite-measured relative humidity for prediction of Metisa plana's population in oil palm plantations: A comparative assessment of regression and artificial neural network models. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223968. [PMID: 31626637 PMCID: PMC6799924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Metisa plana (Walker) is a leaf defoliating pest that is able to cause staggering economical losses to oil palm cultivation. Considering the economic devastation that the pest could bring, an early warning system to predict its outbreak is crucial. The state of art of satellite technologies are now able to derive environmental factors such as relative humidity (RH) that may influence pest population’s fluctuations in rapid, harmless, and cost-effective manners. This study examined the relationship between the presence of Metisa plana at different time lags and remote sensing (RS) derived RH by using statistical and machine learning approaches. Metisa plana census data of cumulated larvae instar 1, 2, 3, and 4 were collected biweekly in 2014 and 2015 in an oil palm plantation in Muadzam Shah, Pahang, Malaysia. Relative humidity values derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite images were apportioned to 6 time lags; 1 week (T1), 2 weeks (T2), 3 week (T3), 4 weeks (T4), 5 week (T5) and 6 weeks (T6) and paired with the respective census data. Pearson’s correlation was carried out to analyse the relationship between Metisa plana and RH at different time lags. Regression analyses and artificial neural network (ANN) were also conducted to develop the best prediction model of Metisa plana’s outbreak. The results showed relatively high correlations, positively or negatively, between the presences of Metisa plana with RH ranging from 0.46 to 0.99. ANN was found to be superior to regression models with the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) between the actual and predicted Metisa plana values ranging from 0.06 to 0.57 versus 0.00 to 0.05. The analysis on the best time lags illustrated that the multiple time lags were more influential on the Metisa plana population than the individual time lags. The best Metisa plana prediction model was derived from T1, T2 and T3 multiple time lags modelled using the ANN algorithm with R2 value of 0.57, errors below 1.14 and accuracies above 93%. Based on the result of this study, the elucidation of Metisa plana’s landscape ecology was possible with the utilization of RH as the predictor variable in consideration of the time lag effects of RH on the pest’s population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Aisyah Ruslan
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farrah Melissa Muharam
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Zed Zulkafli
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dzolkhifli Omar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Pilus Zambri
- Department of Agronomy and Innovation, TH Plantations Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
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Adeyinka OS, Tabassum B, Nasir IA, Yousaf I, Sajid IA, Shehzad K, Batcho A, Husnain T. Identification and validation of potential reference gene for effective dsRNA knockdown analysis in Chilo partellus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13629. [PMID: 31541183 PMCID: PMC6754392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chilo partellus is an invasive polyphagous pest that has not been effectively managed with chemical pesticides. To select potential dsRNAs for use in an alternate control strategy, it is crucial to identify and evaluate stable reference genes for knockdown expression studies. This study evaluates the expression stability of seven candidate reference genes in C. partellus larvae fed on crude bacterially-expressed dsRNAs and purified dsRNAs at different time intervals, as well as the developmental stages and sexes. The expression stabilities of the reference genes were evaluated with different software programmes, such as BestKeeper, NormFinder, deltaCt, geNorm, and RefFinder. The overall results rank ELF as the most stably expressed reference gene when larvae were fed with crude bacteria-induced dsRNAs and purified dsRNA. However, Tubulin and HSP70 were more stable under different developmental stages and sexes. The expression levels of larvae that were fed crude bacteria-induced dsRNAs of Chitinase and Acetylcholinesterase were normalized with the four most stable reference genes (ELF, HSP70, V-ATPase and Tubulin) and the least stable reference gene (18S and HSP70) based on the geNorm algorithm. The least stable reference gene showed inconsistent knockdown expression, thereby confirming that the validation of a suitable reference gene is crucial to improve assay accuracy for dsRNA-targeted gene selection in C. partellus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawale Samuel Adeyinka
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Tabassum
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan.
| | - Idrees Ahmad Nasir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Yousaf
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Ahmad Sajid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | | | - Anicet Batcho
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
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10
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Dhillon MK, Hasan F, Tanwar AK, Bhadauriya AS. Factors responsible for estivation in spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2019; 331:326-340. [PMID: 31111690 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Diapause is an important adaptive trait in certain groups of insects at a particular stage, which contribute in controlling insect ecology, phenology, and physiology. Considering the importance of various factors in appropriate combinations, we studied effects of different temperature and photoperiod conditions on larval morphometrics, development, induction, and termination of estivation, and overall mortality due to estivation in Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Weight, length, and head capsule width of C. partellus larvae significantly increased with increase in temperature and photoperiod treatments upto certain age and duration of exposure. According to Dyar's ratio, overall head capsule width progressed geometrically with minimum constant ratio of 1.20, and second-degree polynomial regression equations were best fitted to all the test treatment conditions. The mortality of diapausing C. partellus individuals varied between 7.0% and 37.3% under different constant and varying temperature and photoperiod regimes, which at 38°C + 14L:10D reached upto 100.0%. However, the exposure to 30°C + 12.5L:11.5D and 32°C + 13L:11D along with dry food accelerated the process of estivation, wherein the diapause larval survival was significantly higher and overall mortality of individuals due to diapause was lower suggesting these conditions appropriate for induction of estivation in C. partellus. These studies have implications for better understanding the bioecology and population regulation system under varying climatic conditions and devising novel strategies for management of C. partellus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K Dhillon
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Fazil Hasan
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya K Tanwar
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Amarpal S Bhadauriya
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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11
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Life-stage related responses to combined effects of acclimation temperature and humidity on the thermal tolerance of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J Therm Biol 2019; 79:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Uyi OO, Zachariades C, Marais E, Hill MP. Reduced mobility but high survival: thermal tolerance and locomotor response of the specialist herbivore, Pareuchaetes insulata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), to low temperatures. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:448-457. [PMID: 27974070 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Disentangling the responses of insects to variations in their thermal environment is central to our understanding of the evolution of temperature-dependent performance in these species. Here, we report results of experiments examining the effects of high (upper lethal temperature = ULT) and low (lower lethal temperature = LLT) temperature and exposure time on the survival of larvae and adults of a multivoltine, nocturnal moth species, Pareuchaetes insulata, a biological control agent whose impact on an invasive weed, Chromolaena odorata has been variable in South Africa. The influence of temperature and acclimation on locomotion performance of the moth was also investigated. Temperature and duration of exposure significantly affected survival of both adults and larvae of P. insulata with more extreme temperatures and/or longer durations proving to be more lethal. Third instar larvae and adults are both freeze intolerant and had LT50 of -5.9 and -4.7°C, respectively, after a 2 h exposure. Although cold acclimation was beneficial to the nocturnal larvae, temperatures below 10°C significantly reduce their locomotion activities. The average daily minimum temperatures in the coldest months at three locations in South Africa are over 5°C lower than those of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA, where P. insulata was originally collected. Our results suggest that lethal high or low temperatures at short timescales are trivial in explaining the variable performance of P. insulata, but reduced locomotion at sub-lethal temperatures may be an important driver of the population dynamics of the biocontrol agent (especially in winter months) and may consequently explain the low population levels of the moth because of possible reduced feeding by larvae during night-time low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Uyi
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology,University of Benin,P.M.B. 1154, Benin City,Nigeria
| | - C Zachariades
- ARC - Plant Protection Research Institute,Private Bag X6006, Hilton 3245,South Africa
| | - E Marais
- Centre for Invasion Biology,Stellenbosch University,Private Bag X01, Matieland 7602,South Africa
| | - M P Hill
- Department of Zoology and Entomology,Rhodes University,P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140,South Africa
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Dhillon MK, Hasan F, Tanwar AK, Bhadauriya AS. Effects of thermo-photoperiod on induction and termination of hibernation in Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:294-302. [PMID: 27829469 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Determination of critical threshold for induction and termination of diapause (hibernation) are important for better understanding the bio-ecology and population dynamics of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) under varying climatic conditions. We studied initiation and termination of hibernation under five temperature and photoperiod regimes viz., 27°C + 12L:12D, 22°C + 11.5L:12.5D, 18°C + 11L:13D, 14°C + 10.5L:13.5D and 10°C + 10L:14D under fixed and ramping treatments, and the observations were recorded on various phenological and developmental characteristics at weekly intervals. Present studies revealed that the induction of hibernation in C. partellus larvae takes from 46 to 56 days depending upon temperature and photoperiod conditions. Induction of hibernation varied from 7.9 to 18.3% across treatment conditions, indicating that not all C. partellus larvae undergo diapause under prevailing environmental conditions. Weight, length and head capsule width of diapausing larvae were found significantly lower than the non-diapausing larvae. The non-diapausing C. partellus larvae required a thermal threshold of 1068 degree-days under ambient conditions, while in case of hibernating larvae it varied significantly across treatment conditions. Diapausing larvae underwent up to five supernumerary moults, wherein highest percentage of diapausing larvae (35.7%) exhibited two supernumerary moults. The developmental time of diapausing larvae varied from 94.9 to 160.4 days across treatments. A population loss of 17.2-28.3% was recorded in C. partellus due to hibernation, which has implications for population buildup of post-hibernation first brood and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Dhillon
- Division of Entomology,ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi 110012,India
| | - F Hasan
- Division of Entomology,ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi 110012,India
| | - A K Tanwar
- Division of Entomology,ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi 110012,India
| | - A S Bhadauriya
- Division of Entomology,ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi 110012,India
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Tamiru A, Bruce TJA, Richter A, Woodcock CM, Midega CAO, Degenhardt J, Kelemu S, Pickett JA, Khan ZR. A maize landrace that emits defense volatiles in response to herbivore eggs possesses a strongly inducible terpene synthase gene. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2835-2845. [PMID: 28428873 PMCID: PMC5395458 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) emits volatile terpenes in response to insect feeding and egg deposition to defend itself against harmful pests. However, maize cultivars differ strongly in their ability to produce the defense signal. To further understand the agroecological role and underlying genetic mechanisms for variation in terpene emission among maize cultivars, we studied the production of an important signaling component (E)-caryophyllene in a South American maize landrace Braz1006 possessing stemborer Chilo partellus egg inducible defense trait, in comparison with the European maize line Delprim and North American inbred line B73. The (E)-caryophyllene production level and transcript abundance of TPS23, terpene synthase responsible for (E)-caryophyllene formation, were compared between Braz1006, Delprim, and B73 after mimicked herbivory. Braz1006-TPS23 was heterologously expressed in E. coli, and amino acid sequences were determined. Furthermore, electrophysiological and behavioral responses of a key parasitic wasp Cotesia sesamiae to C. partellus egg-induced Braz1006 volatiles were determined using coupled gas chromatography electroantennography and olfactometer bioassay studies. After elicitor treatment, Braz1006 released eightfold higher (E)-caryophyllene than Delprim, whereas no (E)-caryophyllene was detected in B73. The superior (E)-caryophyllene production by Braz1006 was positively correlated with high transcript levels of TPS23 in the landrace compared to Delprim. TPS23 alleles from Braz1006 showed dissimilarities at different sequence positions with Delprim and B73 and encodes an active enzyme. Cotesia sesamiae was attracted to egg-induced volatiles from Braz1006 and synthetic (E)-caryophyllene. The variation in (E)-caryophyllene emission between Braz1006 and Delprim is positively correlated with induced levels of TPS23 transcripts. The enhanced TPS23 activity and corresponding (E)-caryophyllene production by the maize landrace could be attributed to the differences in amino acid sequence with the other maize lines. This study suggested that the same analogous genes could have contrasting expression patterns in different maize genetic backgrounds. The current findings provide valuable insight not only into genetic mechanisms underlying variation in defense signal production but also the prospect of introgressing the novel defense traits into elite maize varieties for effective and ecologically sound protection of crops against damaging insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanuel Tamiru
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE)NairobiKenya
| | - Toby J. A. Bruce
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Annett Richter
- Institute of PharmacyMartin Luther University HalleHalle (Saale)Germany
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
| | - Christine M. Woodcock
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | | | - Jörg Degenhardt
- Institute of PharmacyMartin Luther University HalleHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Segenet Kelemu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE)NairobiKenya
| | - John A. Pickett
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Zeyaur R. Khan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE)NairobiKenya
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Glatz J, du Plessis H, Van den Berg J. The effect of temperature on the development and reproduction of Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:39-48. [PMID: 27809937 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on the reproduction and development of Busseola fusca was studied under laboratory conditions. Single male-female pairs were confined to oviposition chambers kept at 15, 20, 26 and 30 ± 1°C and a 14L:10D photoperiod. Data on reproduction parameters were captured daily. Oviposition occurred at all the mentioned temperatures but no fertility was recorded at 30°C. The total number of eggs laid per female moth was between 300 and 400 and the optimum temperature for oviposition and fertility was between 20 and 26°C. Larval development was studied at five different temperature regimes, i.e. 15, 18, 20, 26 and 30 ± 1°C and a 14L:10D photoperiod. The most favourable temperature as well as the upper threshold temperature for larval development was between 26 and 30°C. Total development period was 152.6-52.6 days, respectively, at 15°C, and 26-30°C. The thermal constants for B. fusca was 99.50, 536.48, 246.25 and 893.66°D and lower temperature thresholds were 10.36, 8.14, 8.99 and 8.84°C, for completion of the egg, larval, pupal and egg-to-adult stages, respectively. Results on the thermal constants and lower and upper threshold temperatures of B. fusca can be used to predict the impact of climate change on the distribution and population growth of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Glatz
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management,North-West University,Private Bag X6001,Potchefstroom 2520,South Africa
| | - H du Plessis
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management,North-West University,Private Bag X6001,Potchefstroom 2520,South Africa
| | - J Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management,North-West University,Private Bag X6001,Potchefstroom 2520,South Africa
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16
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Yonow T, Kriticos DJ, Ota N, Van Den Berg J, Hutchison WD. The potential global distribution of Chilo partellus, including consideration of irrigation and cropping patterns. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2016; 90:459-477. [PMID: 28275325 PMCID: PMC5320010 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-016-0801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chilo partellus is a major crop pest in Asia and Africa, and has recently spread to the Mediterranean region. Knowledge of its potential distribution can inform biosecurity policies aimed at limiting its further spread and efforts to reduce its impact in areas that are already invaded. Three models of the potential distribution of this insect have been published, each with significant shortcomings. We re-parameterized an existing CLIMEX model to address some parameter inconsistencies and to improve the fit to the known distribution of C. partellus. The resulting model fits the known distribution better than previous models, highlights additional risks in equatorial regions and reduces modelled risks in wet and extremely dry regions. We bring new insights into the role of irrigation in the potential spread of this invasive insect and compare its potential distribution with the present known distribution of its hosts. We also distinguish regions that are suitable for supporting persistent populations from those that may be at risk from ephemeral populations during favourable seasons. We present one of the first demonstrations of a new capability in CLIMEX to automatically estimate parameter sensitivity and model uncertainty. Our CLIMEX model highlights the substantial invasion risk posed by C. partellus to cropping regions in the Americas, Australia, China, Europe, New Zealand and West Africa. Its broad host range and reported impacts suggest that it should be a pest of significant concern to biosecurity agencies in these presently uninvaded regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Yonow
- HarvestChoice, InSTePP, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
- CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2600 Australia
| | - Darren J. Kriticos
- HarvestChoice, InSTePP, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
- CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2600 Australia
| | - Noboru Ota
- CSIRO, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913 Australia
| | - Johnnie Van Den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa
| | - William D. Hutchison
- Department of Entomology, Harvest Choice, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
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Chen HS, Yang L, Huang LF, Wang WL, Hu Y, Jiang JJ, Zhou ZS. Temperature- and Relative Humidity-Dependent Life History Traits of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvales: Malvaceae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:1230-1239. [PMID: 26314069 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a worldwide distributive invasive pest, originated from the United States, and it was first reported in Guangdong province, China, in 2008. The effects of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the life history traits of P. solenopsis on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvales: Malvaceae) were studied at seven constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, and 35°C) and three RHs (45, 60, and 75%). The results showed that temperature, RH, and their interactions significantly influenced the life history traits of P. solenopsis. First instar was the most sensitive stage to extreme temperatures with very low survival rates at 15 and 35°C. At 25-32.5°C and the three RHs, the developmental periods of entire immature stage were shorter with values between 12.5-18.6 d. The minimum threshold temperature and the effective accumulative temperature for the pest to complete one generation were 13.2°C and 393.7 degree-days, respectively. The percentage and longevity of female adults significantly differed among different treatments. It failed to complete development at 15 or 35°C and the three RHs. Female fecundity reached the maximum value at 27.5°C and 45% RH. The intrinsic rate for increase (r), the net reproductive rate (R0), and the finite rate of increase (λ) reached the maximum values at 27.5°C and 45% RH (0.22 d(-1), 244.6 hatched eggs, and 1.25 d(-1), respectively). Therefore, we conclude that 27.5°C and 45% RH are the optimum conditions for the population development of the pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China. The authors contributed equally to this work
| | - L Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China. The authors contributed equally to this work
| | - L F Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - W L Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Y Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China. College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - J J Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Z S Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Khadioli N, Tonnang ZEH, Muchugu E, Ong'amo G, Achia T, Kipchirchir I, Kroschel J, Le Ru B. Effect of temperature on the phenology of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera, Crambidae); simulation and visualization of the potential future distribution of C. partellus in Africa under warmer temperatures through the development of life-table parameters. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:809-822. [PMID: 25229840 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) is a major staple food in Africa. However, maize production is severely reduced by damage caused by feeding lepidopteran pests. In East and Southern Africa, Chilo partellus is one of the most damaging cereal stem borers mainly found in the warmer lowland areas. In this study, it was hypothesized that the future distribution and abundance of C. partellus may be affected greatly by the current global warming. The temperature-dependent population growth potential of C. partellus was studied on artificial diet under laboratory conditions at six constant temperatures (15, 18, 20, 25, 28, 30, 32 and 35 °C), relative humidity of 75±5% and a photoperiod of L12:L12 h. Several non-linear models were fitted to the data to model development time, mortality and reproduction of the insect species. Cohort updating algorithm and rate summation approach were stochastically used for simulating age and stage structure populations and generate life-table parameters. For spatial analysis of the pest risk, three generic risk indices (index of establishment, generation number and activity index) were visualized in the geographical information system component of the advanced Insect Life Cycle modeling (ILCYM) software. To predict the future distribution of C. partellus we used the climate change scenario A1B obtained from WorldClim and CCAFS databases. The maps were compared with available data on the current distribution of C. partellus in Kenya. The results show that the development times of the different stages decreased with increasing temperatures ranging from 18 to 35 °C; at the extreme temperatures, 15 and 38 °C, no egg could hatch and no larvae completed development. The study concludes that C. partellus may potentially expands its range into higher altitude areas, highland tropics and moist transitional regions, with the highest maize potential where the species has not been recorded yet. This has serious implication in terms of food security since these areas produce approximately 80% of the total maize in East Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Khadioli
- Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health,P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi,Kenya
| | - Z E H Tonnang
- Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health,P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi,Kenya
| | - E Muchugu
- Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health,P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi,Kenya
| | - G Ong'amo
- Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health,P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi,Kenya
| | - T Achia
- School of Mathematics,University of Nairobi,P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi,Kenya
| | - I Kipchirchir
- School of Mathematics,University of Nairobi,P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi,Kenya
| | - J Kroschel
- International Potato Center,Apartado 1558, Lima 12,Peru
| | - B Le Ru
- Unité de Recherche IRD 072,Icipe - African Insect Science for Food and Health,P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi,KenyaorUniversité Paris-Sud 11,91405 Orsay cedex,France
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19
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Tamiru A, Bruce TJA, Woodcock CM, Caulfield JC, Midega CAO, Ogol CKPO, Mayon P, Birkett MA, Pickett JA, Khan ZR. Maize landraces recruit egg and larval parasitoids in response to egg deposition by a herbivore. Ecol Lett 2011; 14:1075-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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