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Dias SDC, de Brida AL, Jean-Baptiste MC, Leite LG, Ovruski SM, Lee JC, Garcia FRM. Compatibility of Entomopathogenic Nematodes with Chemical Insecticides for the Control of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:632. [PMID: 38475479 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is a pest that reduces the productivity of small fruits. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and chemical insecticides can suppress this pest, but the compatibility of the two approaches together requires further examination. This laboratory study evaluated the compatibility of Steinernema brazilense IBCBn 06, S. carpocapsae IBCBn 02, Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCBn 24, and H. bacteriophora HB with ten chemical insecticides registered for managing D. suzukii pupae. In the first study, most insecticides at the recommended rate did not reduce the viability (% of living infective juveniles (IJs)) of S. braziliense and both Heterorhabditis species. The viability of S. carpocapsae was lowered by exposure to spinetoram, malathion, abamectin, azadirachtin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, and spinetoram after 48 h. During infectivity bioassays, phosmet was compatible with all the EPNs, causing minimal changes in infectivity (% pupal mortality) and efficiency relative to EPN-only controls, whereas lambda-cyhalothrin generally reduced infectivity of EPNs on D. suzukii pupae the most, with a 53, 75, 57, and 13% reduction in infectivity efficiency among H. bacteriophora, H. amazonensis, S. carpocapsae, and S. brazilense, respectively. The second study compared pupal mortality caused by the two most compatible nematode species and five insecticides in various combinations. Both Heterorhabditis species caused 78-79% mortality among D. suzukii pupae when used alone, and were tested in combination with spinetoram, malathion, azadirachtin, phosmet, or novaluron at a one-quarter rate. Notably, H. bacteriophora caused 79% mortality on D. suzukii pupae when used alone, and 89% mortality when combined with spinetoram, showing an additive effect. Novaluron drastically reduced the number of progeny IJs when combined with H. amazonensis by 270 IJs and H. bacteriophora by 218. Any adult flies that emerged from EPN-insecticide-treated pupae had a shorter lifespan than from untreated pupae. The combined use of Heterorhabditis and compatible chemical insecticides was promising, except for novaluron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio da Costa Dias
- Department of Ecology, Zoology and Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Lima de Brida
- Department of Ecology, Zoology and Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Garrigós Leite
- Centro Experimental de Campinas, Instituto Bilógico, Rod. Heitor Penteado km 3, Campinas 13001-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio M Ovruski
- IEMEN, Biological Pest Control Division, PROIMI Biotechnology, CCT NOA Sur-CONICET, Belgrano y Pje, Caseros Aveniew, San Miguel de Tucumán T4001MVB, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jana C Lee
- Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330-5014, USA
| | - Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia
- Department of Ecology, Zoology and Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil
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Survival and efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes on exposed surfaces. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4629. [PMID: 35301390 PMCID: PMC8931053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) species differ in their capability to withstand rapid desiccation (RD). Infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae are a better adaptable and tolerant than Steinernema feltiae or Heterorhabditis bacteriophora as, an optimal RH of > 90% is required by S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora while maintaining RH equivalent to 74% could sustain survival of S. carpocapsae under RD. Our findings from infectivity suggest that following application, shrunk IJs are acquired passively by the larvae, probably rehydrate and resume infection within the insect gut. Water loss rate is a key factor affecting survival of S. carpocapsae on exposed surfaces. The present study provides the foundation for characterizing mechanism of rapid rate of water loss in EPN. ATR-FTIR is a rapid and reliable method for analysis of water loss. Changes in peak intensity was observed at 3100–3600 cm−1 (OH bonds of water), 2854 cm−1 (CH stretching of symmetric CH2, acyl chains), 2924 cm−1 (CH stretching of anti-symmetric CH2, lipid packing heterogeneity), 1634 cm−1 (amide I bonds) indicate major regions for hydration dependent changes in all EPN species. FTIR data also indicates that, S. carpocapsae contains strong water interacting regions in their biochemical profile, which could be an influencing factor in their water holding capacity under RD. ATR-FTIR were correlated to water content determined gravimetrically by using Partial Least square –Regression and FTIR multivariate method, which could be used to screen a formulation’s potential to maintain or delay the rate of water loss in a rapid and efficient manner.
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Carstensen HR, Villalon RM, Banerjee N, Hallem EA, Hong RL. Steroid hormone pathways coordinate developmental diapause and olfactory remodeling in Pristionchus pacificus. Genetics 2021; 218:6272519. [PMID: 33963848 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental and behavioral plasticity allow animals to prioritize alternative genetic programs during fluctuating environments. Behavioral remodeling may be acute in animals that interact with host organisms, since reproductive adults and the developmentally arrested larvae often have different ethological needs for chemical stimuli. To understand the genes that coordinate the development and host-seeking behavior, we used the entomophilic nematode Pristionchus pacificus to characterize dauer-constitutive mutants (Daf-c) that inappropriately enter developmental diapause to become dauer larvae. We found two Daf-c loci with dauer-constitutive and cuticle exsheathment phenotypes that can be rescued by the feeding of Δ7-dafachronic acid, and that are dependent on the conserved canonical steroid hormone receptor Ppa-DAF-12. Specifically at one locus, deletions in the sole hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) in P. pacificus resulted in Daf-c phenotypes. Ppa-hsd-2 is expressed in the canal-associated neurons (CANs) and excretory cells whose homologous cells in Caenorhabditis elegans are not known to be involved in the dauer decision. While in wildtype only dauer larvae are attracted to host odors, hsd-2 mutant adults show enhanced attraction to the host beetle pheromone, along with ectopic activation of a marker for putative olfactory neurons, Ppa-odr-3. Surprisingly, this enhanced odor attraction acts independently of the Δ7-DA/DAF-12 module, suggesting that Ppa-HSD-2 may be responsible for several steroid hormone products involved in coordinating the dauer decision and host-seeking behavior in P. pacificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Carstensen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
| | - Reinard M Villalon
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
| | - Navonil Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elissa A Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ray L Hong
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
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Ebrahimi L, Niknam G, Dunphy GB. Hemocyte responses of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, and the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, to the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2011; 11:75. [PMID: 21867441 PMCID: PMC3281463 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.7501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyte encapsulation reactions of infective juveniles of two Iranian isolates of the entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditina: Heterorhabditidae) and Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Tylenchina: Steinernematidae), were compared in the economic pest Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The former was a more responsive host than the latter and the hemocyte responses occurred sooner and more extensively. Complete encapsulation of some of the nematodes occurred by 4 h post injection for H. bacteriophora in both L. decemlineata and G. mellonella, and by 2 h pi for S. feltiae in L. decemlineata. The percentage of encapsulation from 24 h to 72 h pi in L. decemlineata was 86.2% for S. feltiae and 39% for H. bacteriophora. In G. mellonella there were no encapsulation or melanization responses against S. feltiae, whereas when H. bacteriophora was encapsulated and melanized (16.7%) the encapsulation level was lower than in L. decemlineata. This study may contribute to effectively selecting entomopathogenic nematode species active against significant economic pests based on the latter's cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ebrahimi
- Nematology Lab., Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - G. Niknam
- Nematology Lab., Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - G. B. Dunphy
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Quebec, Canada
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Fife JP, Derksen RC, Ozkan HE, Grewal PS, Chalmers JJ, Krause CR. Evaluation of a contraction flow field on hydrodynamic damage to entomopathogenic nematodes?A biological pest control agent. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 86:96-107. [PMID: 15007846 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mechanized production and delivery of biological pesticides presents challenges because the biological agents must remain viable during these processes. This study evaluates the effect of flow through an abrupt contraction, where flow characteristics similar to that found within bioprocesses and spray equipment are developed, on damage to a benchmark biological pest control agent, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). An opposed-pistons, contraction flow device generated volumetric flow rates ranging between 8.26 cm(3)/s and 41.3 cm(3)/s. Four EPN species were evaluated: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis megidis, Steinernema carpocapsae, and Steinernema glaseri. Damage was quantified by counting living and dead EPNs. Optical and cold field emission scanning electron microscope (CFE-SEM) images provided qualitative information to describe how the damage occurred. The experimental flow field was completely described using FLUENT, a computational fluid dynamics program. Local flow parameters computed in FLUENT were compared to EPN damage. The type and extent of damage varied between EPN species. Damaged Heterorhabditis spp. generally remained whole with an internal rupture located near the center of the body, while Steinernema spp. most often broke into several pieces. The fast-transient stress field generated at the entrance to the contraction caused a momentary tensile loading and then relaxation that damaged the EPNs. At high flow rates, the tensile stresses became large enough to cause failure of the EPN structural membrane. The relative elasticity of the EPN structural membrane may explain the differences in damage observed between the species. It is speculated that the internal rupture of the Heterorhabditis spp. occurred during the processes of stretching and relaxing at the contraction entrance. Appreciable damage was observed at lower average energy dissipation rates for H. bacteriophora (1.23E + 8 W/m(3)), H. megidis (1.72E + 8 W/m(3)), and S. glaseri (2.89E + 8 W/m(3)) compared to S. carpocapsae (3.70E + 8 W/m(3)). Energy dissipation rates within an equipment component should be kept below 1E + 8 W/m(3) to avoid hydrodynamic damage to EPNs. The relationship between average energy dissipation and EPN damage provides important information for future simulation efforts of actual spray equipment components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane P Fife
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA.
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Abstract
Whereas growth in many ecdysozoa is associated with only molting, larval growth in nematodes, specifically Caenorhabditis elegans, is thought to be continuous and exponential. However, this has never been closely investigated. Here we report several detailed studies of growth in wild-type and dwarf C. elegans strains. We find that apparent exponential growth between hatching and adulthood comprises a series of linear phases, one per larval stage, with the linear growth rate increasing at successive molts. Although most structures grow continuously, the buccal cavity does not; instead, it grows saltationally at molts, like arthropod structures. We speculate that these saltational changes in mouth size permit changes in growth rate and that molting exists in nematodes to facilitate rapid growth. We study the cellular basis of this growth in the hypodermis. At each larval stage, lateral seam cells produce daughters that fuse with hyp7, a syncytium covering most of the worm. We find that seam cells and fusing daughter cells obtain larger sizes in successive molts. The total seam cell volume remains constant relative to the size of the worm. However, fusing daughter cells contributes only a very small amount directly to hypodermal growth, suggesting that most hyp7 growth must be intrinsic. Thus, dwarfism mutations studied principally act via adult syncytial growth, with cell size being near normal in both dbl-1 and dpy-2 mutant worms. We speculate that the main function of seam cell proliferation may be to supply the hypodermis with additional genomes for the purpose of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Knight
- Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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